by Peter Watson
Adad, 99
Adam, 134, 135
Aden, 24
Adena culture, 408–9
Aegean, 163, 171, 174, 260
Afghanistan, 5, 24, 36, 86
Africa, 4, 5,12, 23, 24, 27, 41, 43, 46, 74, 75, 78, 83, 89, 93, 100, 107, 110, 111, 114, 115, 124, 126, 128, 129, 140, 142, 146, 147, 235, 278, 381, 462, 518, 525, 529
afterlife, 116, 327
agave, 107
Agni, 326, 327
Agnicayana, 328–9
Agora, Athens, 175
agriculture/farming, 7, 28, 31, 34, 44, 45, 81–2, 86, 88, 100, 101, 104, 105–15, 124–8, 129, 132, 134, 136, 139–48, 149, 150, 234, 240, 244, 245, 259, 260, 268, 303, 309, 349, 384, 385, 386, 409–10, 455–6, 469, 487, 544
Agüero, Adriana, 433
ahimsa, 328
Ahler, S.A., 73
Ahuitzotl, 478
Ahura Mazda, 326, 327
Ai, 338
Aiakos, 161
‘Ain Ghazal, 131
Akkadia/Akkadian Empire, 85, 86, 99
Alabama, 410
Alaska, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 71, 136, 441, 533
Albertus Magnus, 458
alcohol, 113, 167, 170, 172–4, 177–8, 180, 191, 192, 224, 400, 430, 507, 509 see also beer; wine
Aldan River, 14
Aleutian Island/Archipelago, 11, 16, 58
Aleuts, 11
Alexandria, 379, 461
Algeria, 142
Algonquin tribes, 39, 40, 161
alleles, 9, 12–13
alluchu, 387
alpaca, 111, 112, 313, 385, 543
alphabet, 100–1, 342, 365–9
Alps, 114, 167
Altai mountains, 114, 287
Altiplano, 187, 487
Amahuaca Indians, 206
Amanita muscaria (fly agaric), 53–4, 200, 201
amaru, 388
Amato, 382
Amazon/Amazonia, 50, 52, 101, 103, 124, 182, 188, 196, 205, 208, 213, 220, 226, 228, 229, 234, 257, 494
American Bottom, 410
Amerind, 18–19, 39
Amistad Reservoir area, 195
Amos, 342
Amsterdam, 465
Amuzgo, 188
Anadenanthera, 204
colubrine, 207, 317
Anangula, 16
Anasazi, 404, 406, 407
Anatolia, 131, 137, 171, 284, 290, 362
Anaxagoras of Klazomenai, 374
Anaximander, 347, 372–3, 376
Anaximenes, 373, 376
ancestors, 132–3, 152, 254, 334
worship, 492–3
Ancestral Twins/Hero Twins, 393, 426
Andalusia, 500
Anderson, David G., 72
Andes, 9, 94–5, 100, 101, 112, 124, 181–4, 187, 188, 191, 194, 207, 230, 232, 249, 257, 258, 263, 310–12, 317, 318, 382–3, 389, 403, 424, 487, 491, 494, 517, 543, 545 see also names of civilisations; names of places
Andronovo culture (Sintashta-Petrovka culture), 293, 296
animals
and arrival of humans in New World, 66–8
attitude of hunting societies to, 51–2
and Beringia, 59–60, 61, 62–3, 63–4, 64–5
and cave art, 122–3
changing beliefs about, 350–3
developments made possible by domestication, 139–48, 508–11
distribution of, 56–7
domestication, 42, 100, 109–10, 110–12, 115, 121–2, 124–5, 126, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141–2, 160, 180, 291, 508–9, 512
mega-mammals, 66–7, 68, 73, 74–6, 78, 127, 129
sacrifice, 160, 284, 326–7, 328, 343, 344–5, 348, 349, 351, 352–3, 515, 517, 519 see also hunting; names of animals
Anselm of Canterbury, 458
Antarctica, 58, 156, 214
