For recent studies of Tibetan culture in exile, see Frank J. Korom, ed., Tibetan Culture in the Diaspora (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1997); and Frank J. Korom, ed., Constructing Tibetan Culture: Contemporary Perspectives (World Heritage Press, 1997).
46. A. T. Barker, The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett from the Mahatmas M. & K. H., ed. Christmas Humphreys and Elsie Benjamin (New York: Rider and Company, 1948), p. 434.
47. Louis M. Grafe, “Prelude to the Pilgrimage,” in My Life in Tibet, Edwin John Dingle (Los Angeles: Econith Press, 1939), p. 10.
48. Lama Anagarika Govinda, Foundations of Tibetan Mysticism (New York: Samuel Weiser, 1969), p. 13.
49. Lama Anagarika Govinda, The Way of the White Clouds: A Buddhist Pilgrim in Tibet (London: Hutchinson, 1966), p. xi.
50. Marilyn M. Rhie and Robert A. F. Thurman, Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1991), p. 8. In his 1968 film Requiem for a Faith (Hartley Film Foundation), Huston Smith narrates in a statement reminiscent of Madame Blavatsky, “The importance of the Tibetan tradition for our time and for the spiritual history of mankind lay in the fact that Tibet was the last living link connecting us to the civilizations of the ancient past. The mystery cults of Egypt and Mesopotamia are gone and the traditional civilizations of ancient India and China have been eroded by waves of Westernization. But modernity passed Tibet by.”
51. This tract was presented to me in a sealed envelope during a conference at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1993. The address provided at the bottom of the text is World Service Network, P.O. Box 725, Topanga, California 90290. Robert Thurman offers a rather similar view when he presents various “theories” of the Chinese conquest of Tibet:
The most compelling, if somewhat dramatic, is that Vajrapani [the bodhisattva of power] emanated himself as Mao Tse-tung and took upon himself the heinous sin of destroying the Buddha Dharma’s institutions, along with many beings, for three main reasons: to prevent other, ordinarily human, materialists from reaping the consequences of such terrible acts, to challenge the Tibetan Buddhists to let go of the trappings of their religion and philosophy and force themselves to achieve the ability to embody once again in this terrible era their teachings of detachment, compassion, and wisdom, and to scatter the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist teachers and disseminate their teachings throughout the planet among all the people, whether religious or secular, at this apocalyptic time when humanity must make a quantum leap from violence to peacefulness in order to preserve all life on earth.
See Robert A. F. Thurman, Essential Tibetan Buddhism (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1995), pp. 7–8. The Dalai Lama does not seem to ascribe to this view:
Perhaps the only good thing that has come from our tragedy is the spread of the teaching and practice of Tibetan Buddhism. Of course, it would have been much better for everyone if it could have happened without such an unspeakable toll of human suffering. Imagine, Tibetan lamas could have come out to teach in different countries, travelling with their visas stamped on Tibetan passports! Western Dharma students could have freely come into Tibet’s peaceful mountains to enjoy her fresh air, study at her monastic universities, and meditate in her inspiring solitudes. I say this not just to complain about our ordeal but because I have noticed that people tend to adopt a sort of fatalism about the history and problem of Tibet: “Well, it had to happen that way—otherwise Tibetans would not have come out of isolation into the world.” Thinking this way can make them slow to take action to try to improve the real Tibetan situation, to solve the Tibetan problem, the human problem of six million Tibetan human persons.
See H. H. the Dalai Lama, “The Practice of Buddhism,” Snow Lion Newsletter (spring 1993).
52. See Warren W. Smith, Jr., Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations (New York: Westview Press, 1996), p. 601.
53. Ibid., p. 609, for the terms of the proposal; pp. 610–16 for a discussion of the Chinese and exiled-Tibetan responses.
54. His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, My Tibet, with photographs and an introduction by Galen Rowell (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 18.
