by Herb Boyd
Focus: Hope, 206
Fonda, Jane, 223–224
Forbes, on poverty in Detroit, 322
Ford, Coit, 99
Ford, Gerald, 245
Ford, Geraldine Bledsoe, 212
Ford, Henry, 69–70, 76–77, 92–94, 107–109, 118, 130–131
Ford Foundation, 334
Ford Motor Company
black workers hired by, 107–109
financial crisis of 1927 and, 117
first black board member of, 233
Ford Hunger March, 100
founding of, 69–70
during Great Depression, 130–131, 133
Foreman family, 160
For Malcolm (Randall), 236
Forman, James, 220–224
Forsith, William, 22
Fortune, T. Thomas, 74
Fortune Records, 167
Foster (general), 48
France, Detroit ruled by (1760), 18
Franklin, Aretha, 186–187, 250, 269, 285, 308
Franklin, Clarence LaVaughn (C. L.), 166–167, 186–187, 193, 195, 249–250
Frazier, E. Franklin, 155
Freedmen’s Bureau, 81
Freedom Now Party, 195–196
Freedom Summer 1964, 162
Freeman, Lorenzo, 210
French, Caroline, 30
French, George, 50
“From Now On” (Gibbs), 339–340
Frost, Karolyn Smardz, 28
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, 29
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 37, 38, 52
Fuller, Chaka, 213
Fuller, Curtis, 172
Fuqua, Gwen Gordy, 297
Furshee, Durwood, 229
Gabriel, Larry, 298
Gaines, George, 255
gangs, drugs and, 254–256
Garfield, James, 81
Garnet, Henry Highland, 52
Garrett, Joyce Finley, 284–285
Garvey, Marcus, 101–102, 105
Garza, Michael, 296
Gaye, Marvin, 225–226
General Motors, 159–161, 232, 248–249, 251, 266
Georgakas, Dan, 190, 215, 252
German American population, in 1850s, 44–46
“Get a Job” (Silhouettes), 181
Gibbs, Michele, 339–340
Gies, Edward, 78–79
Gilbert, Dan, 333, 334, 342
Gilded Age, 57–70
automobile industry, 69–70
music, 58–65
newspapers and publications, 65–67
overview, 57–58
theater and dance, 67–68
visual arts, 68
Gilmore, Horace, 259–260
Girardin, Ray, 204
Golightly, Cornelius, 299
Golightly Educational Center, 299
Goodell, Lemuel, 29
Goodman, Andrew, 162
Goodman, Ernest, 162
Gordy, Berry, Jr., 175, 179–183, 225–226, 273
“Got a Job” (Gordy, Robinson), 181
Gotham Hotel, 187
Grable, Arnetta, 300–301
Grable, Larry, 300–301
Graham, Doris, 165
Graham Paige, 118
Granger, Lester, 131
Granholm, Jennifer, 309, 325
Grant, U. S., 72
Graystone International Jazz Museum, 273
Great Britain, Detroit ruled by (1760), 18
Great Depression, 127–137
labor and collective bargaining, 128–134
Nation of Islam founded during, 134–137
overview, 128–129
“Relief” (Hughes), 127
Greater Work Foundation, 294–295
“Greatings to Toussaint L’Ouverture” (Handy), 61
Great Migration, 91–103
economic issues of, 92–97, 102–103
Lambert and, 36
overview, 1–5, 82
Vine on, 111
World War I and, 97–103
Green, Malice, 275–277
Green Pastures, 96
Gregory, Karl, 199–200
Gribbs, Roman, 226
Griffin, Rufus, 202
Griot Galaxy, 258
Grisby, Snow, 131
Groovesville Productions, 239
Group on Advanced Leadership (GOAL), 195
Guy, Harry P., 60
Guyton, Louise G., 294–295
Guyton, Tyree, 295
Hackley, Edwin Henry, 64
Hackley, Emma Azalia Smith, 64–65, 68, 85
Hackley Choral Society, 64
Hall, Helen, 206
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 221
Hamilton, Henry, 19
Hamlin, Michael, 218–224, 267–268
Hampton, Gladys, 170
Hampton, Lionel, 170–171
Handy, W. C., 60–61
Hankerson, Barry, 256
