[16] ταύτῃ τε οἱ βάρβαροι ἅπαντες κύριοι τοῦ Ῥωμαίων παντάπασι γεγένηνται πλούτου, ἢ τὰ χρήματα πρὸς τοῦ βασιλέως κεκομισμένοι ἢ ληϊζόμενοι τὴν τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἀρχὴν, ἢ τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους ἀποδιδόμενοι, ἢ τὴν ἐκεχειρίαν ἀπεμπολοῦντες, τήν τε τοῦ ὀνείρου ὄψιν, ἧς ἄρτι ἐμνήσθην, ἐς τοῦτο τῷ ἰδόντι
[16] In this way the barbarians as a whole came to be altogether the owners of the wealth of the Romans, either by having received the money as a present from the Emperor or by plundering the Roman domain, or by selling back their prisoners of war, or by auctioning off an armistice, and thus the vision of the dream which I have just mentioned worked out to this result for the man who beheld it.
[17] ἀποκεκρίσθαι τετύχηκε. καὶ ἄλλους μέντοι ἐπιτεχνήσασθαι τῆς τῶν κατηκόων λεηλασίας τρόπους ἴσχυσεν, οἵπερ ἐς ὅσον δυνατὸς ἂν εἴην αὐτίκα μάλα λελέξονται, δἰ ὧν οὐκ ἀθρόας, ἀλλὰ κατὰ βραχὺ τὰς πάντων οὐσίας ληΐζεσθαι διαρκῶς ἔσχε.
[17] However, Justinian succeeded in devising still other ways of exacting booty from his subjects, ways which will be described directly, in so far as I may be able to do so, by which he succeeded completely, not all at once, but little by little, in plundering the property of all men.
XX
Πρῶτα τῷ δήμῳ οἱ ἔπαρχον ἐν Βυζαντίῳ ἐκ τοῦ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἐφίστη, ὃς δὴ ἔμελλε τοῖς τὰ πωλητήρια ἔχουσι πόρου ἐνιαυσίου ἐνθένδε διαλαγχάνων ἐς τὴν ἐξουσίαν αὐτοὺς ἐμβιβάζειν τοῦ τὰ ὤνια ὅπῃ βούλοιντο ἀποδίδοσθαι.
First of all, as a general thing he appointed over the people in Byzantium a Prefect, who, while splitting the annual revenue with those who controlled the markets, planned to give them authority to sell their merchandise at whatever price they wanted.
[2] καὶ περιεστήκει τοῖς τῇδε ἀνθρώποις ὠνεῖσθαι τὰ ἐπιτήδεια, τριπλασίονα μὲν καταβαλλομένοις τιμήματα, ὅτῳ δὲ ἂν διὰ ταῦτα ἐπικαλοῖεν,
[2] And the result for the people of the city was that, although they had to pay a threefold price for the provisions they bought, yet they had no one at all to whom they could protest on account of this.
[3] καλοῖεν, οὐδαμῆ ἔχουσι. μέγα τε τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἔργου βλάβος ἠγείρετο. μέρος γὰρ τῆς βασιλείας τοῦδε φερομένης τοῦ πόρου πλουτεῖν ἀπ̓ αὐτοῦ ἡ τῷ πράγματι ἐφεστῶσα ἀρχὴ ἤθελε.
[3] And great harm arose from this business. For since the Treasury received a share of this tax, the official in charge of these matters was eager to use this means of enriching himself.
[4] τὸ δὲ ἐνθένδε οἵ τε τῆς ἀρχῆς ὑπηρέται τῆς αἰσχρᾶς ταύτης ὑπουργίας ἐπειλημμένοι καὶ οἱ τὰ πωλητήρια ἔχοντες τῆς τοῦ παρανομεῖν ἐξουσίας δραξάμενοι ἀνήκεστα ἔργα τοὺς τότε ὠνεῖσθαι δεομένους εἰργάζοντο, οὐχ ὅσον πολλὰ εἴρηται πολλαπλάσια τὰ τιμήματα κομιζόμενοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ δολώσεις ἐν τοῖς ὠνίοις μηχανώμενοι ἀμυθήτους τινάς.