55. Pierre-Antoine Donnet, foreword to Tibet: Survival in Question, trans. Tica Broch (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. viii. The statement is dated December 1, 1993.
56. See David Seyfort Ruegg, Ordre spirituel et ordre temporel dans la pensée Bouddhique de l’ lnde et du Tibet: Quatre conférences au Collège de France (Paris: Collège de France, 1995).
57. Tenzin Gyatso, Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), p. 204.
58. In 1820, a Tibetan scholar located Shambhala in Europe. See Turrell V. Wylie, “Dating the Tibetan Geography ’Dzam gling rgyas bshad through Its Description of the Western Hemisphere,” Central Asiatic Journal 4 (1958–59): 300–311; and Turrell V. Wylie, “Was Christopher Columbus from Shambhala?” Bulletin of the Institute of China Border Area Studies (Taipei) 1 (July 1970): 24–34. See also the insightful discussion by Dan Martin in his “Anthropology on the Boundary and the Boundary of Anthropology,” Human Studies 13 (1990): 119–45, especially 127–30. The key passage in the Tibetan text reads, in Wylie’s translation, “That great scholar known as Me-pa ra-dza, or also as Ka-lam-pa-tsha [Columbus], i.e., ‘King of the Boot,’ who was born in the city of Tsi-na-ba [Genoa] of the country of glorious Shambhala, on the occasion of going to the Northern Continent first arrived at that island named Sa-kam [San Salvador].”
Index
Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls, 1
Ajorepa Rinpoche, 61
Alpert, Richard (pseud. Baba Ram Dass), 47, 71–72, 74, 76–77, 85
Alphabetum Tibetanum, 119, 132
Altan Khan, 206
Anacker, Stefan, 159
Anderson, Walt, 248 n.52
Andrade, Antonio de, 25, 116
Aris, Michael, 243 n.32
Arnold, Sir Edwin, 30, 120
Arnold, Matthew, 199
Aronson, Harvey, 159
Artaud, Antonin, 2, 42
Asia House Gallery, 137
Astley, Thomas, 29–30, 33, 118
Aśvaghosa, 158
Atiśa, 193
Augustine, Saint, 40
Austin, Alfred, 120
Avalon, Arthur. See Woodroffe, Sir John
Bacot, Jacques, 253 n.5
Bailey, Alice, 51
Baker, Douglas, 127
Bar do thos grol, 46–85, 238 n.40
Bataille, Georges, 8, 211 n.14
Bechert, Heinz, 184
Bell, Sir Charles, 89, 139, 163, 211 n.14, 232 n.3, 240 n.3
The Benefits of the Maṇi Wheel (Maṇi ’khor lo ’i phan yon), 130
Berkeley, Bishop George, 264 n.15
Bertolucci, Bernardo, 107, 206
Besant, Annie, 51–52
Beyer, Stephan, 159
Bharati, Agehananda, 103, 109
Bhutia Boarding School, 235 n.12
Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna, 36, 49–51, 54–55, 57, 66–67, 70, 79, 84–85, 103, 120–21, 201–2, 234 n.11, 235 n.12, 267 n.3, 273 n.50
Blo bzang rgyal mtshan. See Dga’ ldan khri pa
Blofeld, John, 126, 146
Borges, Jorge Luis, 46
Bourdieu, Pierre, 108–9
