3 Their fate hinged on: J. E. Nardini, “Survival Factors in American Prisoners of War of the Japanese,” American Journal of Psychiatry 109, no. 4 (October 1952).
3 It was a war in which: See Leo Braudy, From Chivalry to Terrorism: War and the Changing Nature of Masculinity (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), p. 471.
3 Forty-two percent of the 25,580 U.S. Army: Mary Ellen Condon-Rall and Albert E. Cowdrey, The Medical Department: Medical Service in the War Against Japan, in United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1998), p. 383.
4 In Civilization and: Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, trans. and ed. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1961), p. 97n.
1: The Prettiest Girl in the World
6 He had little knowledge: Saburō Ienaga, The Pacific War, 1931-1945 (New York: Pantheon, 1978), p. 29.
6 Japan’s historic animosity: Ronald Spector, Eagle Against the Sun (New York: Free Press, 1985), p. 44.
6 Kansas City: Workers of the Writers’ Program of the Works Projects Administration in the State of Missouri, The WPA Guide to 1930s Missouri (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986), pp. 241-59.
8 By December 12: Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 101.
8 sank the USS Panay: Kemp Tolley, Yangtze Patrol: The U.S. Navy in China (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1971), p. 247.
8 Japanese brutality: Chang, Rape of Nanking, pp. 144, 155-57.
8 The sinking of: Tolley, Yangtze Patrol, p. 251.
9 On the other side: Harriet Sergeant, Shanghai: Collision Point of Cultures, 1918-1939 (New York: Crown, 1990), p. 12.
9 The largest port: ibid., pp. 1-2, 4-5.
9 “Everywhere one jostled”: Harold Acton, Memoirs of an Aesthete (London: Methuen, 1948), p. 290.
9 Shanghai was hot: ibid., p. 291.
9 Chinese laborers: Han Suyin, A Mortal Flower: China: Autobiography, History (London: Granada, 1982), p. 2:264.
10 That same year: ibid., p. 2:198.
10 By 1935 average: ibid., p. 2:264.
10 It was not uncommon: Jan K. Herman, “Yangtze Patrollers—Bilibid POWs,” U.S. Navy Medicine, November-December, 1985.
10 The Japanese occupied: Edwin P. Hoyt, Japan’s War, 1853-1952 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986), pp. 98-99.
10 The International Settlement: William R. Evans, Soochow and the 4th Marines (Rogue River, Ore.: Atwood, 1987), p. 3, map of “Defense Sectors in Shanghai—1937.”
10 The two-battalion regiment: Kenneth W. Condit and Edwin T. Turnblad, Hold High the Torch: A History of the 4th Marines, Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps (Washington, D.C., 1960), p. 144; Evans, Soochow, pp. 1-6.
10 If things got hot: James W. Carrington, author interview, May 16, 2002, San Antonio, Tex.
10 “We were lovers”: Alton C. Halbrook, interview, no. 122, March 21-April 18, 1972, UNTOHC.
10 “This town would”: Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45 (New York: Macmillan, 1971), p. 88.
10 The social hub: Cecil J. Peart, “Asiatic Reminiscences of a Navy Corpsman with the Marines,” pp. 6-8. RG 389, Box 2177, NARA.
11 Cecil Jesse Peart: ibid., p. 7.
11 Sex was the: W. Patch Hitchcock, Forty Months in Hell ( Jackson, Tenn.: Page, 1996), p. 6.
11 By 1934: Sergeant, Shanghai, pp. 31-33.
11 The women worked: Hitchcock, Forty Months, pp. 8, 10, 12.
11 Between nights on: ibid., p. 21.
12 From the rooftop: Sergeant, Shanghai, p. 101.
12 The Guam was: Tolley, Yangtze Patrol, p. vii.
12 The objective of: ibid., p. 5ff.
13 Unlike the Luzon: Tolley, Yangtze Patrol, p. 220.
14 “This was Kipling’s”: ibid., p. 125.
14 In Hankow: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, November 29, 1939.
14 “pretty good”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, December 28, 1939.
15 “of rascality and sobriety”: James O’Rourke to Lucille Ferguson, n.d.
15 “I’ve never seen”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, March 12, 1939.
15 But there were: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, n.d.
16 “a group of Japanese”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, December 14, 1939.
16 “Walked through a door”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, January 1, 1940.
16 “best event in”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, January 5, 1940.
16 In 1939: See William Glassford, “Narrative of Events in the Far Eastern Theatre, 1939-1942,” May 1950, p. 12. Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #1, NHC.
