XXII
On the eighteenth day from the beginning of the siege the Goths moved against the fortifications at about sunrise under the leadership of Vittigis in order to assault the wall, and all the Romans were struck with consternation at the sight of the advancing towers and rams, with which they were altogether unfamiliar. But Belisarius, seeing the ranks of the enemy as they advanced with the engines, began to laugh, and commanded the soldiers to remain quiet and under no circumstances to begin fighting until he himself should give the signal. Now the reason why he laughed he did not reveal at the moment, but later it became known. The Romans, however, supposing him to be hiding his real feelings by a jest, abused him and called him shameless, and were indignant that he did not try to check the enemy as they came forward. But when the Goths came near the moat, the general first of all stretched his bow and with a lucky aim hit in the neck and killed one of the men in armour who were leading the army on. And he fell on his back mortally wounded, while the whole Roman army raised an extraordinary shout such as was never heard before, thinking that they had received an excellent omen. And twice did Belisarius send forth his bolt, and the very same thing happened again a second time, and the shouting rose still louder from the circuit-wall, and the Romans thought that the enemy were conquered already. Then Belisarius gave the signal for the whole army to put their bows into action, but those near himself he commanded to shoot only at the oxen. And all the oxen fell immediately, so that the enemy could neither move the towers further nor in their perplexity do anything to meet the emergency while the fighting was in progress. In this way the forethought of Belisarius in not trying to check the enemy while still at a great distance came to be understood, as well as the reason why he had laughed at the simplicity of the barbarians, who had been so thoughtless as to hope to bring oxen up to the enemy’s wall. Now all this took place at the Salarian Gate. But Vittigis, repulsed at this point, left there a large force of Goths, making of them a very deep phalanx and instructing the commanders on no condition to make an assault upon the fortifications, but remaining in position to shoot rapidly at the parapet, and give Belisarius no opportunity whatever to take reinforcements to any other part of the wall which he himself might propose to attack with a superior force; he then went to the Praenestine Gate with a great force, to a part of the fortifications which the Romans call the “Vivarium,” where the wall was most assailable. Now it so happened that engines of war were already there, including towers and rams and a great number of ladders.
But in the meantime another Gothic assault was being made at the Aurelian Gate in the following manner. The tomb of the Roman Emperor Hadrian stands outside the Aurelian Gate, removed about a stone’s throw from the fortifications, a very noteworthy sight. For it is made of Parian marble, and the stones fit closely one upon the other, having nothing at all between them. And it has four sides which are all equal, each being about a stone’s throw in length, while their height exceeds that of the city wall; and above there are statues of the same marble, representing men and horses, of wonderful workmanship. But since this tomb seemed to the men of ancient times a fortress threatening the city, they enclosed it by two walls, which extend to it from the circuit-wall, and thus made it a part of the wall. And, indeed, it gives the appearance of a high tower built as a bulwark before the gate there. So the fortifications at that point were most adequate. Now Constantinus, as it happened, had been appointed by Belisarius to have charge of the garrison at this tomb. And he had instructed him also to attend to the guarding of the adjoining wall, which had a small and inconsiderable garrison. For, since that part of the circuit-wall was the least assailable of all, because the river flows along it, he supposed that no assault would be made there, and so stationed an insignificant garrison at that place, and, since the soldiers he had were few, he assigned the great majority to the positions where there was most need of them. For the emperor’s army gathered in Rome at the beginning of this siege amounted at most to only five thousand men. But since it was reported to Constantinus that the enemy were attempting the crossing of the Tiber, he became fearful for that part of the fortifications and went thither himself with all speed, accompanied by some few men to lend assistance, commanding the greater part of his men to attend to the guarding of the gate and the tomb. But meanwhile the Goths began an assault upon the Aurelian Gate and the Tower of Hadrian, and though they had no engines of war, they brought up a great quantity of ladders, and thought that by shooting a vast number of arrows they would very easily reduce the enemy to a state of helplessness and overpower the garrison there without any trouble on account of its small numbers. And as they advanced, they held before them shields no smaller than the long shields used by the Persians, and they succeeded in getting very close to their opponents without being perceived by them. For they came hidden under the colonnade which extends to the church of the Apostle Peter. From that shelter they suddenly appeared and began the attack, so that the guards were neither able to use the engine called the ballista (for these engines do not send their missiles except straight out), nor, indeed, could they ward off their assailants with their arrows, since the situation was against them on account of the large shields. But the Goths kept pressing vigorously upon them, shooting many missiles at the battlements, and they were already about to set their ladders against the wall, having practically surrounded those who were fighting from the tomb; for whenever the Goths advanced they always got in the rear of the Romans on both flanks; and for a short time consternation fell upon the Romans, who knew not what means of defence they should employ to save themselves, but afterwards by common agreement they broke in pieces the most of the statues, which were very large, and taking up great numbers of stones thus secured, threw them with both hands down upon the heads of the enemy, who gave way before this shower of missiles. And as they retreated a little way, the Romans, having by now the advantage, plucked up courage, and with a mighty shout began to drive back their assailants by using their bows and hurling stones at them. And putting their hands to the engines, they reduced their opponents to great fear, and their assault was quickly ended. And by this time Constantinus also was present, having frightened back those who had tried the river and easily driven them off, because they did not find the wall there entirely unguarded, as they had supposed they would. And thus safety was restored at the Aurelian Gate.
Ἐς μέντοι πύλην τὴν ὑπὲρ ποταμὸν Τίβεριν, ἣ Παγκρατιανὴ καλεῖται, δύναμις τῶν πολεμίων ἐλθοῦσα οὐδὲν ὅ τι καὶ ἄξιον λόγου ἔδρασε, χωρίου ἰσχύϊ: ἀνάντης τε γὰρ καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἐφόδους οὐκ εὐπετὴς ταύτῃ ὁ τῆς πόλεως περίβολός ἐστι. [2] Παῦλος ἐνταῦθα φυλακὴν εἶχε, ξὺν καταλόγῳ πεζικῷ οὗ αὐτὸς ἦρχεν. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ πύλης Φλαμινίας ἀπεπειράσαντο, ἐπεὶ ἐν χώρῳ κρημνώδει κειμένη οὐ λίαν ἐστὶν εὐπρόσοδος. [3] οἱ Ῥῆγες ἐνταῦθα, πεζικὸν τέλος, ἐφύλασσον καὶ Οὐρσικῖνος, ὃς αὐτῶν ἦρχε. ταύτης δὲ μεταξὺ τῆς πύλης καὶ τῆς ἐν δεξιᾷ ἐχομένης πυλίδος, ἣ Πιγκιανὴ ὀνομάζεται, μοῖρά τις τοῦ περιβόλου δίχα τὸ παλαιὸν ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου διαιρεθεῖσα, οὐκ ἐξ ἐδάφους μέντοι, ἀλλ̓ ὅσον ἐκ μήκους τοῦ ἡμίσεος, οὐκ ἔπεσε μὲν οὐδὲ ἄλλως διεφθάρη, ἐκλίθη δὲ οὕτως ἐφ̓ ἑκάτερα, ὡς τὸ μὲν ἐκτὸς τοῦ ἄλλου τείχους, τὸ δὲ ἐντὸς φαίνεσθαι. [4] καὶ ἀπ̓ αὐτοῦ Περίβολον Διερρωγότα Ῥωμαῖοι τῇ σφετέρᾳ γλώσσῃ ἐκ παλαιοῦ καλοῦσι τὸν χῶρον. [5] τοῦτο δὲ τὸ μέρος καθελεῖν τε
καὶ ἀνοικοδομήσασθαι Βελισάριον κατ̓ ἀρχὰς ἐγχειροῦντα ἐκώλυον Ῥωμαῖοι, Πέτρον σφίσι τὸν ἀπόστολον ὑποσχέσθαι ἰσχυριζόμενοι αὑτῷ μελήσειν τοῦ ἐνταῦθα φυλακτηρίου. τοῦτον δὲ τὸν ἀπόστολον σέβονται Ῥωμαῖοι καὶ τεθήπασι πάντων μάλιστα. [6] ἀπέβη τε αὐτοῖς ἅπαντα ἐν τῷδε τῷ χωρίῳ ᾗ διενοοῦντο καὶ προσεδόκων. οὐδὲ γὰρ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ, οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἐς τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον καθ̓ ὃν Γότθοι Ῥώμην ἐπολιόρκουν, οὔτε πολεμίων τις δύναμις ἐνταῦθα ἀφίκετο οὔτε τινὰ ταραχὴν γενέσθαι ξυνέβη. [7] καὶ ἐθαυμάζομέν γε ὅτι οὐδὲ ἐς μνήμην ἡμετέραν ἢ τῶν πολεμίων αὕτη τοῦ περιβόλου ἡ μοῖρα παρὰ πάντα τὸν χρόνον ἦλθεν, οὔτε τειχομαχούντων οὔτε νύκτωρ ἐπιβουλευόντων τῷ τείχει, οἷα πολλὰ ἐνεχείρησαν. [8] διὸ δὴ οὐδὲ ὕστερόν τις ἀνοικοδομήσασθαι τοῦτο ἐτόλμησεν, ἀλλ̓ ἐς ἡμέραν τήνδε οὕτω τὸ ἐκείνῃ διῄρηται τεῖχος. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ὧδέ πη ἔσχεν. [9] Ἐν δὲ Σαλαρίᾳ πύλῃ Γότθος ἀνὴρ εὐμήκης τε καὶ ἀγαθὸς τὰ πολέμια θώρακά τε ἐνδιδυσκόμενος καὶ κράνος ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ ἔχων, ὤν τε οὐκ ἀφανὴς ἐν τῷ Γότθων ἔθνει, οὐκ ἐν τάξει ξὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἔμεινεν, ἀλλ̓ ἐπὶ δένδρου ἱστάμενος ἔβαλλε συχνὰ ἐς τὰς ἐπάλξεις. [10] τοῦτον δὲ τὸν ἄνδρα μηχανὴ ἐν πύργῳ κατὰ μέρος τὸ λαιὸν οὖσα τύχῃ τινὶ ἔβαλε. [11] διαβὰν δὲ τόν τε θώρακα καὶ τὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου σῶμα τὸ βέλος ὑπὲρ ἥμισυ ἐς τὸ δένδρον ἔδυ, ἐνέρσει τε αὐτοῦ τὸν ἄνδρα ξυνδῆσαν νεκρὸν ἤρτησεν. [12] ὅπερ ἐπεὶ οἱ Γότθοι κατεῖδον, κατορρωδήσαντες καὶ βελῶν ἔξω γενόμενοι ἔμενον μὲν ἔτι ἐν τάξει, τοὺς δὲ ἐν τῷ τείχει οὐκέτι ἐλύπουν. [13] Βέσσας δὲ καὶ Περάνιος, Οὐιττίγιδος ἐν Βιβαρίῳ ἰσχυρότατα ἐγκειμένου σφίσι, Βελισάριον μετεπέμποντο. ὁ δὲ δείσας περὶ τῷ ἐνταῦθα τείχει ῾ἦν γὰρ ταύτῃ ἐπιμαχώτατον, ὥσπερ εἴρηταἰ κατὰ τάχος ἐβοήθει αὐτός, τῶν τινα ἐπιτηδείων λιπὼν ἐν Σαλαρίᾳ. [14] καὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας εὑρὼν ἐν Βιβαρίῳ τὴν προσβολὴν τῶν ἐναντίων πεφοβημένους, μεγάλην τε οὖσαν καὶ πολυάνθρωπον, ὑπερφρονεῖν τε τῶν πολεμίων ἐκέλευε καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ θαρσεῖν ἀντικαθίστη. [15] ἦν δὲ ὁ ταύτῃ χῶρος ὁμαλὸς κομιδῆ καὶ ἀπ̓ αὐτοῦ ταῖς ἐφόδοις τῶν προσιόντων ἐκκείμενος. τύχῃ τέ τινι τὸ ἐκείνῃ τεῖχος οὕτως ἐπὶ πλεῖστον διερρυήκει ὡς τῶν πλίνθων μὴ λίαν τὴν ξυνθήκην ξυνίστασθαι. [16] τείχισμα δὲ ἄλλο βραχὺ περιέβαλλον ἔξωθεν αὐτῷ οἱ πάλαι Ῥωμαῖοι, οὐκ ἀσφαλείας τινὸς ἕνεκα ῾οὐ γὰρ οὖν οὐδὲ πύργων ὀχύρωμα εἶχεν, οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἐπάλξεις τινὲς ἐνταῦθα πεποίηντο οὐδέ τι ἄλλο ὅθεν ἂν καὶ ἀπώσασθαι οἷόν τε ἦν τὴν ἐς τὸν περίβολον ἐπιβουλὴν τῶν πολεμίων̓, ἀλλὰ τρυφῆς τινος οὐκ εὐπρεποῦς χάριν, ὅπως δὴ λέοντάς τε καὶ τἄλλα θηρία καθείρξαντες ἐνταῦθα τηροῖεν. [17] διὸ δὴ καὶ Βιβάριον τοῦτο ὠνόμασται: οὕτω γὰρ Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσι τὸν χῶρον οὗ ἂν τῶν ζῴων τὰ μὴ χειροήθη τρέφεσθαι εἴωθεν. Οὐίττιγις μὲν οὖν μηχανάς τε ἄλλας ἄλλῃ τοῦ τείχους ἡτοίμαζε καὶ ὀρύσσειν τὸ ἔξω τείχισμα τοὺς Γότθους ἐκέλευεν, οἰόμενος, ἢν τούτου ἐντὸς γένωνται, πόνῳ οὐδενὶ τοῦ τείχους κρατήσειν, ὅπερ οὐδαμῆ ἐχυρὸν ξυνηπίστατο εἶναι. [18] Βελισάριος δὲ ὁρῶν τοὺς πολεμίους τό τε Βιβάριον διορύσσοντας καὶ πολλαχῆ τοῦ περιβόλου προσβάλλοντας, οὔτε ἀμύνειν τοὺς στρατιώτας οὔτε ἐν ταῖς ἐπάλξεσι μένειν, ὅτι μὴ λίαν ὀλίγους, εἴα, καίπερ ἅπαν ξὺν αὑτῷ ἔχων εἴ τι ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ λόγιμον ἦν. [19] κάτω δὲ ἅπαντας ἀμφὶ τὰς πύλας ἐν παρασκευῇ εἶχε τεθωρακισμένους τε καὶ ξίφη μόνα ἐν χερσὶ φέροντας. ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ Γότθοι, διελόντες τὸν τοῖχον, ἐντὸς Βιβαρίου ἐγένοντο, Κυπριανὸν ξὺν ἄλλοις τισὶ κατὰ τάχος ἐπ̓ αὐτοὺς ἐσβιβάσας ἔργου ἐκέλευεν ἔχεσθαι. [20] καὶ οἱ μὲν τοὺς ἐσπεπτωκότας ἅπαντας ἔκτεινον, οὔτε ἀμυνομένους καὶ ὑπὸ σφῶν αὐτῶν διαφθειρομένους ἐν τῇ ἐς τὴν ἔξοδον στενοχωρίᾳ. [21] τῶν δὲ πολεμίων τῷ ἀπροσδοκήτῳ καταπλαγέντων καὶ οὐκ ἐν τάξει συντεταγμένων, ἀλλὰ ἄλλου ἄλλῃ φερομένου, τοῦ περιβόλου τὰς πύλας ἀνακλίνας ἐξαπιναίως ἅπαν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἐναντίους ἠφίει τὸ στράτευμα. [22] καὶ οἱ μὲν Γότθοι ἐς ἀλκὴν ἥκιστα ἔβλεπον, ἀλλ̓ ἐς φυγήν, ὅπη ἕκαστος ἔτυχεν, ὥρμηντο: ἐπισπόμενοι δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τοὺς ἀεὶ ἐν ποσὶ ῥᾷστα ἔκτεινον, ἥ τε δίωξις πολλὴ γέγονεν, ἐπεὶ οἱ Γότθοι μακρὰν ἀπολελειμμένοι τῶν σφετέρων χαρακωμάτων τῇδε ἐτειχομάχουν. [23] Βελισάριος δὲ τὰς τῶν πολεμίων μηχανὰς καίειν ἐκέλευεν, ἐπὶ πλεῖστόν τε ἡ φλὸξ αἰρομένη μείζονα τὴν ἔκπληξιν, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, τοῖς φεύγουσιν ἐποίει. [24] Ἐν τούτῳ δὲ καὶ κατὰ πύλην Σαλαρίαν ξυμπεσεῖν τὴν ὁμοίαν τύχην ξυνέβη. τάς τε γὰρ πύλας ἐξαπιναίως ἀνέῳγον καὶ ἐς τοὺς βαρβάρους ἐκ τοῦ ἀπροσδοκήτου ἐνέπιπτον, τούτους τε οὐκ ἀμυνομένους, ἀλλὰ τὰ νῶτα στρέψαντας ἔκτεινον, [25] καὶ τὰ κατ̓ αὐτοὺς μηχανήματα ἔκαιον. καὶ ἣ τε φλὸξ πολλαχῆ τοῦ τείχους ἐπὶ μέγα ἤρθη ἥ τε τῶν Γότθων ὑπαγωγὴ κατὰ κράτος ἤδη ἐκ παντὸς τοῦ περιβόλου ἐγίνετο, καὶ ἡ κραυγὴ ἀμφοτέρωθεν ὑπερφυὴς ἦν, τῶν μὲν ἐν τῷ τείχει τοῖς διώκουσιν ἐγκελευομένων, τῶν δὲ ἐν τοῖς χαρακώμασι τὴν τοῦ πάθους ὑπερβολὴν ὀδυρομένων. [26] ἀπέθανον δὲ Γότθων ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τρισμύριοι,
ὡς αὐτῶν οἱ ἄρχοντες ἰσχυρίζοντο, καὶ τραυματίαι πλείους ἐγένοντο: ἅτε γὰρ ἐν πλήθει πολλῷ οἵ τε ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπάλξεων τὰ πλεῖστα ἐτύγχανον εἰς αὐτοὺς βάλλοντες καὶ οἱ τὰς ἐπεκδρομὰς ποιούμενοι πάμπολύ τι χρῆμα καταπεπληγμένων τε καὶ φευγόντων ἀνθρώπων διέφθειρον. [27] ἥ τε τειχομαχία πρωῒ ἀρξαμένη ἐτελεύτα ἐς δείλην ὀψίαν. ταύτην μὲν οὖν τὴν νύκτα ηὐλίσαντο ἑκάτεροι, Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν ἐν τῷ περιβόλῳ παιανίζοντες καὶ Βελισάριον ἐν εὐφημίαις ποιούμενοι καὶ τὰ τῶν νεκρῶν σκυλεύματα ἔχοντες, Γότθοι δὲ τούς τε τραυματίας σφῶν θεραπεύοντες καὶ τοὺς τελευτήσαντας ὀδυρόμενοι.