[4] And next, the servants of the official who had undertaken this shameful service, and those who controlled the markets, seizing upon the licence to disregard the law, treated outrageously those who were obliged to buy at that time, not only collecting the prices many times over, as it has been reported, but also contriving certain unheard-of deceptions in the goods offered for sale.
[5] Ἔπειτα δὲ πολλὰ καταστησάμενος τὰ καλούμενα μονοπώλια τήν τε κατηκόων σωτηρίαν ἀπεμπολήσας τοῖς τὸ ἄγος τοῦτο ἐνεργολαβεῖν ἀξιοῦσιν, αὐτὸς μὲν τίμημα τοῦ ἔργου τούτου ἀντιφορτισάμενος ἀπηλλάσσετο, τοῖς δὲ αὐτῷ ξυμβεβληκόσι παρείχετο τὴν ἐργασίαν
[5] In the second place, he set up a great number of what are called “monopolies,” and sold the welfare of his subjects to those who wanted to operate these abominations, and thus he, on the one hand, carried off a price for the transaction, and to those, on the other hand, who had contracted with him he gave the privilege of managing their business as they wished.
[6] ᾗ βούλοιντο διοικήσασθαι. ὅπερ ἀπαρακαλύπτως ἡμαρτάνετο κἀν ταῖς ἄλλαις ἁπάσαις ἀρχαῖς. βασιλέως γὰρ μοῖράν τινα οὐ πολλὴν ἀεὶ τῶν φωρίων κομιζομένου αἵ τε ἀρχαὶ ἀπ̓ αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ πράγματι ἐφεστῶτες ἑκάστῳ ἀδεέστερον τοὺς σφίσι παραπίπτοντας ἐληΐζοντο.
[6] And he applied this same vicious method, without any concealment, to all the other magistracies. For since the Emperor always derived some small share from the peculations of the magistrates, for this reason these, and also those in charge of each function, kept plundering more fearlessly those who fell into their clutches.
[7] ὥσπερ δὲ οὐχ ἱκανῶν οἱ ἐς τοῦτο οὐσῶν τῶν πάλαι διατεταγμένων ἀρχῶν, ἑτέρας δύο ἐπὶ τῇ πολιτείᾳ ἐπετεχνήσατο, καίτοι ἅπαντα μετῄει πρότερον τὰ ἐγκλήματα ἡ τῷ δήμῳ ἐφεστῶσα ἀρχή.
[7] And just as if the offices which had long been established did not suffice him for this purpose, he invented two additional magistracies to have charge of the State, although before that time the Prefect of the City was wont to deal with all the complaints.
[8] ἀλλ̓ ὅπως ἀεὶ πλείους τε οἱ συκοφάνται εἶεν καὶ πολλῷ ἔτι θᾶσσον τῶν οὐδὲν ἐπταικότων ἀνθρώπων τὰ σώματα αἰκίζοιτο, ταύτας δὴ τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐπινοεῖν ἔγνω.
[8] But to the end that the sycophants might be ever more numerous and that he might maltreat much more expeditiously the persons of citizens who had done no wrong, he decided to institute these new offices.
[9] καὶ αὐταῖν τὴν ἑτέραν μὲν τοῖς κλέπταις δῆθεν τῷ λόγῳ ἐπέστησεν, ὄνομα ταύτῃ ἐπιθεὶς πραίτωρα δήμων: τῇ δὲ δὴ ἑτέρᾳ τούς τε παιδεραστοῦντας ἐς ἀεὶ τίννυσθαι καὶ γυναιξὶν οὐ νόμιμα μιγνυμένους ἐπήγγελλε, καὶ εἴ τῳ τὰ ἐς τὸ θεῖον οὐκ ὀρθῶς ἤσκηται,
[9] And to one of the two he gave jurisdiction over thieves, as he pretended, giving it the name of “Praetor of the Plebs”; and to the other office he assigned the province of punishing those who were habitually practising sodomy and those who had such intercourse with women as was prohibited by law, and any who did not worship the Deity in the orthodox way, giving the name of “Quaesitor” to this magistrate.