Brady, S. E., 123
Brief Commentary on the Letters of the Six Syllable [Mantra] (Yi ge drug ma’i ’bru ’grel mdor sdus), 132
Brown, Andrew, 195
Brown, Edward, 176
Bu ston, 228 n.57
Buber, Martin, 62
Bull, Geoffrey, 124
Bunting, Madeline, 193
Burgess, Clifford, 99
Burnouf, Eugène, 158
Buswell, Robert, 175
Cabezón, José, 175
Cabral, João, 267 n.1
Cacella, Estevão, 267 n.1
Caddyshack, 209 n.1
Campbell, Sir George, 235 n.12
Campbell, June, 5
2, 133
Campbell, Major W. C., 52
Candrakīrti, 167, 169, 171, 263 n.12
Capra, Frank, 8
Capra, Fritjof, 176
Carey, William, 122
Carlyle, Thomas, 115
Catherine the Great, 23
Cave, Sydney, 226 n.46
Chayet, Anne, 155, 261 n.69
Clark, Walter E., 137
Clarke, Arthur C., 250 n.61
Clarke, James Freeman, 31
Combe, G. A., 123
Conze, Edward, 52, 163
Cook, Francis, 159
Cooke, Grace, 127
Corless, Roger, 159
Cranston, Sylvia, 236 n.12
Csoma de Kőrös, Alexander, 23, 159, 181
Dalai Lama, 2, 6, 8–9, 19, 21–23, 27, 29, 39, 66, 93, 123, 152, 189, 197, 206, 209 n.1, 220 n.26, 221 n.33, 225 n.39, 249 n.58, 271 n.35; Dalai Lama III, 188, 220 n.26; Dalai Lama IV, 206; Dalai Lama V, 8–9, 131, 184, 188, 190; Dalai Lama XIII, 5, 87, 89–92, 102, 179, 184, 190, 232 n.3, 263 n.13, 273 n.45; Dalai Lama XIV, 1, 3, 11, 17, 41–42, 52, 56, 78, 83, 107, 129–30, 133–34, 137, 149, 154, 164, 169, 173, 177, 184–88, 190–96, 198–200, 204–7, 214 n.26, 223 n.38, 254 n.12, 263 n.15, 269 n.27, 270 n.29, 273 n.45, 274 n.51
Damiani, Anthony, 177
Dante Alighieri, 40, 76
Darmadoday (Dar ma mdo sde), 105
Darwin, Charles, 50, 84, 238 n.41
Das, Sarat Chandra, 178, 215 n.10, 233 n.3, 235 n.12
Dasa, Philangi, 121
David-Neel, Alexandra, 53, 86, 125, 255 n.19, 268 n.8
Dayal, Har, 247 n.38
Daye, Douglas, 159
de Certeau, Michel, 239 n.56
Decleer, Hubert, 212 n.22
Delattre, Pierre, 240 n.4
della Penna, Orazio, 38, 132
de Séverac, Jourdain Catalani, 24
Deshung Rinpoche, 159
Desi Sangye Gyatso (Sde srid sang rgyas rgya mtsho), 131, 251 n.67
Desideri, Ippolito, 116–18, 217 n.17, 219 n.22, 221 n.31, 228 n.60
Dga’ ldan khri pa, 36, 192
Dharma Publishing, 176
Dharmakīrti, 167
Dharmapala, Anagarika, 185
Diamond Sutra, 158
Dingle, Edwin John, 103, 201
Dolan, Lieutenant Brooke, 12, 196
Donnet, Pierre-Antoine, 205
Dorje Shugden (Rdo rje shugs ldan), 188–96, 200–201, 269 n.27, 270 n.29
d’Orville (Catholic missionary), 152
Dorzhiev, Agvan, 163
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 48
Dreyfus, Georges, 175
Duck Soup, 201
Dunhuang manuscripts, 261 n.2
Durkheim, Emil, 161
Dutton, E. P., 96
Edgar, J. Huston, 122
Edwardes, Allen, 125
Effra, Wolfgang von, 22
Ekvall, Robert, 126
Eliade, Mircea, 52
