Black Detroit
Page 38
Blair, Austin, 47
Blanchard, James, 278
Blanchard, John, 268
Bland, James, 61–62
Bland, Robert O., 284
Blanding, Tanya, 206
Bledsoe, Geraldine, 134
Bledsoe, Harold, 131
Bledsoe, Mamie, 119
Bobb, Robert, 329
Boggs, Grace, 196
Boggs, James, 146–147, 190, 262–263
Booker T. Washington Trade Association (BTWTA), 131–132, 210, 313
Boone, Theodore Sylvester, 235
Boone House, 235–236
Boston Herald, on Sweet trials, 116
Bosworth, Patricia, 223
bounty hunters, 28, 34
Bowers, Darrlyn, 260
Bowles, Charles, 165
Bowles, Thomas “Dr. Beans,” 272–273
Boyd, Charles, 345
Boyd, Herb, 1–5, 345–348
Boyd, John Percy, 228–230
Boyd, Joshua, 46
Boyd, Melba, 229, 236
Boyle, Kevin, 115
Bradby, Robert, 108–109, 118, 134
Bradford, Robert, 229
brass bands, 59
Breiner, Leon, 110
Brewster-Douglass Projects, 11, 139, 154
Britain, Detroit ruled by (1760), 18
Broadside Press, 236–237, 238
Broady, John, 52
Brooks, Bill, 298, 313
Brooks, Pat, 125
Brooks, Roy, 258
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 106
Brown, Basil, 196
Brown, Cora Mae, 155–156
Brown, Devora, 167
Brown, Eugene, 300–301
Brown, Hayword, 228–230
Brown, H. Rap, 207
Brown, Jack, 167
Brown, John, 40–41
Brown, Joseph, 176–177
Brown, Katherine, 15, 145–146, 151, 160, 167, 189, 194, 324, 345–348
Brown, Mary, 44–46
Brown, Odessa, 229
Brown, Russell, 208
Brown, Sterling, 236
Brown, William Wells, 38, 50
“Brown Bomber” (Joe Louis), 121, 124–126
Brown Bombers (baseball team), 126
Browne, Ernest, 247–248
Brown v. Board of Education, 163
Bryant, Louie, 123
Budzyn, Walter, 275–277
Buhk, Tobin T., 44
Bundy, George, 108
Burrell, Kenny, 171
Burton, Clarence M., 16, 17, 19
Bush, George W., 308
Butler, Ann, 33
Butler, Broadus N., 68
Butler, Charles, 247, 250, 285
Butler, William, 33
Cadena, Ozzie, 172
Cadillac, Antoine de Lamothe, 15–17
Cadillac Motor Company, 15, 159–160
Calahan, William, 212
California, free status of, 38
Canada
fugitive slaves in, 32
Underground Railroad, 35–42
Canadian Anti-Slavery Baptist Association, 51
Capone, Al, 124
Cargle, Council, 266–267
Carnera, Primo, 126
Carr Center, 342
“Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” (Bland), 61–62
Carter, Betty, 170–172, 257
Carter, Clarence, 233
Carter, Jimmy, 246, 247
Carter, Joe L., 217
Carter, Ron, 169, 172–173
Carty, Arthur, 199
Cass, Lewis, 31–32
cast-iron stoves, 87
Castle, Don, 207
Castle, Joann, 206–207, 210, 219
Catherine (slave), 18–19
Cattell, Nicole, 295–296
Cavanagh, Jerome P., 188, 189, 202–209, 209–210
Cecot, Jean, 22
census and population statistics
1750, 18
1782, 21–22
1820, 26
1840, 32, 50
1900, 85
1920, 94
1960, 188
1980, 254
1990, 271
black-majority congressional districts and, 185
infant mortality, 321–322
Central United Church of Christ, 208
Chafets, Ze’ev, 261
Chandler, Elizabeth Margaret, 33
Chandler, Zachariah, 72
Chaney, James, 162
Chapin, Marshall, 31–32
Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, 283–284, 294, 311–312, 342
Chawke, Thomas, 116
Cherokee Brick Company, 135
Chicago
American Negro Labor Congress, 106
during Great Migration, 93
Chicago Defender, 73
Great Migration and, 92–93, 95
Michigan Chronicle and, 133
Christ Church, 56
Chrysler, 142, 219, 258–259
Chrysler Freeway, 187
The Citizens for Honest Government, 306–307
