IV
[539 A.D.] At that time also the comet appeared, at first about as long as a tall man, but later much larger. And the end of it was toward the west and its beginning toward the east, and it followed behind the sun itself. For the sun was in Capricorn and it was in Sagittarius. And some called it “the swordfish” because it was of goodly length and very sharp at the point, and others called it “the bearded star”; it was seen for more than forty days. Now those who were wise in these matters disagreed utterly with each other, and one announced that one thing, another that another thing was indicated by this star; but I only write what took place and I leave to each one to judge by the outcome as he wishes. Straightway a mighty Hunnic army crossing the Danube River fell as a scourge upon all Europe, a thing which had happened many times before, but which had never brought such a multitude of woes nor such dreadful ones to the people of that land. For from the Ionian Gulf these barbarians plundered everything in order as far as the suburbs of Byzantium. And they captured thirty-two fortresses in Illyricum, and they carried by storm the city of Cassandria (which the ancients called Potidaea, as far as we know), never having fought against walls before. And taking with them the money and leading away one hundred and twenty thousand captives, they all retired homeward without encountering any opposition. In later times too they often came there and brought upon the Romans irreparable calamity. This same people also assailed the wall of the Chersonesus, where they overpowered those who were defending themselves from the wall, and approaching through the surf of the sea, scaled the fortifications on the so-called Black Gulf; thus they got within the long wall, and falling unexpectedly upon the Romans in the Chersonesus they slew many of them and made prisoners of almost all the survivors. Some few of them also crossed the strait between Sestus and Abydus, and after plundering the Asiatic country, they returned again to the Chersonesus, and with the rest of the army and all the booty betook themselves to their homes. In another invasion they plundered Illyricum and Thessaly and attempted to storm the wall at Thermopylae; and since the guards on the walls defended them most valiantly, they sought out the ways around and unexpectedly found the path which leads up the mountain which rises there. In this way they destroyed almost all the Greeks except the Peloponnesians, and then withdrew. And the Persians not long afterwards broke off the treaty and wrought such harm to the Romans of the East as I shall set forth immediately.
Belisarius, after humbling Vittigis, the king of the Goths and Italians, brought him alive to Byzantium. And I shall now proceed to tell how the army of the Persians invaded the land of the Romans. When the Emperor Justinian perceived that Chosroes was eager for war, he wished to offer him some counsel and to dissuade him from the undertaking. Now it happened that a certain man had come to Byzantium from the city of Daras, Anastasius by name, well known for his sagacity; he it was who had broken the tyranny which had been established recently in Daras. Justinian therefore wrote a letter and sent it by this Anastasius to Chosroes; and the message of the letter was as follows: “It is the part of men of discretion and those by whom divine things are treated with due respect, when causes of war arise, and in particular against men who are in the truest sense friends, to exert all their power to put an end to them; but it belongs to foolish men and those who most lightly bring on themselves the enmity of Heaven to devise occasions for war and insurrection which have no real existence. Now to destroy peace and enter upon war is not a difficult matter, since the nature of things is such as to make the basest activities easy for the most dishonourable men. But when they have brought about war according to their intention, to return again to peace is for men, I think, not easy. And yet thou chargest me with writing letters which were not written with any dark purpose, and thou hast now made haste to interpret these with arbitrary judgment, not in the sense in which we conceived them when we wrote them, but in a way which will be of advantage to thee in thy eagerness to carry out thy plans not without some pretext. But for us it is possible to point out that thy Alamoundaras recently overran our land and performed outrageous deeds in time of peace, to wit, the capture of towns, the seizure of property, the massacre and enslavement of such a multitude of men, concerning which it will be thy duty not to blame us, but to defend thyself. For the crimes of those who have done wrong are made manifest to their neighbours by their acts, not by their thoughts. But even with these things as they are, we have still decided to hold to peace, but we hear that thou in thy eagerness to make war upon the Romans art fabricating accusations which do not belong to us at all. Natural enough, this; for while those who are eager to preserve the present order of things repel even those charges against their friends which are most pressing, those who are not satisfied with established friendships exert themselves to provide even pretexts which do not exist. But this would not seem to be becoming even to ordinary men, much less to kings. But leaving aside these things do thou consider the number of those who will be destroyed on both sides in the course of the war, and consider well who will justly bear the blame for those things which will come to pass, and ponder upon the oaths which thou didst take when thou didst carry away the money, and consider that if, after that, thou wrongly dishonour them by some tricks or sophistries, thou wouldst not be able to pervert them; for Heaven is too mighty to be deceived by any man.” When Chosroes saw this message, he neither made any immediate answer nor did he dismiss Anastasius, but he compelled him to remain there.
Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ὁ μὲν χειμὼν ἤδη ὑπέληγε, τρίτον δὲ καὶ δέκατον ἔτος ἐτελεύτα Ἰουστινιανῷ βασιλεῖ τὴν αὐτοκράτορα ἀρχὴν ἔχοντι, Χοσρόης ὁ Καβάδου ἐς γῆν τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἅμα ἦρι ἀρχομένῳ στρατῷ μεγάλῳ ἐσέβαλε, τήν τε ἀπέραντον καλουμένην εἰρήνην λαμπρῶς ἔλυεν. ᾔει δὲ οὐ κατὰ τὴν μέσην τῶν ποταμῶν χώραν, ἀλλὰ τὸν Εὐφράτην ἐν δεξιᾷ ἔχων. [2] ἔστι δὲ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐπὶ θάτερα Ῥωμαίων φρούριον ἔσχατον ὃ Κιρκήσιον ἐπικαλεῖται, ἐχυρὸν ἐς τὰ μάλιστα ὄν, ἐπεὶ Ἀβόρρας μὲν ποταμὸς μέγας ἐνταῦθα τὰς ἐκβολὰς ἔχων τῷ Εὐφράτῃ ἀναμίγνυται, τὸ δὲ φρούριον τοῦτο πρὸς αὐτῇ που τῇ γωνίᾳ κεῖται ἣν δὴ τοῖν ποταμοῖν ἡ μίξις ποιεῖται. [3] καὶ τεῖχος δὲ ἄλλο μακρὸν τοῦ φρουρίου ἐκτὸς χώραν τὴν μεταξὺ ποταμοῦ ἑκατέρου ἀπολαμβάνον τρίγωνον ἐνταῦθα ἀμφὶ τὸ Κιρκήσιον ἐπιτελεῖ σχῆμα. [4] διὸ δὴ ὁ Χοσρόης οὔτε φρουρίου ἐθέλων οὕτω δὴ ἐχυροῦ ἀποπειρᾶσθαι οὔτε διαβαίνειν ποταμὸν Εὐφράτην διανοούμενος, ἀλλ̓ ἐπὶ Σύρους τε καὶ Κίλικας ἰέναι, οὐδὲν διαμελλήσας, ἐπίπροσθεν τὸν στρατὸν ἤλαυνε, τριῶν τε σχεδόν τι ὁδὸν ἡμερῶν εὐζώνῳ ἀνδρὶ παρὰ τοῦ Εὐφράτου τὴν ὄχθην ἀνύσας πόλει Ζηνοβίᾳ ἐπιτυγχάνει: ἣν ἡ Ζηνοβία ποτὲ δειμαμένη τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν τῇ πόλει, [5] ὡς τὸ εἰκός, ἔδωκεν. ἦν δὲ ἡ Ζηνοβία Ὀδονάθου γυνή, τῶν ἐκείνῃ Σαρακηνῶν ἄρχοντος, οἳ Ῥωμαίοις μαίοις ἔνσπονδοι ἐκ παλαιοῦ ἦσαν. [6] οὗτος ὁ Ὀδονάθος ἀνεσώσατο Ῥωμαίοις τὴν ἑῴαν ἀρχὴν ὑπὸ Μήδοις γεγενημένην. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἐν τοῖς ἄνω χρόνοις ἐγένετο. [7] Χοσρόης δὲ τότε ἄγχιστά που τῆς Ζηνοβίας ἥκων, ἐπειδὴ τὸ χωρίον οὔτε ἀξιόλογον ἔμαθεν εἶ
ναι καὶ τὴν χώραν κατενόησεν ἀοίκητόν τε καὶ πάντων ἀγαθῶν ἔρημον οὖσαν, δείσας μή τίς οἱ χρόνος ἐνταῦθα τριβεὶς πράξεσι μεγάλαις ἐπ̓ οὐδενὶ ἔργῳ ἐμπόδιος εἴη, ἀπεπειράσατο μὲν ὁμολογίᾳ τὸ χωρίον ἑλεῖν. ὡς δὲ οὐδὲν προὐχώρει, πρόσω κατὰ τάχος τὸν στρατὸν ἤλαυνεν. [8] Ὁδόν τε αὖθις τοσαύτην ἀνύσας ἀφίκετο ἐς πόλιν Σούρων πρὸς τῷ Εὐφράτῃ ποταμῷ οὖσαν, [9] ἧς δὴ ἀγχοτάτω γενόμενος ἔστη. ἐνταῦθα δὲ τῷ ἵππῳ ξυνέβη ἐφ̓ οὗ ὁ Χοσρόης ἐκάθητο χρεμετίσαι τε καὶ τῷ ποδὶ τὸ ἔδαφος κρούειν. ὃ δὴ οἱ μάγοι ξυμβαλόντες ἁλώσεσθαι τὸ χωρίον ἀπέφαινον. [10] ὁ δὲ στρατοπεδευσάμενος ἐπὶ τὸν περίβολον ὡς τειχομαχήσων τὸ στράτευμα ἐπῆγεν. [11] ἐτύγχανε δέ τις ὄνομα μὲν Ἀρσάκης, Ἀρμένιος δὲ γένος, τῶν ἐνταῦθα στρατιωτῶν ἄρχων, ὃς τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐς τὰς ἐπάλξεις ἀναβιβάσας, ἐνθένδε τε μαχόμενος ἰσχυρότατα καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν πολεμίων κτείνας, τοξεύματι βληθεὶς ἐτελεύτησε. [12] καὶ Πέρσαι μὲν τότε ῾ἦν γὰρ τῆς ἡμέρας ὀψἒ ὡς αὖθις τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ τειχομαχήσοντες ἐπὶ τὸ στρατόπεδον ἀνεχώρησαν, Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ ἀπογνόντες, ἅτε τετελευτηκότος σφίσι τοῦ ἄρχοντος, ἱκέται διενοοῦντο Χοσρόου γενέσθαι: [13] τῇ οὖν ἐπιούσῃ ἡμέρᾳ τὸν τῆς πόλεως ἐπίσκοπον δεησόμενόν τε καὶ τὸ χωρίον ἐξαιτησόμενον ἔπεμψαν, ὃς τῶν ὑπηρετῶν τινας ἐπαγόμενος ὄρνις τε φέροντας καὶ οἶνον καὶ καθαροὺς ἄρτους, παρὰ Χοσρόην ἀφίκετο, ἐς δὲ τὸ ἔδαφος καθῆκεν αὑτὸν καὶ δεδακρυμένος ἱκέτευε φείδεσθαι ἀνθρώπων οἰκτρῶν καὶ πόλεως Ῥωμαίοις μὲν ἀτιμοτάτης, Πέρσαις δὲ ἐν οὐδενὶ λόγῳ οὔτε τὰ πρότερα γεγενημένης οὔτε ὕστερόν ποτε ἐσομένης: λύτρα τέ οἱ τοὺς Σουρηνοὺς δώσειν σφῶν τε αὐτῶν καὶ πόλεως ἧσπερ οἰκοῦσιν ἐπαξίως ὑπέσχετο. [14] Χοσρόης δὲ Σουρηνοῖς μὲν χαλεπῶς εἶχεν, ὅτι δὴ αὐτῷ πρῶτοι περιπεπτωκότες Ῥωμαίων ἁπάντων οὔτε τῇ πόλει ἐδέξαντο ἐθελούσιοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀνταίρειν οἱ ὅπλα τολμήσαντες πολύν τινα δοκίμων Περσῶν ὅμιλον ἔκτειναν. [15] τὴν μέντοι ὀργὴν οὐκ ἐξήνεγκεν, ἀλλ̓ ὑπὸ τῷ προσώπῳ ἀκριβῶς ἔκρυψεν, ὅπως τὴν κόλασιν ἐς Σουρηνοὺς ποιησάμενος φοβερόν τε Ῥωμαίοις αὑτὸν καὶ ἄμαχόν τινα καταστήσηται. οὕτω γάρ οἱ προσχωρήσειν οὐδενὶ πόνῳ ὑπετόπαζε τοὺς ἐν ποσὶν ἀεὶ γενησομένους. [16] διὸ δὴ ξύν τε φιλοφροσύνῃ πολλῇ τὸν ἐπίσκοπον ἐξανέστησε, καὶ τὰ δῶρα δεξάμενος παρείχετό τινα δόκησιν ὡς