antelope, 60
anthrax murrain, 464
Antofagasta, 250, 251
Antwerp, 465
Anzick, 65
Apollo, priests of, 346
Apollo landing, 155
Apollonius, 352
Appalachian Mountains, 96, 101
Aquinas, St Thomas, 444, 446, 449, 457–8
Arabia/Arabian Peninsula, 4, 34, 89, 142, 260
Arabian Gulf see Persian Gulf/Arabian Gulf
Arabian Sea, 24, 461
Arabic, 291, 459
Arabs, 161
Aramaic, 368
Arawaks, 218, 228
archers/bowmen, 282, 294, 295
Arctic, 14, 15, 50, 82, 441
arctic hysteria (meryak or menerik), 51, 254
Arctodus (Arctodus sinus), 60, 66
Areopagus Council, 362
Arequipa, 95
Argentina, 8, 70, 106, 155–6, 157, 205, 487, 539
Arica, 250, 252
Aristides, Aelius, 346
Aristotelians, 346
Aristotle, 347, 351, 352, 371, 377, 447, 453, 457, 458
Arizona, 406, 407
Arjuna, 333
Ark of the Covenant, 341
armadillo, 67, 539
Armenian language, 354
armour, 281
Armstrong, Karen, 326, 328, 330, 334, 337, 344, 345, 361
Arran, 153
Arriaza, Bernardo T., 250, 251, 252, 254
arrows, 296, 358
arsenias, 251–2
arsenic, 251–2, 278
Aryan language, 101
Aryans, 165, 177, 289, 291, 297, 298, 326–9
asceticism, 329–30
Asherah, 343
Ashurbanipal, 285
Asia, 57, 59, 60, 67, 69, 93, 97, 141, 147, 148, 194, 278, 294, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 525, 529 see also Central Asia; East Asia; North Asia; North East Asia; South Asia; South East Asia; South West Asia; names of countries
Asia Minor, 27, 370
Asian 9–base-pair (9–bp) deletion, 39
Aspero, 187, 255–7, 258, 259, 263, 266–7, 268, 269, 300, 310, 429
ASPM (Abnormal Spindle-like Microcephaly-associated), 12, 13
asses see donkeys/asses
Assiniboine, 42
Assyria/Assyrians, 102, 103, 160–1, 290, 295–6, 343, 358, 359
asteroids, 155, 156, 157, 160, 390
astrology, 275, 446
astronomical alignments, 152, 153, 382, 405, 436
astronomical cycles, 30, 435–6
astronomy, 275, 413, 436, 446 see also astonomical alignments; astronomical cycles
Asúa, Miguel de, 540
Aswan, 126
Atacama desert, 250, 252, 254
Atahualpa, 494, 495
Athabaskan tribe, 9, 39
Athanassiadi, Polyminia, 346, 347, 348
Athens/Athenians, 175, 360, 361–5
Atlantic, 61, 82–3, 89, 95, 465, 501, 511
Atlantic-Indian Ocean basin, 156
atman, 329, 330
atomists, 374
Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), 211
atropine, 211
Attica, 360, 361
Attila, 460
Augustine, St, 353, 444, 445, 446, 448, 450
aurochs, 131, 290–1
Australia, 5, 9, 20, 23, 27, 34, 68, 69, 78, 82, 84, 93, 95, 100, 106, 110, 111, 114, 140, 156, 518
Australian aborigines, 122, 181
Australoid peoples, 143
Austro-Asiatic languages, 34, 38
Austronesia, 33, 43
Axial Age, 325–57, 377, 510
Ayachucho region, 403
ayahuasca, 197, 208, 209–10, 211, 212, 219, 253
ayllu, 489, 495
Aymara language, 214
Ayurvedic texts, 177–8