Citizens Street Railway Company, 74
City Connect Detroit, 313
City-wide Citizens Action Committee (CCAC), 211
Civil Rights Act of 1875, 74–75
Civil Rights Act of 1883, 74–75
Civil Rights Committee (CRC), 131
civil rights movement. see also individual civil rights leaders
overview, 163–164, 193–200
in World War II era, 155
Civil War
Battle of Fort Sumter, 41
black regiments in, 46–48
draft for, 43–44
Faulkner’s trial during, 44–46
Clark, Kenneth, 209
class issues, 71–89
black elites and, 71–75, 78–86
black middle class of early twentieth century, 77–78
labor unions, 81–82
poverty and, 75–78
working class and, 86–89
Cleage, Albert, Jr. (Jaramogi Abebe Agyeman), 137, 190, 195–196, 208, 210–211, 262, 295
Cleage, Albert B., Sr., 165
Cleage, Henry, 83, 196
Cleveland, Grover, 86–87
Cleveland Gazette
on Straker, 78
on Sweet trials, 106
Clinton, Bill, 279
Clore, Dorothy, 228–229
Clore, John, 228–229
Clore, Siegel, 228–229
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 240
Cobb, Charlie, 97
Cobb, Ty, 122–123
Cobb’s Corner, 258
Cobo, Albert, 188
Cockrel, Jesse, 267
Cockrel, Kenneth K. “Ken,” Jr., 300, 325–326
Cockrel, Kenneth K. “Ken,” Sr., 207–208, 213–214, 218, 221–224, 230, 247–252, 256, 267–268
Coda (Harris), 272
Colding, Chuck, 199
Cole, James, 85–86
Coleman, Ken, 83
Coley, Peggy, 266
Collins, Rochelle, 330
Colored Girl Beautiful (Hackley), 65
Colored Methodist Church, 52
Colored Vigilant Committee of Detroit, 40
Comerica Bank, 294–295, 298
“Come to Me” (Johnson), 179–180
Come Unto Me (HBO Films), 295
communism
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and, 161–162
Unemployment Councils concept and, 128–129
Communities United for Action (CUFA), 240
Compau, Simon, 22
Conant, Shubael, 33
Concept East Theater, 243, 266
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 155
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 190, 199
Connie’s Inn, 63
Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID), 241–242
Contencineau, Jean Baptiste, 19–20
Continental Motor Car Company, 94
&
nbsp; Conyers, John, Jr., 196, 203–204, 239–240, 309
Conyers, John, Sr., 134, 163–164
Conyers, Monica, 326
Conyers, Nathan, 176–177, 233, 316
Cook, Charles “Doc,” 62
Cookie and Ginger Snaps, 62
Cooper, Carl, 207
Cooper, Desiree, 307, 308, 310
Copper, Peter, 33
Corps d’Afrique, 48
Coston, Julia Ringwood, 66
“Cotton Curtain”/”Cotton Valley,” 2, 92
Coughlin, Charles, 132
Cox, Kenn, 240, 257
Cox, Thomas, 22
crack cocaine epidemic, 264–265
Crack Steppin’ (Milner), 256
Craft, William and Ellen, 20
Craigen, J. A., 101
Crain’s, on poverty in Detroit, 322
Crockett, Ethelene, 162–163
Crockett, George, III, 276–279
Crockett, George W., Jr., 162, 204–205, 212–214, 284–285
cultural heritage, 11–12. see also fine art; literary institutions; music; sports; theater
“cultured 40,” 82
Cunningham, Gene, 215
Cunningham, William, 206
Current, Gloster, 134
Czapski, Ronald, 213
Dade, Malcolm, 132–133, 250
The Daily Collegian (Wayne State University), activism and, 215–216
Daily Post, Pelham, Jr. at, 72
Dale, M., 46
Dalton, Mary, 129
dance, during Gilded Age, 67–68
Dancy, John, 94–99, 108, 116, 131, 134, 152, 153
Dancy, Joseph, 102
Daniel, Everard, 134
Daniels, Leon “Pepper,” 122
Darcell, Frankie, 309
Darden, Joe, 278
Darrow, Clarence, 110–116