ἀμφὶ τοῖς Σουρηνῶν λύτροις αὐτίκα κοινολογησόμενος Περσῶν τοῖς λογίμοις εὖ τὴν δέησιν διαθήσεται. [17] οὕτω τε ξὺν τοῖς ἑπομένοις τὸν ἐπίσκοπον ἀπεπέμψατο οὐδεμίαν τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς αἴσθησιν ἔχοντα, καί οἱ τῶν ἐν Πέρσαις δοκίμων τινὰς παραπομποὺς ἐσομένους δῆθεν τῷ λόγῳ ξυνέπεμψεν. [18] οὓς δὴ λάθρα ἐκέλευε μὲν ἰέναι ξὺν αὐτῷ ἄχρι ἐς τὸ τεῖχος, παρηγοροῦντας καί τισιν ἀγαθαῖς ἐπαίροντας ἐλπίσιν, ὥστε αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς ξὺν αὐτῷ ἅπαντας χαίροντάς τε καὶ οὐδὲν δεδιότας τοῖς ἔνδον ὀφθῆναι. [19] ἐπειδὰν δὲ οἱ φύλακες ἀνακλίναντες τὴν πυλίδα τῇ πόλει αὐτοὺς δέχεσθαι μέλλωσι, λίθον τινὰ ἢ ξύλον τοῦ τε οὐδοῦ καὶ τῆς θύρας μεταξὺ ῥίψαντες οὐ ξυγχωρεῖν ἐπιτίθεσθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτοὺς τοῖς ἐπιθεῖναι βουλομένοις χρόνον δή τινα ἐμποδὼν ἵστασθαι: οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν γὰρ αὐτοῖς τὸν στρατὸν ἕψεσθαι. [20] Ταῦτα τοῖς ἀνδράσιν ὁ Χοσρόης ἐντειλάμενος ἐν παρασκευῇ τὸν στρατὸν ἐποιεῖτο, δρόμῳ τε χωρεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν ὅταν αὐτὸς σημήνῃ ἐκέλευεν. [21] ἐπεὶ δὲ ἄγχιστα τοῦ περιβόλου ἐγένοντο, οἱ μὲν Πέρσαι τὸν ἐπίσκοπον ἀσπασάμενοι ἐκτὸς ἔμενον, οἱ δὲ Σουρηνοὶ περιχαρῆ γεγονότα τὸν ἄνδρα ὁρῶντες ξὺν τιμῇ τε πολλῇ προπεμπόμενον πρὸς τῶν πολεμίων, ἀφροντιστήσαντες δυσκόλων ἁπάντων τήν τε πυλίδα ὅλην ἀνέῳγον καὶ τὸν ἱερέα ξὺν τοῖς ἑπομένοις κροτοῦντές τε καὶ πολλὰ εὐφημοῦντες ἐδέξαντο. [22] ἐπεί τε ἅπαντες εἴσω ἐγένοντο, τὴν μὲν πυλίδα ὡς ἐπιθήσοντες οἱ φύλακες ὤθουν, οἱ δὲ Πέρσαι λίθον ὃς αὐτοῖς παρεσκεύαστο ἐν μέσῳ ἐρρίπτουν. [23] οἵ τε φύλακες ἔτι μᾶλλον ὠθοῦντές τε καὶ βιαζόμενοι ἐξικνεῖσθαι τῇ πυλίδι ἐς τὸν οὐδὸν οὐδαμῆ ἴσχυον. [24] οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἀνοιγνύναι αὐτὴν αὖθις ἐτόλμων, ἐπεὶ πρὸς τῶν πολεμίων αὐτὴν ἔχεσθαι ᾔσθοντο. τινὲς δὲ οὐ λίθον, ἀλλὰ ξύλον Πέρσας ἐς τὴν πυλίδα φασὶν ἐμβεβλῆσθαι. [25] οὔπω δὲ Σουρηνῶν σχεδόν τι τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς ᾐσθημένων, παρῆν τε τῷ παντὶ ὁ Χοσρόης στρατῷ καὶ τὴν πυλίδα οἱ βάρβαροι βιασάμενοι ἀνεπέτασαν, δἰ ὀλίγου τε κατὰ κράτος ἥλω. [26] εὐθὺς μὲν οὖν θυμῷ ὁ Χοσρόης ἐχόμενος τάς τε οἰκίας ἐληίσατο καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πολλοὺς μὲν κτείνας, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς ἅπαντας ἐν ἀνδραπόδων ποιησάμενος λόγῳ πυρπολήσας τε ξύμπασαν τὴν πόλιν ἐς ἔδαφος καθεῖλεν. [27] οὕτω τε τὸν Ἀναστάσιον ἀπεπέμψατο, Ἰουστινιανῷ βασιλεῖ ἀπαγγέλλειν κελεύσας ὅπῃ. ποτὲ γῆς Χοσρόην τὸν Καβάδου ἀπολιπὼν εἴη. [28] Μετὰ δέ, εἴτε φιλανθρωπίᾳ εἴτε φιλοχρηματίᾳ ἐχόμενος, ἢ γυναικὶ χαριζόμενος ἣν δὴ ἐνθένδε δορυάλωτον ἐξελών, Εὐφημίαν ὄνομα, γυναῖκα γαμετὴν ἐποιήσατο, ἔρωτα ἐξαίσιον αὐτῆς ἐρασθείς ῾ἦν γὰρ τὴν ὄψιν εὐπρεπὴς μάλιστἀ δρᾶν τι ἀγαθὸν ὁ Χοσρόης τοὺς Σουρηνοὺς ἔγνω. [29] πέμψας οὖν ἐς Σεργιούπολιν, τὴν Ῥω�
�αίων κατήκοον, ἣ Σεργίου ἐπιφανοῦς ἁγίου ἐπώνυμός ἐστι, πόλεως τῆς ἁλούσης ἓξ καὶ εἴκοσι καὶ ἑκατὸν σταδίοις διέχουσα, κειμένη δὲ αὐτῆς πρὸς ἄνεμον νότον ἐν τῷ βαρβαρικῷ καλουμένῳ πεδίῳ, Κάνδιδον τὸν ταύτῃ ἐπίσκοπον κεντηναρίοιν δυοῖν δισχιλίους τε καὶ μυρίους ὄντας ὠνεῖσθαι τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους ἐκέλευεν. [30] ὁ δέ ῾χρήματα γάρ οἱ οὐκ ἔφασκεν εἶναἰ τὴν πρᾶξιν ἄντικρυς ἀνεδύετο. διὸ δὴ αὐτὸν ὁ Χοσρόης ἠξίου ἐν βιβλιδίῳ τὴν ὁμολογίαν ἀφέντα τοῦ δώσειν χρόνῳ τῷ ὑστέρῳ τὰ χρήματα οὕτω δὴ ὀλίγων χρημάτων πρίασθαι ἀνδράποδα τοσαῦτα τὸ πλῆθος. [31] Κάνδιδος δὲ κατὰ ταῦτα ἐποίει, καὶ τὸ μὲν χρυσίον ὡμολόγησεν ἐνιαυτοῦ δώσειν, ὅρκους δεινοτάτους ὀμωμοκώς, ζημίαν δέ οἱ αὐτῷ διώρισε ταύτην, ἢν μὴ διδοίη χρόνῳ τῷ ξυγκειμένῳ τὰ χρήματα, διπλάσια μὲν αὐτὰ δώσειν, αὐτὸν δὲ ἱερέα μηκέτι εἶναι, ἅτε τὰ ὀμωμοσμένα ἠλογηκότα. [32] ταῦτα Κάνδιδος ἐν γραμματείῳ γράψας τοὺς Σουρηνοὺς ἅπαντας ἔλαβεν. [33] ὧν ὀλίγοι μέν τινες διεβίωσαν, οἱ δὲ πλεῖστοι ἀντέχειν τῇ ξυμπεσούσῃ ταλαιπωρίᾳ οὐχ οἷοί τε ὄντες ὀλίγῳ ὕστερον διεφθάρησαν. ταῦτα διαπεπραγμένος Χοσρόης πρόσω ἐπῆγε τὸ στράτευμα.
Delphi Complete Works of Procopius Page 337