Evans-Wentz, Walter Y., 47–49, 52–58, 61–72, 74–76, 79–83, 105, 125, 145, 172, 175, 202, 236 n.12, 238nn.38, 41, 240 n.7, 243 n.32, 255 n.19, 265 n.20
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 160
Fitzgerald, Edward, 46
Flaubert, Gustave, 226 n.46
Foucaux, Philippe Édouard, 158, 176
Francke, A. H., 123, 247 n.38
Frazer, James, 18, 34, 160
Freeman, Father Laurence, O.S.B., 186
Fremantle, Francesca, 47, 76–77, 81, 85
Freud, Sigmund, 56–58, 160
Freyre, Emanoel, 219 n.22
Gabet, Joseph, 25–27, 119, 221 n.31
Gaffney, Patrick, 79
Gampopa, 266 n.23
Gandhi, Mohandas, 185
Garrett, W. E., 126
Gelder, Stuart and Roma, 44, 231 n.83
Gendun Chophel (Dge ’dun chos ’phel), 271 n.32
Gere, Richard, 202, 206
Gesar of Ling, 18, 270 n.32
Geshe Wangyal, 42, 163–64, 172–73, 175, 230 n.76
Getty, Alice, 137
Ginsberg, Allen, 61
Giorgi, Antonio Agostino, 132
Gladstone, William, 120
Glang dar ma, 266 n.23
Gompertz, M. L. A., 245 n.4
Gordon, Antoinette, 137
Gould, Sir Basil, 124
Govinda, Lama Anagarika, 7, 48, 56, 59–62, 70, 72, 86, 125–26, 139, 145–46, 190, 202, 236 n.12, 238 n.40, 243 n.32, 255 n.19, 265 n.20
Grafe, Louis M., 201
Grueber, John, 25, 152
Guenther, Herbert, 159, 176, 266 n.21
Guibaut, André, 4, 124
Gushri Khan, 9
Guṇaprabha, 168
Haarh, Erik, 261 n.2
Han Suyin, 231 n.83
Harrer, Heinrich, 60, 96–97
Harvey, Andrew, 79
Heart Sutra, 158
Hedin, Sven, 218 n.21
Hegel, G. W. F., 6, 23, 264 n.15
Heidegger, Martin, 264 n.15
Helms, Jesse, 3
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 22, 225 n.40, 228 n.55
Hergé, 212 n.22
Herodotus, 69
Hilton, James, 5–6, 181, 201, 207
Hodgson, Brian Houghton, 118, 123, 125, 158, 246 n.15
Hoffmann, Ernst Lothar. See Govinda, Lama Anagarika
Hoffmann, Helmut, 223 n.36, 265 n.21
Hopkins, Jeffrey, 159, 163–66, 168–72, 177–78, 239 n.51
Hoskin, Cyril Henry. See Rampa, T. Lobsang
Huc, Evariste-Régis, 25–27, 41, 119, 220 n.30, 221 n.31
Hume, David, 264 n.15
Humphreys, Christmas, 4, 52, 124, 210 n.7
Huxley, Aldous, 72
Huxley, T. H., 238 n.41
Jackson, David, 259nn.49, 53
Jacquemont, Victor, 23, 118
James, William, 52, 160, 238 n.41
Jamyangshayba (’Jam dbyang bzhad pa), 170–71
Jangchup Gyaltsen (Byang chub rgyal mtshan), 197
Jäschke, Heinrich August, 121, 178, 216 n.10
Jesus, 40, 50, 65, no, 221 n.31, 254 n.11
Jisl, Lumír, 139, 258 n.51
John Paul II (Pope), 223 n.38
Johnson, K. Paul, 235 n.12
Jung, C. G., 48, 56–59, 62, 72, 146, 160, 224 n.38, 237 n.27
Kālacakra Tantra, 182
Kamalaśīla, 171
Kamenetz, Roger, 129
Kant, Immanuel, 217 n.19, 264 n.15
Kāraṇḍavyūha Sutra, 130–31
Karma gling pa, 52, 80
Karma Pakshi (Karmapa II), 19
Karma Sumdhon, Paul, 233 n.3
Karmapa XV, Khakhyab Dorje, 251 n.67
