48. Jeffrey K. Sawyer, Printed Poison: Pamphlet Propaganda, Faction Politics, and the Public Sphere in Early Seventeenth-Century France (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990).
49. Christian Jouhaud, ‘Printing the Event: From La Rochelle to Paris’, in Roger Chartier (ed.), The Culture of Print: Power and Uses of Print in Early Modern Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 290–333.
50. Dahl, Birth of the European Press, pp. 23–4.
51. See the article by Gilles Feyel in Jean Sgard, Dictionnaire des Journaux 1600–1789 (Paris: Universitas, and Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1991), pp. 967–70.
52. Howard M. Solomon, Public Welfare, Science, and Propaganda in Seventeenth-Century France: The Innovations of Théophraste Renaudot (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972); Christian Bailly, Théophraste Renaudot: un homme d'influence au temps de Louis XIII et de la Fronde (Paris: Le Pré aux Clercs, 1987).
53. Gilles Feyel, L'annonce et la nouvelle. La presse d'information en France sous l'ancien régime (1630–1788) (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2000), pp. 131–90.
54. Solomon, Public Welfare, p. 126.
55. Ibid., p. 129; see also idem, ‘The Gazette and Antistatist Propaganda: The Medium of Print in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century’, Canadian Journal of History, 9 (1974), pp. 1–17.
56. Feyel, L'annonce et la nouvelle, pp. 476–503.
57. The standard work is C. Moreau, Bibliographie des Mazarinades (Paris: Société de l'histoire de France, 1850–51), though this makes only the most rudimentary attempt to distinguish between different editions of the same title.
58. Remerciment des imprimeurs a monseigneur le Cardinal Mazarin (N. Boisset, 1649), p. 4; Moreau, Mazarinades, no. 3,280.
59. Avis burlesque du cheval de Mazarin à son maître (Paris: veuve Musnier, 1649); Moreau, Mazarinades, no. 494.
60. Moreau, Mazarinades, nos 811–835 (Courier), 1,466–1,472 (Gazette), 1,740–1,764 (Journal), 2,451–2,457 (Mercury).
61. Le gazettier des-interressé (Paris: Jean Brunet, 1649), sig. B2r; Moreau, Mazarinades, no. 1,466.
62. Moreau, Mazarinades, no. 830.
63. Ibid., I, pp. 249–50, for the identification of Eusèbe and Isaac Renaudot as publishers of the Courier. See now H. Carrier, La Presse de la Fronde (1648–1653): les Mazarinades (Paris: Droz, 1989), I, 188–189 and note 605.
64. Moreau, Mazarinades, no. 718.
65. Below, Chapter 11; Stéphane Haffemayer, L'information dans la France du XVIIe siècle: La Gazette de Renaudot de 1647 à 1663 (Paris: Champion, 2002).
66. Filippo de Vivo, Information and Communication in Venice: Rethinking Early Modern Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
67. Quoted Brendan Dooley, The Social History of Skepticism: Experience and Doubt in Early Modern Culture (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 34.
68. Ibid., Filippo de Vivo, ‘Paolo Sarpi and the Uses of Information in Seventeenth-Century Venice’, Media History, 11 (2005), pp. 37–51.
69. Dooley, Skepticism, p. 54.
70. Examples of profits from ibid., p. 42.
71. Ibid., p. 46.
Chapter 10 War and Rebellion
1. Johannes Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die frühe Zeitung. Gestalt und Entwicklung der deutschen Nachrichtenpresse in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts’, Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte, 1 (1999), pp. 23–61, here p. 25.
2. Karl Heinz Kremer, Johann von den Birghden, 1582–1645. Kaiserlicher und koniglich-schwedischer Postmeister zu Frankfurt am Main (Bremen: Lumière, 2005); idem, ‘Johann von den Birghden, 1582–1645’, Archiv für deutsche Postgeschichte (1984), pp. 7–43.
3. Esther-Beate Körber, ‘Deutschsprachige Flugschriften des Dreissigjährigen Krieges 1618 bis 1629’, Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte, 3 (2001), pp. 1–37.
4. Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die frühe Zeitung’, p. 25: the victims were described as Herr Slawata, Herr Schmozonsky, and Herr Philip P, Secretarius.
5. Ibid., p. 29.
6. Else Bogel and Elgar Blühm, Die deutschen Zeitungen des 17. Jahrhunderts. Ein Bestandverzeichnis, 2 vols (Bremen: Schünemann, 1971); Else Bogel and Elgar Bluhm, Nachtrag (Munich: Saur, 1985), vol. I, pp. 48–51; II, pp. 50–51.
7. Johannes Weber, ‘Kontrollmechanismen im deutschen Zeitungswesen des 17. Jahrhunderts’, Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte, 6 (2004), pp. 56–73.
8. See for the following especially John Roger Paas, The German Political Broadsheet, 1600–1700, 11 vols (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1985–2012); Elmer A. Beller, Propaganda during the Thirty Years War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1940), offers a small selection of the broadsheets, but usefully also has an English translation of the accompanying texts.