XXIII
But at the gate beyond the Tiber River, which is called the Pancratian Gate, a force of the enemy came, but accomplished nothing worth mentioning because of the strength of the place; for the fortifications of the city at this point are on a steep elevation and are not favourably situated for assaults. Paulus was keeping guard there with an infantry detachment which he commanded in person. In like manner they made no attempt on the Flaminian Gate, because it is situated on a precipitous slope and is not very easy of access. The “Reges,” an infantry detachment, were keeping guard there with Ursicinus, who commanded them. And between this gate and the small gate next on the right, which is called the Pincian, a certain portion of the wall had split open of its own accord in ancient times, not clear to the ground, however, but about half way down, but still it had not fallen or been otherwise destroyed, though it leaned so to either side that one part of it appeared outside the rest of the wall and the other inside. And from this circumstance the Romans from ancient times have called the place “Broken Wall” in their own tongue. But when Belisarius in the beginning undertook to tear down this portion and rebuild it, the Romans prevented him, declaring that the Apostle Peter had promised them that he would care for the guarding of the wall there. This Apostle is reverenced by the Romans and held in awe above all others. And the outcome of events at this place was in all respects what the Romans contemplated and expected. For neither on that day nor throughout the whole time during which the Goths were besieging Rome did any hostile force come to that place, nor did any disturbance occur there. And we marvelled indeed that it never occurred to us nor to the enemy to remember this portion of the fortifications during the whole time, either while they were making their assaults or carrying out their designs against the wall by night; and yet many such attempts were made. It was for this reason, in fact, that at a later time also no one ventured to rebuild this part of the defences, but up to the present day the wall there is split open in this way. So much, then, for this.
Delphi Complete Works of Procopius Page 433