Kawaguchi, Ekai, 236 n. 12
Kazi Dawa-Samdup, 47, 52–54, 62–64, 67, 79, 82, 265 n.20
Kelsang Gyatso, Geshe, 193–95
Khayyám, Omar, 46
Khetsun Sangpo, 165
Khul, Djwaul, 51
Kierkegaard, Søren, 160
King, Martin Luther, 185
Kipling, Rudyard, 36, 229 n.61, 235 n.12
Kircher, Athanasius, 27, 117–18, 222 n.33
Klaproth, Heinrich Julius von, 119
Klein, Anne, 170
Knight, Captain William Henry, 120
Konow, Sten, 131–32
Köppen, Carl Friedrich, 116, 119, 121, 132, 218 n.21, 228 n.59
Krishnamurti, 51
Kriyananda. See Walters, Donald
Kublai Khan, 19
Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 78
Kvaerne, Per, 262 n.2
Laden La, Sardar Bahādur S. W., 232 n.3
Lalitavistara, 159, 176
Lalou, Marcelle, 173
Lancaster, Lewis, 159
Landon, Perceval, 231 n.83
Lati Rinpoche, 239 n.31
Lauf, Detlef Ingo, 143, 256 n.23
Laufer, Berthold, 216 n.12
Leary, Timothy, 47, 67, 71–72, 74–77, 80, 83, 85
Lee, Sherman, 43, 135–37, 231 n.81
Legge, James, 115, 229 n.68
&n
bsp; Lessing, Ferdinand, 159, 217nn.15–16
Li Gotami, 60–61
Lincoln, Bruce, 243 n.38
Lindtner, Christian, 176
Ling Rinpoche, 190
Lishka, Dennis, 159
Little Buddha, 107
Lobzang Mingyur Dorje, 233 n.3
Losang Gyatso, Geshe, 195
Lost Horizons, 8
Lotus Sutra, 112, 158
Luther, Martin, 40
Macdonald, David, 123
Maharaja’s Boy’s School, 52
Mao Tse-tung, 6, 107, 274 n.51
Maraini, Fosco, 141, 145
Marpa (Mar pa), 105
Martin, Dan, 131
Martyr, Justin, 27
Mead, G. R. S., 57
Metzner, Ralph, 47, 71, 74–77, 85
Michael, Franz, 211 n.12
Milarepa, 78, 105, 148
Monier-Williams, Sir Monier, 31, 33, 38, 116, 122, 129, 226 n.46
Moody, Raymond, 78
Moorcroft, William, 23, 219 n.22
Müller, Friedrich Max, 17, 31, 158, 220 n.30
Nāgārjuna, 171, 266 n.23
Nakamura, Hajime, 231 n.83
Nāropa, 105
Nash, Ogden, 16
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 15, 231 n.82
Nebesky-Wojkowitz, René de, 105–6
Nechung oracle, 189–91
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 264 n.15
Nyānaponika Mahāthera, 60
Nyanatiloka Mahāthera, 60–61
Noel, Father Francis, 225 n.40
Odoric (Odorico da Pordenone), 220 n.26
Olcott, Colonel Henry Steele, 49, 69, 185, 235 n.12
Oldenberg, Hermann, 226 n.46
Padma Tsalag, 70
Padmasambhava, 47, 63, 69, 78, 80, 106, 148, 173, 196–97, 231 n.81
Padoux, André, 130
Pal, Pratapaditya, 43, 139–44, 146, 149, 215 n.9, 220 n.26, 255 n.19, 256 n.23
Pallas, Peter Simon, 23, 118, 225 n.39
Pallis, Marco, 8, 96–97, 99, 124, 130, 163, 260 n.55
Pan chen Bsod nams grags pa, 188
Panchen Lama, 36, 197, 206, 233 n.10, 235 n.12; Panchen Lama I, Losang Chögyi Gyaltsen (Blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan), 188. See also Teshu Lama
Prisoners of Shangri-La Page 40