Aztecs, xxxi, 99, 112,194, 198, 199, 202, 206, 216, 217, 218, 219, 224, 229, 230, 233–4, 237, 389, 402, 421, 426, 428, 429, 433, 436, 437, 439, 467–8, 472, 473, 474, 475–87, 490, 494, 495, 502, 514, 515, 517–18, 530, 531, 536, 538–9, 540, 545
Baal, 99, 340, 341, 343
Baba, temple of, 266
Bab al-Mandab Strait, 4
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Bablyon/Babylonia, 44, 103, 260, 272, 277, 285, 342, 344, 347, 371
Bacon, Francis, 533
Bac-T’ul, 419
Baghdad, 460, 462
Bahamas, xxvii-xxviii
Bahlum Kak, 396
Bahn, Paul, 119
Bailey, Geoffrey, 33–4
Baja Peninsula, 83
baking, 113
Balkans, 150, 163, 166, 499
ball game/ball courts, 302, 390, 393, 398, 407, 422–8, 429, 433, 508–9, 516
Balter, Michael, 132
bananas, 115
Bandelier, Adolph F., 539
Bandkeramik, 166
Bangladesh, 252
banking, 454
Bangor, 44
Banisteriopsis, 177, 196–7, 208, 209, 253
Banpo, 88
Bantu, 101, 115
barbarians, 293, 296, 297, 325
Barbé-Marbois, Marquis de, 535
Barber, Elizabeth Wayland, 121
Barber, Paul, 121
Baring, Anne, 120, 284, 298
barley, 34, 105, 106, 108, 109, 113, 115, 125, 173, 261
Basra, 260, 460
Bavaria, 117
Bayer, Hermann, 301
beach-combers/beachcombing, 4–5, 6, 14, 16, 24, 29, 123
beans, 107, 108, 192, 409
bearberry, 219
Bear Lake, 40
bears, 60, 60, 66
Bee Goddess, 283
beer, 113, 172, 173, 174, 185, 186, 188, 222, 387, 455, 507
Belcher, Stephen, 46
Belize, 220
Bellwood, Peter, 518
Benedict, Ruth, 441
Bengal, 38
Benson, Elizabeth, 231, 388
berdache, 54
Berelekh, 14
Bering, Vitus, 61
Bering Land Bridge/Beringia, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 20, 27, 37, 42, 45, 56–65, 67, 543
Bering Strait, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 20, 23, 48, 53, 54, 56, 60, 61, 63, 123, 526, 529
Bermejo, Juan Rodríguez, xxvi
betel-nut, 178
Bethel, 341
Bhagavid-Gita, 333
bhakti, 333
bible, 23, 26, 27, 44, 260, 352, 353, 370, 446, 529 see also Old Testament; New Testament
Binford, Lewis, 136
Bird Goddess, 163, 283
birds, 67, 71, 315, 322, 323, 402 see also eagle; quetzal
birth, 119–24, 131, 134, 135, 137 see also sexual intercourse/birth link
bison, 60, 63, 67, 74, 75, 77, 122, 180, 195, 226, 237, 238–40, 287
Black Death see plague, bubonic
‘Black Legend’, 524–5
Black Sea, 280, 295, 347, 461, 464
Blackwater, 70
Blanton, Richard, 397, 400
blast furnace, 455
Bletter, Nathaniel, 221
Blom, Frans, 301
blood-letting, 391, 393, 396, 397, 400, 415–20, 421–2, 429, 431, 432, 516, 519
Bluefish Caves, 15
Boas, Frank, 441
bobcats, 67
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 465
Bolivia, 93, 182, 183, 205, 253, 383, 384, 386, 487
Bonampak, 436
Bonfire Shelter, 195, 238
books, 354–5
Borneo, 31, 33, 44, 50, 104, 462
Bourget, Steve, 389, 430–1, 491, 513
bows, 281, 282–3, 396, 338, 358 see also archers/bowmen
boxing matches, 429–30, 431, 431
Brahma, 98
brahmacarin, 329
Brahman (brahman), 328, 330
brahmancarya, 329
