by Lynn Sherr
Rossiter, Margaret. Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action, 1940–1972. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
Santy, Patricia. Choosing the Right Stuff: The Psychological Selection of Astronauts and Cosmonauts. Westport, Conn., London: Praeger, 1994.
Seeking a Human Spaceflight Program Worthy of a Great Nation. Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee (Augustine Committee), Washington, DC, 2009.
Weitekamp, Margaret A. Right Stuff, Wrong Sex: America’s First Women in Space Program. Baltimore & London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
MAGAZINE AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES:
D.R., “Sally Ride: Astronaut and Now Author.” Publishers Weekly. November 28, 1986.
Halvorson, Todd. “America’s First Female Astronaut Speaks.” Florida Today, June 17, 2008.
Laytner, Ron, and Donald McLachlan. “Ride, Sally Ride: Her Place Is in Space.” Chicago Tribune, April 24, 1983.
Lewis, George N., Sally K. Ride, and John S. Townsend. “Dispelling Myths About Verification of Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles.” Science 246 (November 10, 1989).
Okie, Susan. “At Home, Space Art and Trivia Tests.” Washington Post, May 9, 1983.
———. “Cool Hand Sally Shows NASA Right Stuff.” Washington Post, May 10, 1985.
———. “Fame Finds Astronaut Determined to Ignore It.” Washington Post, May 8, 1983.
———. “Friend Charts Her Path to Space,” Washington Post, May 8, 1983.
———. “Historic Ride: NASA’s Ad Gave Physicist Wings.” Washington Post, May 9, 1983.
———. “Simulated Flights Prepare Crew for the Real Thing.” Washington Post. May 11, 1983.
Ride, Sally. “Flying Through a Neon Tube,” Los Angeles Times. February 4, 2003.
———. “Single Room, Earth View.” Air & Space Magazine. April/May 1986, 14–16. Reprinted July 2012.
———. “The Ninth Amendment: Where No American Woman Has Gone Before.” In American Perspectives: Ten Unique Pieces Offering Personal Insights into the Bill of Rights. Undated publication (probably 2000) from now-defunct website Mightywords.com, Mighty Words (Hereafter, Ninth Amendment).
Sanborn, Sara. “Sally Ride: The Making of an Astronaut.” Ms. January 1983.
Sherr, Lynn. “A Commanding Position.” Ms. July/August 1998.
———. “A Mission to Planet Earth.” Ms. July/August 1987.
———. “Remembering Judy.” Ms. June 1986.
Temkin, Steven Allan. “The Father of Sally Ride, America’s First Woman Astronaut, Talks About His Daughter.” Los Angeles Times Syndicate, 1983.
Tyson, Molly, unpublished notes.
Tyson, Molly, “Women in Outer Space.” womenSports, February 1978.
Williams, Janis. “Make Way for the Ladies in Space.” Saturday Evening Post. September 1982, 42.
VIDEOS, SPEECHES, BROADCAST/CABLE SEGMENTS, ONLINE ARTICLES AND POSTS
“A Moment in Time: Conversations with Legendary Women,” with Gloria Steinem; DVD, disc 3, interview with SKR conducted in August 1983 (Steinem).
“Futures of Women in Science,” SKR interview with Dr. Sue Ritter. Washington State University, Washington State University, 1980 (WSU).
“Intimate Portrait: Sally Ride,” Lifetime, August 23, 1999 (Lifetime).
Johnson Space Center Oral History Project: series of interviews with various astronauts accessed at http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_histories.htm. Identified in Notes by name of astronaut (Oral History).
“Sally Ride Interview,” Academy of Achievement, June 2, 2006.
“Sally Ride on Greater Boston,” Interview by Emily Rooney conducted at WGBH 2002, September, 2002.
“Sally Ride: 25 Years Later,” NASA JPL video, California Institute of Technology, July 22, 2008 (JPL 2008).
Sally Ride: “Reach for the Stars.” Regents Lecture, University of California, Berkeley. February 7, 2011 (UC-Berkeley).
SKR Film Interview by NASA, May 1983.
SKR Interview by PBS/Nova, 1984.