9. Above, Chapter 4.
10. The classic study is Robert W. Scribner, For the Sake of Simple Folk: Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). For criticism of the implicit argument that the customers were generally from lower social classes than the buyers of pamphlets, see my Reformation: The Culture of Persuasion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), Chapter 5. For examples of effective Catholic use of polemical images in the second half of the sixteenth century, see Andrew Pettegree, ‘Catholic Pamphleteering’, in Alexandra Bamji et al. (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2013), pp. 109–26.
11. Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 2, P272–337.
12. William A. Coupe, The German Illustrated Broadsheet in the Seventeenth Century: Historical and Iconographical Studies, 2 vols (Baden Baden: Heintz, 1966).
13. Beller, Propaganda, plate II, pp. 18–20.
14. Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 2, P452–6.
15. Ibid., vol. 3, P652–9, for this and other representations of the search for Frederick. There were even French and Dutch versions: vol. 3, PA133–9.
16. Ibid., P784–90.
17. Ibid., P708–13.
18. Ibid., P675–6.
19. Ibid., vol. 1, P23.
20. W. Lahne, Magdeburgs Zerstöring in der zeitgenössischen Publizistik (Magdeburg: Verlag des Magdeburger Geschichtsvereins, 1931). For a shorter treatment in English, see Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 170–99.
21. Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die frühe Zeitung’, pp. 36–7.
22. Ibid., pp. 38–9.
23. Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 5, P1,336–47.
24. Lahne, Magdeburgs Zerstörung, pp. 147–55; Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, p. 182.
25. For Swedish propaganda, see particularly G. Rystad, Kriegsnachrichten und Propaganda während des Dreissigjährigen Krieges (Lund: Gleerup, 1960).
26. Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 5, P1,430–52; Beller, Propaganda, plate XI, pp. 30–1, for a reproduction with translation of one of the texts.
27. Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 6, P1,585, 1,587.
28. Kremer, ‘Johann von den Birghden’, pp. 31–4.
29. Ibid., pp. 34–9.
30. Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 6, P1,770–8.
31. Ibid., P1,554–5, 1,614–15.
32. Ibid., P1,635–6, 1,812.
33. As for instance in the case of British Library 1750.b.29, a folio of over one hundred items.
34. Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die frühe Zeitung’, pp. 39–40.
35. Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 7, P2,174–5.
36. Nadine Akkerman, ‘The Postmistress, the Diplomat and a Black Chamber?: Alexandrine of Taxis, Sir Balthazar Gerbier and the Power of Postal Control’, in Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox (eds), Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011), pp. 172–88.
37. Above, Chapter 9.
38. On this period, which has attracted considerable scholarl
y attention, see particularly Joad Raymond, Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Jason Peacey, Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004). Still useful is the older study by Joseph Frank, The Beginnings of the English Newspaper, 1620–1660 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961).
39. Caroline Nelson and Matthew Seccombe, British Newspapers and Periodicals, 1641–1700: A Short-Title Catalogue (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1987).
40. The figures are in John Barnard and Maureen Bell, ‘Statistical Tables’, in Barnard and D. F. McKenzie (eds), The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Volume IV, 1557–1695 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 779–84; Raymond, Pamphlets and Pamphleteering, pp. 202–75.
41. Jason McElligott, ‘1641’, in Joad Raymond (ed.), The Oxford History of Popular Print Culture. I: Cheap Print in Britain and Ireland to 1660 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 599–608.
42. Ethan Shagan, ‘Constructing Discord: Ideology, Propaganda and the English Responses to the Irish Rebellion of 1641’, Journal of British Studies, 36 (1997), pp. 4–34.
43. For excerpts from the diurnals, see Joad Raymond, Making the News: An Anthology of the Newsbooks of Revolutionary England 1641–1660 (Moreton-in-Marsh: Windrush Press, 1993), pp. 35–52.
44. Sometimes in very large editions. For broadsheet proclamations to be distributed to all the parishes of England in 1649, between nine and twelve thousand copies were ordered from the printers. Angela McShane, ‘Ballads and Broadsides’, in Raymond (ed), Popular Print Culture, p. 348.
45. C. John Sommerville, The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
46. Ibid., p. 35.
47. Raymond, Making the News, pp. 92–9. For its principal editor see P. W. Thomas, Sir John Berkenhead, 1617–1679: A Royalist Career in Politics and Polemics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969).
48. Sommerville, News Revolution, p. 51.
49. Jason Peacey, ‘The Struggle for Mercurius Britanicus: Factional Politics and the Parliamentarian Press, 1643–6’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (2005), pp. 517–43.
50. Joseph Frank, Cromwell's Press Agent: A Critical Biography of Marchamont Nedham, 1620–1678 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1980). For excerpts from the Mercurius Britanicus, see Raymond, Making the News, pp. 332–50.
51. Sommerville, News Revolution, p. 40.
52. Raymond, Making the News, pp. 350–74.
53. Helmer J. Helmers, ‘The Royalist Republic: Literature, Politics and Religion in the Anglo-Dutch Public Sphere (1639–1660)’ (Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden, 2011).
54. Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 8, P2,225–36.