David Walker’s Appeal (Christian manifesto), 28–29
David Whitney Building, 298
Davis, Don, 239
Davis, Ed, 233
Davis, Miles, 171–173
Davis, Samuel H., 51
Davis, William, 110
Dawson, Matel, 281
Dearing, Bert, 315–316
Dearing, Jai-Lee, 315–316
DeBaptiste, George, 33, 36–37
DeBaptiste family, “cultured 40” and, 82
De Caro, Louis, 149
Decisions (Winans), 264
Dejean, Philip, 19
Delany, Martin, 39
Del Rio, James, 193
Democratic National Convention (1968), 214
DeMoss, Elwood “Bingo,” 122
Denison, Elizabeth, 25
Denison, Hannah, 25
Denison, Peter, 24
Denison, Scipio, 25
Denver Statesman, Hackley as editor of, 64
DeRamus, Betty, 30, 238
Desmond, Binga, 100
Detroit Alliance for a Rational Economy (DARE), 247, 251–252
Detroit Black Community Food Security Network (DBCFSN), 314–315
“Detroit City Blues” (Domino), 253
Detroit Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, 282
Detroit Contender, 101
Detroit Council of Organizations (DCO), 211
Detroit Cubs, 126
Detroit Economic Development Organization, 311
Detroit Federation of Teachers, 200, 290, 329
Detroit Free Press
advertisements for fugitive slave rewards, 34
on black regiments in Civil War, 48
competition of (late nineteenth century), 73
Conyers interviewed by, 163–164
on Faulkner’s accusation, 44
on Kilpatrick, 303–304, 307, 308, 310, 325
Randall published by, 236
on Sojourner Truth riot, 141
Storey and, 40
on Sweet trials, 106
Detroit Housing Commission, 139
Detroit Institute of Arts, 336
Detroit International Jazz Festival, 257
Detroit Lions, 246
Detroit Medical Society, 84
Detroit Metro Times, as Motor City Music Foundation 2000 sponsor, 297–298
Detroit News
on Madhubuti, 238
on Phillis Wheatley Home for Aged Colored Ladies, 84
on Ross’ tour, 297
on Sojourner Truth riot, 141
Detroit People’s News, 119
Detroit Pistons, 246, 342
Detroit Plaindealer
Lambert and, 56, 66–67
Pelhams and, 7, 72
printing by, 78
Detroit Police Department
during Great Depression, 155
Green case, 275–277
lack of police force (mid-1800s), 45–46
layoffs during Young administration, 249, 259–260
shootings by police, 327–329
shootings by police (early 2000s), 300–301
Stop the Robberies and Enjoy Safe Streets (STRESS), 226–234
on teen violence, 263
Detroit Public Schools, 29, 288–291
Detroit Red Wings, 246, 342
“Detroit Renaissance” (Randall), 257
Detroit riots of 1967, 201, 202–209
Detroit Stars, 121–124, 126
Detroit Street and Railways Company (DSR), 172–173
Detroit Tigers, 122–123, 261, 298
Detroit Times, on Sojourner Truth riot, 141
Detroit Tribune, anti-union stance of, 133
Detroit Urban League, 94, 108
Detroit-Wayne County Mental Health Board, 304
Detroit Wolves, 126
Dett, R. Nathaniel, 64
The Development of Our Own, 147
Devil’s Night, 261–262
Dewberry, Dorothy, 207
Dies Committee (House Un-American Activities Committee), 161–162
Diggs, Charles, Jr., 131, 156, 163, 164, 185, 199, 286–288
Diggs, Charles, Sr., 132
Dillard, Angela, 132–133
Ditto, Frank, 210
Dr. Carver’s Wild West Show, 59
Dodge, 142, 248
Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement (DRUM), 217–224
“do for self” concept, 137
domestic servants
early twentieth century, 84–85
during World War II, 145–146, 154–155
Domino, Fats, 253
Dooley, Robert, 229
Dorsey, Julius L., 209
Douglas, Freddie (police officer), 275–277