SKR lecture at University of Kansas, 1978 (KU).
Sherr, Lynn. Various filmed or taped interviews with SKR for ABC News from January 1981 through January 2008.
Texas Monthly Talks. KLRU-TV, June 16, 2010.
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NOTES
INTRODUCTION
Interviews with Tam O’Shaughnessy, Bear Ride, Joyce Ride, Marilyn Ortiz, Genesis Santos, Maria Zuber, K. C. Cole, Susan Okie, Mike Baine, Valerie Neal, Leesa Hubbard. Fifth grade class at Reverend Dr. Ercel Webb Elementary School (PS 22), Jersey City, New Jersey; author interview with SKR for ABC News aired in several different formats, May–June 1983; some ABC video courtesy Eric Strauss; some of my reminiscences of Sally have appeared in slightly different form in my memoir, Outside the Box (Rodale, 2006) and in “Lynn Sherr: Sally Ride’s Historic and Trailblazing Life as an Astronaut,” posted on The Daily Beast, July 24, 2012; Linda Voss, “With Sally Ride,” Aerospace America, August 2003; D.R., “Sally Ride: Astronaut and Now Author,” Publishers Weekly, November 28, 1986; Steven Allan Temkin, “The Father of Sally Ride, America’s First Woman Astronaut, Talks About His Daughter,” Los Angeles Times Syndicate, 1983; STS-7 Preflight press conference, May 24, 1983; Mary Delach Leonard, “Ride, Sally Ride; Questions from Kids, Aspiring Astronauts Continue to Inspire the First American Woman in Space,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 28, 2003; “Sally Saves the Alphabet” storyboard, courtesy Tam O’Shaughnessy; David Lim, “Remembering Sally Ride,” The Harvard Westlake Chronicle, September 5, 2012,
CHAPTER 1: CALIFORNIA GIRL
Roots: Interviews with Carolyn Huntoon, Joyce Ride, Bear Ride. H. H. Arnold-Bemrose, Derbyshire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910); Henley, 17–30, 227–235; Joyce Ride’s family background courtesy Mary Olson and Bear Ride; Dale Ride family scrapbooks courtesy Bear Ride.
Childhood: Interviews with Bear Ride, Joyce Ride. Steinem; Okie, “Friend Charts …”; Joyce Ride email to Tam O’Shaughnessy, August 31, 2012; Janet Wiscombe, “Private Property: Ask Sally Ride About Her Research. Or her Program to Revolutionize Science Education in America. But Skip the Queries on the Glory of Space Travel, and Don’t Even Think About Anything Personal,” Los Angeles Times Magazine, August 29, 1999; Jerry Adler, “Sally Ride: Ready for Liftoff,” Newsweek, June 13, 1983; SKR personal papers; Lifetime.
Van Nuys: Interviews with Bear Ride, Joyce Ride, Tam O’Shaughnessy. T. J. Simers, “Quest for an Edge Leads to Wizard of Westwood,” Los Angeles Times, March 18, 2003; Joyce Ride in ad for Peer, The Project on Equal Education Rights, a project of the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, in Time, August 6, 1984; Frank Finch, “LA Beats Giants on Neal Homer,” Los Angeles Times, July 21, 1959; SKR personal papers; Academy of Achievement.
Europe: Interviews with Joyce Ride, Bear Ride. SKR letters to grandparents, September 1960–Spring 1961; SKR personal papers.
Encino: Interviews with Bear Ride, Joyce Ride, Tam O’Shaughnessy, Karen Flammer, Ann Lebedeff, Whitney Grant. SKR to Grap, April 30, 1961, SKR personal papers; SKR interview with Tom Brokaw, NBC News, June 1983; Steinem; Del Jones, “Ride Urges Emphasis on Math, Science Studies,” USA Today, March 19, 2006; Astronomy Night at the White House, October 7, 2009; Carole Agus, “Sally Ride: First of a New Breed,” Boston Globe, December 26, 1982; Penelope McMillan, “Astronaut Sally Ride—a Life of Drive, Achievement,” Los Angeles Times, June 17, 1983; Beverly Beyette, “Sports Special; She Was Queen for a Day,” Boston Globe, June 27, 1983; Adler; SKR personal papers.