Harmonie Park Playhouse, 266–267
Harper’s Ferry raid, 41
Harris, Bill, 272
Harris, Marjorie, 274
Harrison, Wendell, 240
Harrison, William Henry, 23, 26, 36
Hartford Memorial Baptist Church, 299
The Hate That Hate Produced (documentary), 190
Hawkins, La-Van, 305–306
Hayden, Robert, 62, 237
Hayes, Roland, 64
Haynes, George Edmund, 94–95
Hays, Arthur Garfield, 111–116
Haywood, Harry, 99–100, 129
HBO Films, 295
Heady, Doug, 229
Hearns, Tommy “Hit Man,” 256
Heart, Edward, 51–52
The Heidelberg Project (Guyton), 295–296
Henderson, Cornelius, 120
Henderson, Erma, 232, 309
Henderson, Henry, 227
Henderson, John, 66
Hendrix, Freman, 306, 308
Henry, Milton, 190, 195, 199, 208, 210, 268–269
Henry, Richard, 190
Herndon, Angelo, 131
Hibbit, Al, 213
Hill, Charles, 141, 241
Hill, George, 298–299
Hill, Gil, 300–302, 303
Hill, Robert, 233
Hines, William, 152
HIV epidemic, 255
Hoffa, James R., 199
Hogsburg, Eric, 110
Holland, Brian, 167
Holland, Eddie, 167
Holland, Jerome “Brud,” 232
Holley, James, 250, 299
Holloway, Christopher Columbus “Crush,” 122
Home Missions Council, 95
Homestead Grays, 126
Hood, Denise Page, 267
Hood, Karen Fort, 309
Hood, Nicholas, 250
Hooker, John Lee, 177, 201, 239
Hooks, James, 313–314
Hoover, Ellen, 44–46
Hoover, Herbert, 120
Hoover, J. Edgar, 236
Horton, Willie, 188–189
House of Diggs, 185
Housewives’ League of Detroit, 132
housing. see also Black Bottom
evictions during Great Depression, 128–129
during Gilded Age, 57
during Great Migration, 96–97
growth of suburbia, 188, 271, 291
open-housing laws, 188, 191
projects, 4–5, 11, 139–142, 154, 167–168
Howard, O. O., 81
Howard University, 89
Hudson, J. L., Jr., 209
Hudson Motor Company, 142
Hughes, Langston, 127, 128
Hughey, Howard, 307
Hull, William, 25
Hunter, Ron, 238
“I Have a Dream” (Detroit speech; King), 193–194
Ilitch, Chris, 335
infant mortality, 321–322
Ingram, Jim, 205
Inner City Voice, 216
Insurrection Act (Georgia), 129
International Society of Crime Prevention Practitioners, 262
interracial marriage
bla
ck opposition to, 223
between Native Americans and Christians, 16
Interreligious Foundation for Community Development, 211
Invisible Man (Ellison), 128–129
Irish American population, in 1850s, 44–46
Iron Molders Union, 87–88
Islam, Nation of Islam’s founding and, 134–137
I’ve Got a Home in Glory Land (Frost), 28
Jackson, George, 159
Jackson, Jesse, 250
Jackson, J. H., 186
Jackson, John Spencer, 68
Jacquet, Illinois, 170
James, Donald, 335
janitor classification, of black workers, 143
Japan
bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 154
The Development of Our Own organization, 147
Jay Treaty, 23
Jazz Center, 240
Jazz Development Workshop, 240
Jefferson, Thomas, 25
Jeffries, Edward, 140, 141, 153
Jeffries, Herb, 67
Jeffries Projects, 4, 11, 167
Jenkins, Beth Smith, 139–140
Jenkins, James, 273
Jenkins, Ray, 240
Jews
Detroit race riot of 1943 and, 152–153
Jewish population (1850), 53–54
KKK and, 132
Purple Gang, 123, 124
Jim Crow laws, Pelhams on, 74
Joe Louis Arena, 245
John, Willie, 168
John C. Lodge Freeway, 168
Johnson, Alex, 189
Johnson, Arthur, 203, 269
Johnson, Brian, 245
Johnson, Charles S., 165
Johnson, Harry, 310
Johnson, Horace, III, 282