Douglas, Mark, 316–317
Douglas, Walter, 316
Douglass, Frederick, 38–42, 46–47, 65, 66, 72
Dove, Ray, 112
Dowdell, Glanton, 202, 207
Dox, 272
Dozier, Lamont, 167
Dozier, Reginald, 167
Dress Well Club, 96
drugs
crack cocaine epidemic, 264–265
gangs and, 254–256
STRESS (Detroit Police Department) and, 228–230
D-Town Farm, 314–315
Dubois, Buddy, 173
Du Bois, W. E. B., 63, 65, 76–77, 82, 88–89
Duggan, Mike, 279, 338–339
Dumas, Karen, 330
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 66–67, 83, 237
Dunbar Memorial Hospital, 83–84, 102
Duncan, Arne, 330
Duncan, John, 18
Duncanson, Robert S., 68
Dunmore, Albert, 269–270
Dunningham, Brian Leigh, 18
Durant, Joseph, 80
Du Sable, Jean Baptiste Pointe, 21
Dyson, Michael Eric, 267
“The Eagle Stirreth Her Nest” (Franklin), 166–167
economy and employment. see also automobile industry; census and population statistics; class issues; housing; labor and labor unions
bankruptcy fears for Detroit, 331, 333, 335–339
calls for employment diversity (early 2000s)
, 294–295
class issues, 71–89
domestic servants, 84–85, 145–146, 154–155
early automobile industry and, 69–70
economic revitalization (early 2000s), 293–302
financial downturn (late 1950s), 181–183
during Great Depression, 127–137
Great Migration and, 92–97, 102–103
layoffs (1980s), 258–259
modern-day development and, 333–340
in 1920s, 105–106, 109, 119–120
in 1990s, 283
poverty (turn of twentieth century), 75–77
urban renewal, 161, 168, 187
during World War II era, 142–147, 154–155
Eddins, Clarence, 173
Eden, Morton, 162
Edmund Pettus Bridge, 198–199
education. see also Wayne State University
Adopt-a-School initiative, 299
Bing on, 329–330
funding of, mid-1960s, 200
state takeover of Detroit Public Schools, 288–291
Edwards, George, 189
Eight Mile Road, overview, 3–4, 159–160
Elliot, John, 290
Ellis, Arthur, 288
Ellison, Ralph, 128–129
Elmwood Cemetery, 48, 56, 156
Emancipation Proclamation, 40, 41, 44
emigrationist movement, 39
Eminem, 291
employment. see economy and employment
Engler, John, 285, 288, 289
Enrollment Act of Conscription, 43–44
Episcopal Church of the Crucifixion, 64
Essien-Udom, E. U., 149
Ethiopia, Bennie White, 275–277
Evans, Richard, 45–46, 50
Evans, Warren, 329
Ex-Cell-O (manufacturing company), 145–146
Executive Order 8802, 143
Eyes on the Prize (documentary), 205–206
Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC), 143, 144
Fard, W. D., 102, 135–137
Farewell—We’re Good and Gone (Marks), 92
Farmer, James, 199
Farmer, Silas, 33
Farr, Mel, 316
Farrow, Ernie, 171, 172
Father of the Blues (Handy), 60–61
Faulkner, Thomas, 44–46
FBI, 136, 195
Fears, Clifford, 256
Feikens, John, 261
Ferguson, Herman, 197
Ferguson, William W., 78–79, 81
Ferguson family, “cultured 40” and, 82
Ferguson v. Gies, 79
“Fever” (John), 168
Fieger, Geoffrey N., 301, 328
Fifty-Fourth and Fifty-Fifth Regiments of Massachusetts, 47
Finally Got the News (LRBW film), 220, 222
fine art
Detroit Institute of Arts, 336
Michigan Council of the Arts, 257
visual arts of Gilded Age, 68
Finney, Theodore, 56, 58–59
First Baptist Church, 36, 50
First Michigan Colored Regiment, 47
First Michigan Infantry, 41, 47
First National Bank, 239
Fisher, Max, 252
Fisk Jubilee Singers, 60
Fisk University, 155, 237
The Flagellants (Polite), 169–170