Westlake: Interviews with Bear Ride, Joyce Ride, Susan Okie, Edina Weinstein, Janet Mennie Schr
oeder, Dana Kadison, Deborah Schneider Harrington, Maleah Grover McKay, Whitney Grant, Ann Lebedeff, Terry McEntee. Vox Puellarum (Westlake Yearbook) 1968 (copies from SKR and courtesy Susan Okie); SKR personal papers; SKR letter to Janet Mennie Schroeder, November 22, 1969; Steinem; SKR, “Great Science Education Starts with Inspired Teachers,” posted at Mashable.com, May 8, 2012; Sara Sanborn, “Sally Ride: The Making of an Astronaut,” Ms., January 1983; Lifetime; Jones; SKR to John Tompkins, September 23, 1970.
College Bound: Interviews with Susan Okie, Fred Hargadon. Hargadon to Dale Ride, May 7, 1968, SKR personal papers.
CHAPTER 2: 40–LOVE, SALLY
Swarthmore: Interviews with Susan Okie, Janet Mennie Schroeder, Tam O’Shaughnessy, Fred Hargadon, Don Mizell, Sherri Davis. “Tennis, Astrophysics Keep Miss Ride Busy,” Delaware County (Pa.) Daily Times, November 21, 1969; SKR to Mennie Schroeder, June 1968; Molly Tyson, “Space Age Computing,” Popular Computing, June 1968; SKR to Mennie Schroeder, August 1, 1968; SKR to Mennie Schroeder, October 1, 1968; SKR to Joyce Ride, November 1969; SKR to Bear Ride et al., Fall 1969; SKR to family, Fall 1969; SKR transcripts from Swarthmore College; SKR to Mennie Schroeder, October 1969; SKR to Mennie Schroeder, April 1969; SKR to Andersons, Fall 1969; SKR to family, February 1969; Swarthmore College Bulletin, supplement to July 1969; SKR to family, probably February 1969; “Sally Ride Wins Net Title at Bryn Mawr by 6–1, 6–1,” New York Times, May 5, 1969; Laytner; SKR to Joyce Ride, mid-November 1969; SKR to Bear Ride, December 1969; Academy of Achievement.
UCLA: Interviews with Joyce Ride, Bear Ride, Sherri Davis, John Tompkins, Fred Hargadon. SKR to Tompkins, August 31, 1970; Susan Cohen, “No Fears Yet, Says Woman Space Candidate,” San Jose Sunday Mercury News, February 5, 1978; Lifetime; Temkin; SKR UCLA transcript; SKR to Mennie Schroeder, December 21, 1970; “Protvino, World of High Energies,” Soviet Life, October 1971, 29–31; SKR to Tompkins, September 23, 1970; SKR to Tompkins, September 25, 1970. In this letter, Sally’s excitement was also reflected in the wording of her return address: “A Stanford Student.”
Stanford: Interviews with John Tompkins, Craig Barrett, Frances Hellman, Steve Hawley, Tam O’Shaughnessy, Bill Colson, Karen Flammer, David Bohrman. Statistics on women in physics from American Physical Society: APS/Source: IPEDS Completion Survey & NSF–NIH Survey of Graduate Students & Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering; Stanford commencement records and Physics Department statistics courtesy University Archives, Aimee Morgan, assistant university archivist; Lifetime; SKR Stanford University transcripts; SKR personal papers.
Molly: Interviews with Molly Tyson, Anne Gould. SKR to Mennie Schroeder, December 21, 1970; re: pomegranates: Sally spelled it “pomgranites”; Terrie McDonald, “Women’s Athletics Challenged,” Stanford Daily, c. 1972; Tyson, womenSports; SKR to Tompkins, October 28, 1970; Graham, http://www.crankyfitness.com/2012/07/remembering-sally-ride.html; SKR to Tompkins, November 10, 1970.
John: Interviews with John Tompkins, Bear Ride. SKR to Tompkins, November 1970; SKR to Tompkins, August 15, 1971.