16 That didn’t stop: ibid., p. 4.
17 “not very humorous”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, June 27, 1940.
17 “War news”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, July 6, 1940.
17 “I love you”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, August 12, 1940.
17 By late August 1940: David H. Grover and Gretchen G. Grover, Captives in Shanghai: The Story of the President Harrison, (Napa Calif.: Western Maritime Press, 1989), pp. 30-31.
17 Japan joined Germany: Thomas C. Hart, “Narrative of Events, Asiatic Fleet, Leading up to War and From 8 December 1941 to 15 February 1942.” Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #1, NHC.
17 “Do you remember”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, December 11, 1940.
18 “remain in Hankow”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, March 17, 1941.
18 Some 20,000 to: J. Michael Miller, “From Shanghai to Corregidor: Marines in the Defense of the Philippines” (Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Historical Center, 1997), p. 1.
18 Soon his letters: Grover and Grover, Captives in Shanghai, p. 8.
18 “Maybe we’ll have”: George T. Ferguson, Diary, p. 9, BUMED.
19 The Japanese had: Hoyt, Japan’s War, p. 192.
19 On July 24: D. Clayton James, The Years of MacArthur, vol. 1, 1880-1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), p. 589; W. G. Winslow, The Fleet the Gods Forgot: The U.S. Asiatic Fleet in World War II (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1982), p. 5.
19 The American, British, Chinese, and Dutch: Asahi Shimbun, The Pacific Rivals: A View of Japanese-American Relations (New York: Weatherhill/Asahi, 1972), p. 88.
19 “Isn’t there a song”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, August 30, 1941.
19 In the field: Alain Batens, “The Geneva Convention Brassard,” at steinert/geneva_convention_brassard.htm; Alain Batens, “The WWII Medical Department,” at steinert/wwii_medical_department.
19 “load a rifle”: George Ferguson to Lucille Ferguson, September 3, 1941.
20 The security of: Grover and Grover, Captives in Shanghai, p. 25.
20 Plans were: Glassford, “Narrative of Events,” pp. 12-17.
20 Then in November: James Leutze, A Different Kind of Victory: A Biography of Admiral Thomas C. Hart (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1981), pp. 219-20.
20 Colonel Howard prepared: Grover and Grover, Captives in Shanghai, p. 27.
20 On the journey north: ibid., p. 29.
20 The Madison and: ibid., p. 34.
20 a regiment of some: Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” p. 1.
20 On the evening of: ibid., p. 2.
20-21 “Outwardly we”: Grover and Grover, Captives in Shanghai, p. 35.
21 As novelist J. G. Ballard: ibid., p. 31.
21 On November 24: Ferguson, Diary, p. 17.
21 Shortly after midnight: Winslow, Fleet the Gods Forgot, p. 53.
22 One Japanese destroyer: Alfred Littlefield Smith, “Guest of the Emperor,” interview by Jan K. Herman, U.S. Navy Medicine, January-February 1986, p. 17.
22 The Finch: Winslow, Fleet the Gods Forgot, p. 56.
23 Al Smith watched: Smith, “Guest of the Emperor,” p. 17.
23 The forward hold: Frank Hoeffer, Journal, “Hard Way Back,” at www.wtv-zone.c
om/califPamela/memorial-Page-5.html.
23 And then, in: This account is based on Glassford, “Narrative of Events.”
23 Under clear skies: Tolley, Yangtze Patrol, p. 282.
23 The President Harrison: See Grover and Grover, Captives in Shanghai, p. 37; Ferguson, Diary, p. 17; Hart, “Narrative of Events,” p. 31.
2: Pearl of the Orient
26 And when he was a resident: William B. Breuer, Sea Wolf: The Daring Exploits of Navy Legend John D. Bulkeley (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1989), p. 20.
26 Houston Street was: William Crozier et al., comps. and eds., “On the Lower East Side: Observations of Life in Lower Manhattan at the Turn of the Century,” Preface, p. 2, www.tenant.net/Community/LES/contents. html.
26 Eighty-two thousand people: Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), pp. 69, 149.
26 The clash of: Federal Writers Project Guide to 1930s New York, The WPA Guide to New York City (New York: Random House, 1939), pp. 108-24.
27 The first recorded telephone: Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p. 69.
28 Tamiment was founded: Author unknown, “Camp Tamiment History,” in People’s Educational Camp Society, Box 3, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, New York University.