Johnson, James, 213–214
Johnson, John W., 59
Johnson, Katie, 59
Johnson, Lyndon B., 44, 204, 212
Johnson, Marvin, 179–180
Jones, Absalom, 36
Jones, Aiyana, 328–329
Jones, Claudia, 162
Jones, Eugene Kinckle, 95, 131
Jones, Hayes, 191
Jones, Helen, 222
Jones, Janet Webster, 317
Jones, Sisseretta “Black Patti,” 68
Joplin, Scott, 60
Josaitis, Eleanor, 206
Joseph, Peniel, 196
Jupiter (slave), 21
Kahn, Albert, 120
Kai, Nubia, 265–266
Kapell, Matthew W., 141
Kathrada, Ahmed, 293–294
Katzman, David, 79, 84–85
Keast, William, 215–216
Keating, Patrick, 285
Keeper of the Word Foundation, 136
Keith, Damon, 176–177, 188–189, 203–204, 212, 261, 268, 309
Kellogg, Paul, 128
Kennedy, John F., 188
Kennedy, Robert, 214
Kenny, William, 22–23
Kerner Commission, 209
Killens, John Oliver, 208
Kilpatrick, Bernard, 304
Kilpatrick, Carlita, 309
Kilpatrick, Kwame, 301, 303–310, 311, 325–326
Kimathi, Menelik, 295
King, B. B., 187
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 163, 175, 186, 193, 199, 214
King, Rodney, 276
King, Woodie, Jr., 266, 311–312
King Solomon Baptist Church, 195, 235
Klein’s Show Bar, 172
Knights of Labor, 88
Knox, Frank, 141–142
Kraft Foods, 298–299
Kramer, Marian, 318
Ku Klux Klan
Great Depression and, 132
Great Migration and, 97
Liuzzo killed by, 198–199
Sweet trials and, 107, 110
World War II and, 141
labor and labor unions. see also United Auto Workers
in 1990s, 281–283
AFL-CIO merger, 175
class issues, 81–82, 87–89
collective bargaining, 128–134
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 155
cost-of-living wage increases, 161
Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement (DRUM), 217–224
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and, 161–162
overview, 9–10
Randolph and, 105–106
Trade Union Leadership Council (TULC), 176
during World War II, 142–147
Lambert, Molly E., 65–67, 83
Lambert, William, 33, 35–42, 50–51, 55–56, 65, 83
Lambert family, “cultured 40” and, 82
The Last Ride of Wild Bill (Brown), 236
Lateef, Yusef, 172, 242
Latting, John, 110
law firms, integrated, 162
Lawrence, Lynda, 297
League of Revolutionary Black Workers (LRBW), 218–224, 252
League of Struggle for Negro Rights (LSNR), 129
Lee, Don L. (Haki Madhubuti), 237–238
Lemon, Chet, 261
L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, 24
Lenox, Cornelius Leonard, 30
Leonard, “Sugar Ray,” 256
Lessenberry, Jack, 301
Lessnau, Robert, 275
Levin, Carl, 285
Lewis, Kirk, 330
Lewis, Majorie Ramsey, 97
Lewis, Michael, 208
Lewis, Violet T., 274
Lewis Business College, 274
Liberia, 52
Lightfoot, Madison, 32–33, 49–50
Lightfoot, Tabitha, 30
Light Guard Armory, 76, 99
Lincoln, Abraham, 40–41, 44, 48, 68
literary institutions
in 1980s, 256–257
cultural heritage, overview, 11–12
support for, 235–239
Little, Malcolm. see X, Malcolm
Little, Wilfred, 137
Little Caesars Arena, 342
Liuzzo, Viola, 198–199
Lockett, Ron, 318–319
Logan, Sam, 330–331
Longshoremen’s Union, 88
Longshorement’s Union, 81
Long Walk to Freedom (Mandela), 294
Lord, F. Levi, 101
Lotus Press, 238
Louis, Joe “Brown Bomber,” 121, 124–126, 180, 324
Love, Josephine Harreld, 236
Loving, Al, 169
Lucas, William, 228
Lyceum Journal (Saint Matthew’s Protestant Episcopal Mission), Lambert and, 66