Molly and Sally: Interviews with Molly Tyson, Rain Burns, Bear Ride, Gordon Kent, Jan Graham, Billie Jean King. Gerard Koskovich, “Private Lives, Public Struggles,” Stanford Magazine, June 1993, courtesy Pamela Gorelow; Okie, “Fame Finds …”; SKR personal papers; SKR to Tompkins, November 1970; SKR to Tompkins, August 15, 1972; King to SKR, pre-June 1983.
Bill: Interviews with Bill Colson, Molly Tyson, Richard Teets, Tam O’Shaughnessy. Okie, “Fame”; Steinem; SKR, “The Ninth …”; Will Nixon, “NASA to Recruit Women,” Stanford Daily, January 12, 1977, courtesy Margaret Rawson. Although Sally often attributed her application to a NASA recruitment ad that she saw on a Tuesday, she apparently misremembered that it was this article, published on a Monday.
CHAPTER 3: WAIT!
Sputnik: Interviews with Bear Ride. Cartoon by Jeff Parker, © Florida Today and Fort Myers News-Press, Caglecartoons.com; Sherr, Outside the Box; President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in response to a question from reporter May Craig, at White House press conference, October 9, 1957; “Johnson’s Talk to Democratic Senators,” Washington Post, January 8, 1958; Weitekamp, 33.
The Right Stuff: NASA Mercury Seven press conference, April 9, 1959; Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1979, 279; JFK press conference, April 12, 1962; JFK speech at Rice University, September 12, 1962; JFK to Congress, May 25, 1961; LBJ to American College Public Relations Association in Chicago, June 25, 1963; JFK at remarks dedicating Aerospace Medical Health Center, San Antonio, November 21, 1963; NASA Mercury 7 press conference, April 9, 1959; Donald G. Cooley, “Portrait of the Ideal Space Man,” New York Times, March 23, 1958; “Invitation to Apply for Position of Research Astronaut-Candidate,” December 22, 1958.
Astronettes: Interviews with Margaret Weitekamp, Valerie Neal, Eileen Collins, Carolyn Huntoon, Hariett Jenkins. Weitekamp’s Right Stuff, Wrong Sex is the most comprehensive of a number of recent books retelling the story of the pilots she calls “The Lovelace Women.” Weitekamp (136–137) unearthed the LBJ letter from the LBJ Library in Austin, a superb job of reporting that brought this critical piece of paper to light. Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, Austin Texas, Vice Presidential Papers. Weitekamp was also the first to report on the Carpenter memo (dated March 14, 1962) from the LBJ Library, Vice Presidential Papers. Carpenter later discussed the incident with author Martha Ackmann, who writes that she suggested, “Perhaps Johnson thought starting a woman’s program would jeopardize the whole works,” in The Mercury 13: The True Story of Thirteen Women and the Dream of Space Flight (New York, Random House, 2003), 148; Jerri Sloan Truhill in “Rocket Girls and Astronettes,” radio show from Soundprint and Richard Paul, Public Radio Exchange, Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 22, 2010; “Qualifications for Astronauts,” Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on the Selection of Astronauts of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, US House of Representatives, 87th Congress, Second Session, July 17 and 18, 1962 [No. 9], Washington: 1962, U.S. Government Printing Office; “2 Women in 175 Who Want to Get into Space,” UPI story in Chicago Tribune, July 7, 1963; Jennifer Ross-Nazzal, Shannon Lucid, Helen Lane, “NASA Reflects America’s Changing Opportunities; NASA Impacts US Culture,” in Wings in Orbit, Scientific and Engineering Legacies of the Space Shuttle, 1971–2010, Wayne Hale, Executive Editor, Johnson Space Center and Government Printing Office, 2011; Trubatch in Jack Anderson, “Would-be Astronauts: Legion of Angry Women,” Parade, November 19, 1967; Lindsay Anderberg, Polytechnic Institute of NYU; “First Soviet Spacewoman Also Topic of Sexist Cant,” AP story quoting earlier AP dispatch about Tereshkova’s flight and citing Wisconsin State Journal (Madison) editorial, Lakeland Ledger, June 19, 1983; “She Orbits over the Sex Barrier,” Life, June 28, 1963; “A Mrs. in the Missile,” Los Angeles Times, September 7, 1958; “The Lady Wants to Orbit,” Look, February 2, 1960, 112, produced by Ben Kocivar; “Lucy Becomes an Astronaut,” The Lucy Show, November 1962; Dorothy Roe, “Would-Be Astronettes Should Consider Problems, Space Travel Might Be a Bit Rough,” Orlando Sentinel, 1965; NBC News, August 25, 1965; Cernan, 82; Abigail Trafford, “The Code of the Warriors,” Washington Post, July 14, 1992; Marcia Dunn, Associated Press, “Pioneer ‘Astronautrix’ Aims High,” Los Angeles Times, July 26, 1998; Weitekamp, 3; “NASA’s Support of Women and Girls,” Pursuant to Executive Order 13506 Establishing The White House Council on Women and Girls, July 31, 2009.