55. Peacey, Politicians and Pamphleteers, pp. 132–54.
56. Francis F. Madan, A New Bibliography of the Eikon Basilike (Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society Publications, III, 1949).
57. Blair Worden, Literature and Politics in Cromwellian England: John Milton, Andrew Marvell, Marchamont Nedham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); idem, ‘Marchamont Nedham and the Beginnings of English Republicanism, 1649–1656’, in David Wootton (ed.), Republicanism, Liberty and Commercial Society, 1649–1776 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 45–81.
58. Jason Peacey, ‘Cromwellian England: A Propaganda State?’, History, 91 (2006), pp. 176–99; Raymond, Making the News, pp. 364–79.
59. The best modern study is Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
60. Folke Dahl, ‘Amsterdam, Earliest Newspaper Centre of Western Europe: New Contributions to the History of the First Dutch and French Corantos’, Het Boek, XXV (1939), 3, pp. 185–6.
61. Helmers, ‘Royalist Republic’.
62. See below, Chapter 14.
63. Meredith Hale, ‘Political Martyrs and Popular Prints in the Netherlands in 1672’, in Martin Gosman (ed.), Selling and Rejecting Politics in Early Modern Europe (Louvain: Peeters, 2007), pp. 119–34.
64. Michel Reinders, Printed Pandemonium: Popular Print and Politics in the Netherlands 1650–72 (Leiden: Brill, 2013).
65. Above, Chapter 9. Hubert Carrier, La presse et la Fronde, 1648–1653: Les Mazarinades. I. La conquète de l'opinion. II. Les hommes du livre, 2 vols (Geneva: Droz, 1989–91).
Chapter 11 Storm in a Coffee Cup
1. Maximillian E. Novak, Daniel Defoe, Master of Fictions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 289–328.
2. Craig Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992); Nick Crossley and John Michael Roberts, After Habermas: New Perspectives on the Public Sphere (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004).
3. Aytoun Ellis, The Penny Universities: A History of the Coffee-House (London: Secker & Warburg, 1956); Heinrich Jacob, Coffee: The Epic of a Commodity (London, 1935; reprinted Short Hills, NJ: Burford Books, 1998); Brian Cowan, The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005); Steve Pincus, ‘Coffee Politicians Does Create: Coffeehouses and Restoration Political Culture’, Journal of Modern History, 67 (1995), pp. 807–34; Mark Knights, Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and Political Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
4. Gilles Feyel, L'annonce et la nouvelle. La presse d'information en France sous l'ancien régime (1630–1788) (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2000).
5. Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992).
6. Roger Mettam, ‘Power, Status and Precedence: Rivalries among the Provincial Elites of Louis XIV's France’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (5th series), 38 (1988), pp. 43–62.
7. Feyel, L'annonce et la nouvelle, pp. 476–92.
8. This schedule is reconstructed ibid., pp. 486–92.
9. Burke, Fabrication, p. 76.
10. Gazette extraordinaire, 77, July 1673. Quoted Feyel, L'annonce et la nouvelle, p. 435.
11. Feyel, L'annonce et la nouvelle, p. 501.
12. Ibid., p. 466.
13. François Moureau, Répertoire des Nouvelles à la Main. Dictionnaire de la presse manuscrite clandestine XVIe–XVIIIe siècle (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1999); Moreau (ed.), De bonne main. La communication manuscrite au XVIII siècle (Paris: Universitas, and Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1993).
14. Joseph Klaits, Printed Propaganda under Louis XIV: Absolute Monarchy and Public Opinion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 50–6.
15. Jane McLeod, Licensing Loyalty: Printers, Patrons and the State in Early Modern France (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011).
16. It was generally published under the more unwieldy title of Nouvelles extraordinaires de divers endroits.
17. Jeremy D. Popkin, News and Politics in the Age of Revolution: Jean Luzac's Gazette de Leyde (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989).
18. Klaits, Propaganda, p. 91.
19. Quoted ibid., p. 169.
20. Quoted ibid., p. 248.
21. James Sutherland, The Restoration Newspaper and its Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Harold Weber, Paper Bullets: Print and Kingship under Charles II (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1996); Knights, Representation and Misrepresentation.
22. J. G. Muddiman, The King's Journalist (London: Bodley Head, 1923).
23. Anne Dunan-Page and Beth Lynch (eds), Roger L'Estrange and the Making of Restoration Culture (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008).
24. The Intelligencer, 31 August 1663.
25. P. M. Handover, A History of the London Gazette, 1665–1965 (London: HMSO, 1965).
26. Ibid.; Peter Fraser, The Intelligence of the Secretaries of State & their Monopoly of Licensed News, 1660–1688 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), p
p. 43–56; Alan Marshall, Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
27. Fraser, Intelligence, pp. 30–32.
28. Alan Marshall, The Strange Death of Edmund Godfrey: Plots and Politics in Restoration London (Stroud: Sutton, 1999); Peter Hinds, The Horrid Popish Plot: Roger L'Estrange and the Circulation of Political Discourse in Late Seventeenth-Century London (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). The classic treatment is John Kenyon, The Popish Plot (London: Heinemann, 1972).
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