[10] ὄνομα ταύτῃ ἐπιθεὶς κοιαισίτωρα. ὁ μὲν οὖν πραίτωρ εἴ τινα ἐν τοῖς φωρίοις λόγου πολλοῦ ἄξια εὗρε, ταῦτα δὴ τῷ αὐτοκράτορι ἀποφέρειν ἠξίου, φάσκων
[10] Now the Praetor, if he found among the peculations any of great worth, would deliver these moni
es to the Emperor, saying that the owners of it were nowhere to be found.
[11] οὐδαμῆ φαίνεσθαι τοὺς τούτων κυρίους. ταύτῃ τε χρημάτων ἀεὶ τῶν τιμιωτάτων διαλαγχάνειν ὁ βασιλεὺς εἶχεν. ὁ δὲ δὴ κοιαισίτωρ καλούμενος τοὺς παραπεπτωκότας κατεργαζόμενος, ἃ μὲν βούλοιτο, βασιλεῖ ἔφερεν, αὐτὸς δὲ οὐδὲν ἧσσον ἐπλούτει τοῖς ἀλλοτρίοις οὐδενὶ νόμῳ.
[11] Thus the Emperor was always able to get a share of the most valuable plunder. And the one who was called Quaesitor, when he got under his power those who had fallen foul of him, would deliver to the Emperor whatever he wished to give up, while he himself would become rich none the less, in defiance of all law, on the property of other men.
[12] οἱ γὰρ δὴ τούτων τῶν ἀρχῶν ὑπηρέται οὔτε κατηγόρους ἐπήγοντο οὔτε μάρτυρας τῶν πεπραγμένων παρείχοντο, ἀλλὰ διηνεκὲς πάντα τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον ἀκατηγόρητοί τε καὶ ἀνεξέλεγκτοι ὡς λαθραιότατα ἐντυχόντες ἐκτείνοντό τε καὶ ἀφῃροῦντο τὰ χρήματα.
[12] For the subordinates of these officials would neither bring forward accusers nor submit witnesses of what had been done, but throughout this whole period the unfortunates who fell in their way continued, without having been accused or convicted, and with the greatest secrecy, to be murdered as well as robbed of their money.
[13] Ὕστερον δὲ ὁ παλαμναῖος οὗτος ταύταις τε καὶ τῇ τῷ δήμῳ ἐφεστώσῃ ἀρχῇ πάντων ὁμοίως ἐπιμελεῖσθαι τῶν ἐγκλημάτων ἐπέστελλεν, ἐρίζειν σφίσι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰπὼν ὅστις αὐτῶν πλείους τε καὶ θᾶσσον διαφθείρειν ἱκανὸς εἴη.
[13] And later this monster commanded these magistrates and the Prefect of the City to take cognizance of all accusations alike, bidding them vie with one another to see which of them would be able to destroy the largest number of men and with the greatest speed.
[14] καὶ αὐτῶν ἕνα μὲν αὐτὸν εὐθὺς ἐρέσθαι φασὶν, ἢν ἐς τοὺς τρεῖς τίς ποτε διαβάλλοιτο, τίνος ἂν αὐτῶν ἡ τοῦ πράγματος διάγνωσις εἴη: τὸν δὲ ὑπολαβόντα φάναι, ὅστις ἂν αὐτῶν προτερήσας τοὺς ἄλλους φθάνοι.
[14] And they say that one of them straightway asked him, if anyone should at any time slander the three of them, which one of them should have the jurisdiction in the case; whereupon the Emperor retorting, said: “Whichever one of you gets ahead of the others.”