28 Sylvia Fine: Martha Schmoyer LoMonaco, Every Week, A Broadway Revue: The Tamiment Playhouse, 1921-1960 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1992), pp. 2, 70-71.
29 Jerome Rabinowitz: Greg Lawrence, Dance with Demons: The Life of Jerome Robbins (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2001), pp. 1, 32-33, 35, 544n35. See program for “The Tamiment Players Present,” July 22, 1939, for use of this stage name, in People’s Educational Camp Society, Box 3, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, New York University.
29 The songs, skits, and: Richard Corliss, “Peter Pan Flies Again,” Time, March 6, 1989.
31 At low tide: Paul Ashton, And Somebody Gives a Damn! (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Ashton, 1990), p. 17.
31 Pier 7 was: Nick Joaquin, Manila, My Manila (Manila, Philippines: City of Manila, 1990), p. 164.
31 Manila Hotel: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 1:495.
31 Across Luneta Park: Ralph Emerson Hibbs, Tell MacArthur to Wait (Quezon City, Philippines: Giraffe Books, 1996), p. 29.
31 The streets of Manila: Dorothy Cave, Beyond Courage: One Regiment Against Japan, 1941-45 (New Mexico: Yucca Tree Press, 1992), p. 51.
32 Tagalog: Joaquin, Manila, p. 5.
32 Sternberg General Hospital: Ginn, Army Medical Service Corps, pp. 20, 35n117.
32 Colonel Percy J. Carroll: Condon-Rall and Cowdrey, Medical Department, pp. 48-49.
32 The Army Medical Department: Ginn, Army Medical Service Corps, p. 6.
32 The Navy Medical Department: Harold D. Langley, A History of Medicine in the Early U.S. Navy (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), p. 359.
33 Corpsmen were responsible: Peter B. Land and Richard W. Byrd, interview with Danny Thomas, October 26, 1999, p. 20, #1296, UNTOHC.
33 “Candy asses”: Jan K. Herman, “Life as a Hospital Corpsman at Naval Hospital Cañacao, Philippine Islands, 1940-41,” U.S. Navy Medicine, March-April 1998, p. 15, personal notation by Ernie J. Irvin.
33 In the field: Alain Batens, “Field Equipment of a WWII Corpsman,” pp. 1-2, 6, at home.att.net/~corpsman/field_ equipment_of_a_wwii_corpsm.htm.
33 Medical officers were: David Steinert, “Equipment of a WWII Combat Medic,” at home.att.net/~steinert/newpage2. htm.
33 Murray, meanwhile: Memorandum, Thomas C. Hart, Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet, to Lieutenant junior grade Murray Glusman, September 5, 1941.
34 Cavite was the: Stanley Karnow, In Our Own Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York: Ballantine Books, 1989), p. 167; Joaquin: Manila, pp. 106-8.
34 Twenty-five years: Warren Zimmerman, The First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), pp. 300-302.
34 He was in Singapore: George Dewey, Autobiography of George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy, ed. Eric McAllister Smith (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1987), p. 215.
34 A native-led insurrection: Zimmerman, Triumph, p. 303.
34 Cavitismo, as it: Joaquin, Manila, pp. 106, 121, 133.
34 On May 1, 1898: Dewey, Autobiography, p. 186.
34 the enemy was spotted: ibid., p. 191. 35 With Spain’s defeat: Karnow, Our Own Image, p. 130.
35 America gained: Zimmerman, Triumph, p. 321.
35 Dewey unofficially supported: Dewey, Autobiography, p. 216.
35 A reluctant imperialist: Karnow, Our Own Image, p. 134; Zimmerman, Triumph, pp. 318-19.
35 But McKinley was: Karnow, Our Own Image, p. 134; Zimmerman, Triumph, pp. 318-19.
35 To Aguinaldo: Karnow, Our Own Image, pp. 134-35.
35 It was a bloody: ibid., p. 179.
35 The Americans tortured: ibid., p.178.
35 Rudyard Kipling’s: Quoted in Dower, War Without Mercy, p. 151.
36 To retaliate for: Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1899-1902 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), pp. 314-15.
36 By year-end, more than 750: Linn, pp. 313-14.
36 The “war of insurrection”: Ricardo Trota Jose, The Philippine Army, 1935-1942 (Manila, Philippines: Arenco de Manila University Press, 1992), pp. 14-15.