lynchings
Great Migration and, 93
Pelhams on, 74
Sweet trials and, 107
at turn of twentieth century, 86
Lyon, Charles “Little Willie,” 150–151
Mack, Joe, 110
Mack Park, 122, 123–124
Macomb, William, 22
Madgett, Naomi Long, 238
Madhubuti, Haki (Don L. Lee), 237–238
Mahaffey, Maryann, 309
Maisonville, Alexis, 22
Mallett, Conrad, Jr., 203
Mallett, Conrad, Sr., 203
Mandela, Nelson, 268–269, 293–294
Mandela, Winnie, 268
March on Washington Movement, 153–154
Marks, Carole, 92
Marshall, Donald, 130
Marshall, Thurgood, 153
Martin, David, 291
Martin, Louis, 133
Mason, Patrick, 207
Mast, Bob, 220
Mausi, Shahida, 109
Mazey, Emil, 134
McCain, John, 324
McCarthy, Albert, 62
McCree, Wade, Jr., 188, 212
McDonald, Brian, 259
McFall, Benjamin, 193
McGee, Charles, 241–242
McGhee v. Sipes, 155–156
McKee, Alexander, 22
McKensyites, 36–37
McKinney, Harold, 240, 257–258
McNamara, Ed, 304
McPhail, Sharon, 27
9, 301
McRae, Norman, 17, 19–20, 284
Medvecky, Nick, 216, 223
Meier, August, 133–134
Mercy Hospital, 84
Merrill Hall, 67
Message to the Blackman in America (Elijah Muhammad), 135
“Message to the Grass Roots” (Malcolm X), 195
Metro Foodland, 313–314
Metro Times (Detroit)
on Bell, 249
inception of, 248
Michigan Baptist Association, 51
Michigan Central Railroad Company, 73, 94
Michigan Chronicle
on Fuqua, 297
Ingram and, 205
Kramer honored by, 318
Logan and, 331
New Detroit and, 210
ownership, 133
Parks and, 269
Quinn family and, 271
on Rhea, 335
on Sojourner Truth riot, 141
on Young, 285
Michigan Civil Rights Act of 1885, 79
Michigan statehood (1837), 32
Michigan State Music Teachers’ Association, 75
Michigan Territory, 25, 26
Middleton, Stephen, 20
Miles, Tiya, 18
military. see also World War II era
African Americans in, during 1800s, 25–26
Vietnam War, 214, 223
World War I and, 97–103
of World War II, 147–150
Millender, Robert, 148
Miller, Chazz, 312–313
Million Dollars Worth of Nerve (Coleman), 83
Milner, Ron, 168–169, 256
Mirel, Jeffrey, 200
Miriani, Louis, 188
Missouri Compromise of 1820, 38
Mitchell, Billy, 171
Mitchell, Cornelius, 49–50
Monette (slave), 21
Monroe, William C., 33, 36–42, 50–53
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 163, 186
Moore, Charles Victor, 61, 240
moore, jessica Care, 339
Moore, Tom, 339
Moorish Science Temple, 135
Morse, Leonard, 110
Moten, Emmett, 245, 251, 257
Moton, Leroy, 198–199
Motor City Music Foundation 2000, 297–298
Motown, 175, 179–183, 225–226, 233–234, 296–298
Muhammad, Burnsteen Sharrieff, 136
Muhammad, Elijah (Poole), 102, 134–137, 148–150, 164
Muhammad, W. Fard, 102, 135–137
Mumford High School, 299–300
Murphy, Frank, 116, 117, 118
Murphy, Sheila, 247, 267, 268
Murray, Norris, 110
music. see also individual names of musicians
in 1980s, 257–258, 264
in 1990s, 272–273
financial support for, 239–243
Gilded Age, 58–65
Graystone International Jazz Museum, 273
jazz of early 1950s, 170–173
Motown, 175, 179–183
overview, 10–11
Musicians United to Save Indigenous Culture (MUSIC), 257–258
“My Ragtime Baby” (Stone), 60–61
The Mystery (abolitionist publication), 40
NAACP
Anthony and, 286
Johnson and, 269
legal challenges by, 74, 175
Sweet trials and, 110, 115–116
Walker and, 122
Wilkins and, 199