brain, 12, 13
Braudel, Fernand, 51, 287, 503
Brazil, 84, 157, 186, 204, 205, 206, 207, 216, 218, 532
brewing, 113 see also beer
Bridbury, A.R., 447
bridle, 296
Britain/United Kingdom, 149, 152–3, 156, 449, 464, 465, 501 see also England; Wales
British Columbia, 201, 241, 441
British Guyana, 157
Brittany, 45, 152–3, 166
‘broadcast’ seeding, 109, 141
Broken Bow crater, 156, 157
Broken Mammoth site, 71
bronze, 278–9, 280, 293
Bronze Age, 154–9, 162, 173, 175, 271, 273, 278–9, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 289, 294, 296, 297, 298, 300, 324, 326, 327, 348, 356, 358, 421, 472, 510
Brotherston, Gordon, 527
Bruges, 454, 465
Bryant, Edward, 328
Bryson, Reid, 83
Buddha (Siddhatta Gotama), 324, 331–2
Buddhism, 324, 331–2, 348, 445, 447
buffalo, 544
Buffon, Comte de, 533–4, 535, 538
Bufo marinus, 206, 428
bull, 131–2, 137, 138, 149, 154, 249, 284, 290, 291, 507
Bull Brook, 78
Bulletin of Volcano Eruptions, 92
Bureau of American Ethnology, 408
Burger, Richard, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 513
burials/graves/cemeteries, 26, 68–9, 116, 130, 133, 150, 151, 152, 158, 168–9, 242–3, 251, 252–3, 311, 322, 388, 394, 408–9, 411, 415
Burkett, Walter, 160, 350
Burma, 41, 102
Byblos, 367
Byzantium/Byzantine empire, 294, 499
cacao (Theobroma cacao), 180, 220–4, 479, 513
cactus, 96, 201–2, 315, 317, 387, 424
Caffa, 464
Cahokia, 103, 189, 408, 409–10, 506
Cahuachi, 383
Cahuilla, 204
Cain, 44, 349
Cairo, 461, 464
Calakmul, 233
calendar, 309, 392–3, 397, 413, 434–5, 437, 440, 472, 479–80, 486, 508
Caleto Abtao, 250
California, 27, 38, 70, 83, 84, 100, 106, 203, 204, 389
Californian Channel Islands, 70
Callao, 318
Callistus, Pope, 447
calpulli, 477
Camarones River, 250, 251
camelids, 313 see also names of animals
camels, 111, 142, 288, 289
Campa, 209–10
Campbell, Joseph, 298
Campo Cielo, 157
Canaan/Canaanites, 367–8
Canada, 9, 19, 30, 31, 40, 58, 59, 60, 65, 76, 157
canals, 259, 263, 311, 319, 386, 403, 407
Canidae family, 42 see also dogs
cannabis, 165, 166, 167, 171, 176, 177, 178, 507
cannibalism, 106, 306, 311, 478
cannons, 455
Cantona, 423
Cantor, Norman, 465
Cape, the/Cape of Good Hope, 100, 115
Cape Espenberg, 64
Cape Krusenstern, 61
Cape Thompson, 63
capitalism, 448–9, 450, 454, 456
captives, 233–4, 388, 389, 395, 419, 420–2, 425–6, 427, 429, 433, 477, 478, 480, 484, 486
Caracol, 395
Caral, 256–8, 259, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 300, 310
carding machines, 456
Caribbean, 95, 188, 204, 218, 539
caribou, 60, 66
Caribs, 218, 228, 544
Carica candicans (papaya), 387
Carlson, John, 220
Carnarvon, Lord, 280
Carpathian Basin, 170, 171
Carrasco, David, 470, 480, 482, 483, 485, 527
Carrillo, Camillo, 84
Carter, Howard, 280
Carthage, 367
Cartier, Jacques, 529
carts, 140, 141, 147, 170, 282, 509
Casa Rinconada, 405
Cascade Mountain range, 241
‘Cascadia’, 240–1
Cashford, Jules, 120, 284, 298
Cashinahua, 208, 513
Caspian Sea, 277
Castile, 500
castration, 144
Catalhöyuk, 131, 132–3, 161
Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World, 92
catastrophes/disasters, 23–47, 90, 154–9, 160–2, 263, 47
2, 473, 480, 503, 514, 517
Cato, 174
cattle, 34, 110, 111, 115, 122, 126, 141, 290–2, 297, 456, 464, 508, 509, 543 see also bull; cows; oxen
Caucasus, 137, 177, 286–7
Cauvin, Jacques, 129–30, 131–2, 136–7, 137–8, 149, 227, 249
cavalry, 296, 299, 325, 338, 358
cave art, 48, 49, 50, 116–17, 117, 118, 122–3, 136, 290
caves, 116–18, 390, 401 see also cave art; names of caves
Celsus, 346
cenotes, 390
Central America see Mesoamerica/Central America
Central Asia, 5, 6, 8, 19, 23, 39, 42, 43, 83, 100, 101, 177, 200, 510, 511 see also names of countries
ceramics/pottery, 29, 112–13, 114, 115, 166–8, 168, 170–1, 174, 178, 182, 183, 186, 189, 222, 223, 231, 255, 302, 308, 312, 318, 381, 386, 387, 399, 406–7
cereals, 105, 106, 107–8, 109, 113, 125–6, 127, 130, 137, 150, 180, 505–6 see also names of cereals
Cerro El Plomo, 491
Cerro de los Minas, 484
Cerros, 393–4
Certasin, 239
Ceylon, 462
chacmools, 474
Chaco Canyon, 404, 405–6
Chac Tlaloc, 414 see also Tlaloc
Chagas’ disease, 542
Chalcatzingo, 228, 230, 302, 304–5
Chaldea, 160
Chaldean Revelation, 346
Chaliand, Gérard, 287, 294, 295
Champa, 462
Champagne, 462
Chanca, 488
Chao Phraya delta, 30, 104
chariot, 142, 280–3, 285, 293, 296, 298–9, 325, 338, 358–9, 509, 510
charioteers, 282
Charlemagne, 451
Charvát, Petr, 262
chasquis, 215
Chasséen, 152
Chavín/Chavín de Huantá, 99, 186, 201, 229, 230–1, 310, 312–23, 381, 388, 429, 513, 541
cheese, 148
Cheng, 336
Cherokees, 218
Cheyenne, 54
Chiapas, 196, 223, 436, 524
Chichén-Itzá, 232–3, 390, 423, 424, 428, 470, 472, 484
chichi/chicha beer, 186, 188, 222, 387
Chichimec, 474
chicken pox, 542
chickpeas, 125
Chihuahuan desert, 201
Chilam Balam, 413
Childe, V. Gordon, 129
children, 251–2, 268 see also child sacrifice
child sacrifice, 161, 306–7, 311, 342–3, 348, 349, 367, 429, 431, 433, 481, 482, 483, 491–2, 513, 515, 516
Chile, 16, 70, 83, 90, 93, 94, 182, 185, 205, 210, 249–54, 255, 432, 487, 491
Chillón River, 267
Chillón Valley, 310
Chimu, 429, 492
China, xxviii, 5, 10, 14, 19, 20, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 43, 46, 78, 85, 87–8, 89, 93, 100, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 112, 114, 124, 141, 146, 148, 156, 157, 161, 174, 178, 205, 255, 257, 279, 280, 282, 286, 287, 288, 291, 294, 295, 324, 333–40, 350, 365, 370, 377, 381, 447, 449, 459, 460, 461, 462–3, 464, 529
Chinantecs, 198
Chincha River, 381
Chinchorro, 249–54, 255, 256, 268, 307
Chinese (language), 101