Progress: Ruth Bates Harris, Samuel Lynn and Joseph M. Hogan to NASA administrator Fletcher, September 20, 1973; Jack Anderson, “White House Kept Lid on Nixon Home Costs,” Rome (NY) News-Tribune, November 6, 1973; Kim McQuaid, “Racism, Sexism, and Space Ventures: Civil Rights at NASA in the Nixon Era and Beyond,” in Societal Impact of Spaceflight, Steven J. Dick, Roger D. Launius, editors, NASA Office of External Relations, History Division, 2007; Senator James Abourezk in NASA’s Equal Employment Opportunity Program Hearing, ninety-third Congress, second session, January 24, 1974, 46; Kevles, 51.
Shu
ttle: Interviews with John Logsdon, George Abbey, Michael Cassutt. Nixon on January 5, 1972, http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/suddenly_tomorrow/chapters/Chpt12.pdf; Allen, 90.
Mission Specialist: Interviews with Duane Ross, Carolyn Huntoon, Nichelle Nichols. “NASA to Recruit Space Shuttle Astronauts,” Release No. 76–44, July 8, 1976, JSC.
The Application: Interviews with Alan Ladwig, Molly Tyson. Laytner; SKR to author, 1981; SKR personal papers; SKR NASA materials courtesy Johnson Space Center, NASA; WSU.
The Process: Interviews with Duane Ross, George Abbey, Carolyn Huntoon, Alan Ladwig, Molly Tyson. Atkinson 153, 167; NASA News Release 78–03, January 16, 1978; SKR application courtesy NASA; Tyson, womenSports.
The Interview: Interviews with Susan Okie, Duane Ross, George Abbey, Carolyn Huntoon, Bear Ride, Steve Hawley, Rhea Seddon, NASA to SKR September 29, 1977; Okie, “NASA’s Appeal …”; SKR Medical records courtesy NASA; SKR to Tompkins, October 18, 1970; Erica Goode, “Wanted in Space: Gregarious Loners Who Take Risks, Cautiously,” New York Times, February 11, 2003; Tyson, notes; Atkinson, 215.
The Wait: Interviews with Susan Okie, Molly Tyson, Carolyn Porco, Bill Colson, Janet Mennie Schroeder, Edina Weinstein, George Abbey, Carolyn Huntoon, Robert Frosch, Duane Ross. Sanborn; Cohen; Tyson notes; Lifetime; SKR to Okie, November/December 1977.
The Phone Call: Interviews with Susan Okie, Bear Ride, Joyce Ride, George Abbey, Bill Colson. Lifetime; Dave Ansley, “Physics Graduate Student Chosen for Astronaut Team,” Stanford Daily, January 17, 1987; Ansley, “New Woman Astronaut Gets Instant Fame,” Stanford Daily, January 31, 1978; Scott Herhold, “Central Coast Scientists on Astronaut List,” San Jose Mercury News, January 17, 1978; SKR Oral History 1; Cohen; SKR interview by NASA; NASA press conference January 16, 1978, at DC HQ; NASA press conference February 1, 1978, JSC, Houston; Tyson, notes.