36 “There must be two Americas”: Mark Twain, “To the Person Sitting in Darkness,” in Mark Twain: Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, and Essays, 1891-1910, ed. Louis J. Budd (New York: Library of America, 1992), p. 467.
36 With the U.S. victory: Quoted in Dower, War Without Mercy, p. 151.
36 As if to atone: Joaquin, Manila, pp. 139-51.
36 The city’s most illustrious: Karnow, Our Own Image, p.16.
36 William Howard Taft: ibid., p. 214.
36 By then relations: Alan Schom, The Eagle and the Rising Sun: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1943 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 174.
37 “internal autonomy”: Karnow, Our Own Image, p. 15.
37 In the spring: Richard Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat in the Philippines (Woodstock and New York: Overlook Press, 2001), p. 18.
37 Nothing if not confident: Jose, Philippine Army, pp. 23-25.
37 But the primary role: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 1:502-03.
37 It was a fact: Quoted in Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 191.
37 Since the Russo-Japanese War: Karnow, Our Own Image, p. 263.
37 Manila was some: Louis Morton, The War in the Pacific: The Fall of the Philippines (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1953), pp. 4, 7.
37 Strategists argued that: Edward S. Miller, War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897-1945, (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991), pp. 53-56.
38 In its war plans: ibid., p. 1.
38 The strategy to: Leutze, Different Kind of Victory, p. 158.
38 The Philippines relied: Tuchman, Stilwell, p. 44.
38 General MacArthur, however: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 27.
38 The “citadel type defense”: ibid., pp. 65, 67.
38 The War Department agreed: ibid., pp. 11-12, 50, 68; Alvin P. Stauffer, United States Army in World War II, The Technical Services, The Quartermaster Corps: Operations in the War Against Japan (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1956), p. 6.
38 George Catlett Marshall: Miller, War Plan Orange, pp. 61-62.
39 Albert Winterhalter: ibid., pp. 55, 395n15.
39 Machine shops: “Map of U.S. Navy Yard, Cavite, P.I., Showing Conditions on June 30, 1936,” courtesy Ricardo Trota Jose; Winslow, Fleet the Gods Forgot, p. 85.
39 Seven hundred tons: Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” p. 7.
39 The high water level: Rear Admiral Francis W. Rockwell, USN, “Narrative of Naval A
ctivities in Luzon Area, December 1, 1941 to March 19, 1942,” RG 38, Box 1732-1733, NARA.
40 An SCR-270B: “Disposition and Employment of U.S. Marines on the Asiatic Station During the Initial Stages of the War,” April 6, 1942, RG 127, Box 309, NARA.
40 This was radar: Ted Williams, author interview, March 20, 2002.
40 The 270B was: Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” p. 16.
40 The army’s air warning: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 1:612; Williams interview.
40 Admiral Hart had: Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 116.
40 They had layouts: ibid., pp. 144, 146.
40 maps of coastal: Schom, Eagle and Rising Sun, pp. 126-27.
41 Then again, the 16th Naval District: Leutze, Different Kind of Victory, p. 180; Hart, “Narrative of Events,” p. 4.
41 A Chicagoan: Federal Writers’ Project Guide to 1930s Illinois, The WPA Guide to Illinois (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983), pp. 264-72.
43 “A well trained”: “Report on the Fitness of Officers, Berley, Ferdinand V., May 14, 1941-August 15, 1941.”
43 The new Fleet Surgeon: Ferdinand V. Berley to Guy and Rosa Berley, August 23, 1941.
43 “The prevention of ”: Handbook of the Hospital Corps, U.S. Navy 1939 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1939), p. 576.
44 In Chefoo, China: John F. Kidd with Erwin C. Winkel, Twice Forgotten (unpublished).
44 prophylactic station: Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 137. See also Ted Williams, Rogues of Bataan II: Memoirs of a Marine (privately printed, 2004), p. 11; Richard M. Gordon, Horyo: Memoirs of an American POW (St. Paul, Minn.: Paragon House, 1999), p. 39; and Eric Morris, Corregidor: The American Alamo of World War II (New York: Stein and Day, 1981), p. 8.
44 Venereal disease: Robert G. Davis, Diary: Covering Period 8 December 1941- 7 September 1945, p. 8, RG 389, Box 2176, NARA.
45 “tropical hours”: John Bumgarner, Parade of the Dead ( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1995), p. 48.
46 Filipino women: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 22.
46 The stream of luminaries: Geoffrey Perret, Old Soldiers Never Die: The Life of Douglas MacArthur (New York: Random House, 1996), p. 236.
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