[15] ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν τοῦ κοιαίστωρος καλουμένην ἀρχὴν διέθετο οὐδενὶ κόσμῳ, ἧσπερ διαφερόντως ἐπεμελοῦντο οἱ πρότερον βεβασιλευκότες, ὡς εἰπεῖν, ἅπαντες, ὅπως τε τὰ ἄλλα ἔμπειροι καὶ σοφοὶ καὶ τὰ ἐς τοὺς νόμους μάλιστα εἶεν οἱ ταύτην διαχειρίσαντες καὶ χρημάτων διαφανῶς ἀδωρότατοι, ὡς οὐκ ἄνευ μεγάλου ὀλέθρου τούτου γε τῇ πολιτείᾳ γενησομένου, εἴπερ οἱ ταύτην τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχοντες ἢ ἀπειρίᾳ τινὶ ἔχοιντο ἢ φιλοχρηματίᾳ ἐφεῖντο.
[15] Furthermore, he handled the office called the Quaestorship in unseemly fashion — an office which practically all previous Emperors had maintained with exceptional care, to the end that those who administered this office should be men of wide experience and, especially, skilled in matters involving the laws and also conspicuously incorruptible in money matters, on the ground that they could not fail to be most harmful to the State if those who held this office should either be handicapped by any inexperience or give rein to avarice.
[16] ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς οὗτος πρῶτον μὲν ἐπὶ ταύτης Τριβωνιανὸν κατεστήσατο, οὗπερ τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν λόγοις διαρκῶς εἴρητο.
[16] But this Emperor first of all appointed to this office Tribonianus, whose practices have been sufficiently described in the previous Books.
[17] ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ Τριβωνιανὸς ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἠφάνιστο, μοῖραν μὲν αὐτοῦ τῆς οὐσίας ἀφείλετο, καίτοι παιδός τέ οἱ ἀπολελειμμένου καὶ πλήθους ἐκγόνων, ἐπεὶ ἐπεγένετο τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἡ τέλειος ἡμέρα τοῦ βίου, Ἰούνιλον δὲ Λίβυν γένος ἐπὶ τῆς τιμῆς κατεστήσατο ταύτης, νόμου μὲν οὐδὲ ὅσον ἀκοὴν ἔχοντα, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ τῶν ῥητόρων τις ἦν, γράμματα δὲ Λατῖνα μὲν ἐξεπιστάμενον, Ἑλληνικῶν μέντοι ἕνεκα οὐδὲ πεφοιτηκότα πρὸς γραμματιστοῦ πώποτε, οὐδὲ τὴν γλῶσσαν αὐτὴν ἑλληνίζειν δυνάμενον ῾πολλάκις ἀμέλει φωνὴν Ἑλληνίδα προθυμηθεὶς ἀφεῖναι πρὸς τῶν ὑπηρετούντων γέλωτα ὦφλεν̓, ἐς δὲ τὴν αἰσχροκέρδειαν δαιμονίως ἐσπουδακότα, ὅς γε γράμματα μὲν τὰ βασιλέως ἐν δημοσίῳ ἀπεμπολῶν ὡς ἥκιστα κατεδύετο.
[17] And when Tribonianus departed from among men, Justinian confiscated a portion of his property, although he was survived by a son and a large number of grandchildren when the final day of his life arrived; and he appointed Junilus, a Libyan, to this office, a man who had not even a hearsay acquaintance with the law, since he was not even one of the orators; and while he did understand Latin, yet, as far as Greek was concerned, he had neither attended an elementary school, nor was he able to pronounce the language itself in the Greek manner (indeed, on many occasions when he tried hard to speak a Greek word, he won the ridicule of his assistants); he was, furthermore, extraordinarily fond of shameful gain, as evidenced by the fact that he experienced no shame at all when he put up public sale documents belonging to the Emperor.
[18] ἑνὸς δὲ στατῆρος χρυσοῦ ἕνεκα τὴν χεῖρα ὀρέγειν τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσιν οὐδαμῆ ὤκνει.
[18] And for one stater he never hesitated to extend his hand to those he met.
[19] οὐχ ἧσσόν τε ἢ ἑπτὰ ἐνιαυτῶν χρόνον τοῦτον ἡ πολιτεία τὸν γέλωτα ὦφλεν.
[19] And for a space of no less than seven years the State was made ridiculous in this way.
[20] ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ Ἰούνιλος ἐς τὸ μέτρον τοῦ βίου ἀφίκετο, Κωνσταντῖνον ἐπὶ τοῦδε τοῦ ἀξιώματος κατεστήσατο, νόμων μὲν ὄντα οὐκ ἀμελέτητον, νέον δὲ κομιδῆ καὶ οὔπω ἀγωνίας δικανικῆς ἐς πεῖραν ἐλθόντα, κλεπτίστατον δὲ καὶ ἀλαζονικώτατον ἀνθρώπων ἁπάντων.
[20] And after Junilus came to the end of his life, he appointed to this office Constantinus, a man who, while not unacquainted with the law, was very young and as yet had no experience of the keen struggles of the court-room, and withal was the most thieving and the most boastful of all men.
[21] οὗτος Ἰουστινιανῷ ποθεινότατός τε ἄγαν καὶ φίλτατος ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα ἐγεγόνει, ἐπεὶ καὶ δἰ αὐτοῦ κλέπτειν τε καὶ δικάζειν ἀεὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς οὗ
τος οὐδαμῆ ἀπηξίου.
[21] This man had come to be very close to Justinian and one of his dearest friends; for this Emperor never hesitated to use him as his agent in both stealing and deciding cases at law.
[22] διὸ δὴ χρήματα μεγάλα χρόνου ὀλίγου Κωνσταντῖνος ἔσχε καὶ ὑπερφυεῖ τινι κόμπῳ ἐχρῆτο, ἀεροβατῶν τε καὶ πάντας ἀνθρώπους περιφρονῶν, κἂν μέν τινες αὐτῷ πολλὰ βούλοιντο χρήματα προέσθαι, ταῦτα δὴ κατατιθέντες τῶν οἱ πιστοτάτων τισὶ τὰ σφίσιν ἐσπουδασμένα κατορθοῦν ἴσχυον.
[22] Consequently Constantinus amassed great sums of money in a short time, and he assumed a sort of superhuman pomposity, treading the air and contemplating all men with contempt; and if any were willing to hand out large sums of money to him, they would deposit this in the hands of some of his most faithful retainers, and thus succeed in carrying through the schemes on which they had set their hearts.
[23] αὐτῷ μέντοι ἐντυχεῖν ἢ ξυγγενέσθαι τῶν πάντων οὐδενὶ γέγονε δυνατὸν, ὅτι μὴ ἐς βασιλέα δρόμῳ ἰόντι ἢ ἀπαλλασσομένῳ ἐνθένδε οὐ βάδην, ἀλλὰ σπουδῇ τε καὶ τάχει πολλῷ τοῦ μή τινά οἱ ἀκερδῆ ἀσχολίαν τοὺς προσιόντας προστρίβεσθαι.
[23] But to meet the man personally or to confer with him was quite impossible for any man at all, except while he was racing to the Emperor or leaving his presence, not at a walk, to be sure, but with great haste and speed, calculated to prevent those he met from inflicting upon him any ungainful business.
XXI
Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν τῇδε. βασιλεῖ τῷδε εἶχε. πρὸς δὲ τοῦ τῶν πραιτωρίων ἐπάρχου ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος πλέον ἢ τριάκοντα κεντηνάρια πρὸς τοῖς δημοσίοις ἐπράσσετο φόροις.
Delphi Complete Works of Procopius Page 565