by Chang, Jung
271 1,400 leagues: Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 170; ‘The Boxers and soldiers’: Conger, pp. 116, 199; ‘There is no doubt’: Smith, p. 577; Cixi rewarded Boxers: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 161–2; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 26, nos 587–8; Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 97; opened warehouses: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 176; ‘Slowly they came’: Xiang, p. 261
272 ‘a well-dressed’: Xiang, p. 301; laid out night-stools: Liu Bannong et al., p. 75; asking a Buddhist monk: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 2, pp. 476, 478; mansion of Imperial Princess: Headland, p. 206; Forbidden City not immune: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 87; Chen Kuilong, p. 39; Ronglu (Junglu), p. 404; Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 169; request put to Cixi: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 87
273 ‘Suddenly in a matter’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 187; Sarah Conger wrote: Conger, pp. 114–17, 129–30; cannon gauge raised: Chen Kuilong, p. 52
274 ‘If I had really’: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 89; Cixi told Junglu to deliver fruit: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 154; thousands of casualties: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 117; Cixi’s orders re Catholic cathedral: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 414; footnote: Carl, p. 266
275 massacred 178: Morse, vol. 3, p. 242; Mgr Hamer: Edwards, pp. 106–7; Cixi put a stop: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 327–8, 421–3; vetoed nationwide massacre: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 1, pp. 253–4; ‘If you continue to indulge’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 415–7
276 Viceroys would not obey her: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, passim; ‘totally realistic’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 156–7; vol. 2, p. 946; Cixi not ready to surrender: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 401, 404, 411–12, 414; Viceroy Zhang petition: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 386–7; Yuan Chang: Kong Xiangji 2008, pp. 166–71
277 Zhang information-gathering network: Mao Haijian 2011, no. 1; Xu Jingcheng: Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 1, pp. 106, 121–45; ‘tidying up his hat’: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Boxers, vol. 2, p. 496; ‘harbouring private agenda’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 392; foreigners regarding Zhang: Morse, vol. 3, p. 362; Martin 1896, p. 238; Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 213; Liu Kunyi, vol. 6, p. 2586; Zhang – Britain and Japan: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 628; Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2011, pp. 408–9; Liu Kunyi, vol. 6, p. 2586
278 ‘simply fled’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 469; ‘quite a few traitors’: Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 2, p. 656; Eunuchs remembered: Xin Xiuming, p. 37; Lishan in 1898: Mao Haijian 2005, p. 38; 200 carriages: Chen Kuilong, pp. 57–9
279 early morning of 15 August: Natong, vol. 1, p. 350; Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 90–1; Pearl drowned: Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 187–8; Xin Xiuming, pp. 24–5
Chapter 24 Flight (1900–1)
280 beginning of flight: Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 90–3; Cen Chunxuan, in Cen Chunxuan, Yun Yuding et al., pp. 14–15; Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 51; Xin Xiuming, pp. 33–4; Wang Zhao, p. 100
281 with County Chief Woo: Wu (Woo) Yong
283 first time in Han attire: Pujia, Pujie et al., p. 93
284 Eye-witnesses seeing her: Pujia, Pujie et al., p. 90; orders to provinces: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 489, passim; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 2, passim; six million taels: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 1, p. 37; 2,000 carts: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 95; Sir Yinhuan execution: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1996, vol. 26, no. 662; Ma Zhongwen 1996, no. 4; Liu Kunyi to Zhang: Liu Kunyi, vol. 6, p. 2586
285 ‘thousand times urgent’: Kong Xiangji 2008, pp. 162–3; lobby Western powers to protect Cixi: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, nos 592, 806; ‘There is great danger’: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 843; ‘ranged themselves solidly’: Morse, vol. 3, pp. 330, 342
286 Zhang to Cixi re audience: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, pp. 1453–4; vol. 3, pp. 1526, 1580; Li Xizhu, pp. 116–17; silent audience: Gao Shu, p. 148
287 Poems of Gratitude: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 12, pp. 10566–8; Junglu as decoy: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 484; Chongqi and family: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 484, 532; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 3, pp. 891–2; Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 226; Yun Yuding, vol. 2, p. 789
288 suicides: Natong, vol. 1, p. 352; Yun Yuding, vol. 2, p. 789; assassination squad: Yang Tianshi 2011, no. 5; Sang Bing, pp. 334–5; Yang Tianshi, pp. 157–61; Warren cabled Salisbury: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1718, p. 372; ‘Peace of Yang-tsze’: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 859; footnote: Liu Bannong et al., p. 31
289 ‘found a Republic’: Tang Zhijun 1997, p. 337; burst into tears: Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 50, 89; Cen Chunxuan, Yun Yuding et al., p. 18; Xu Che, p. 486
290 ‘In the middle of a sentence’: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 83; ‘Your Majesty’: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 74
291 throne set up for herself: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 81; Roosevelt Longworth, p. 99; Carl, p. 71; Townley, p. 89
Chapter 25 Remorse (1900–1)
292 The last thing Cixi did: interview with Prof. Wang Daocheng, who has seen the note, 21 October 2010; ‘politely requested’: Smith, pp. 529–30; guardians informed Cixi: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 496–7, 551–2; vol. 2, pp. 1152, 1214, 1321, 1328–9, 1340–1; cf. Zhang Zhidong, vol. 3, p. 2168
293 Millions of taels seized: Morse, vol. 3, p. 367; Chen Kuilong, p. 44; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 8, p. 604; Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, p. 1451; losses from homes: Natong, vol. 1, p. 350; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 498; Hart helped stop looting: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 496–7; ‘For decades’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 513; ‘The place was’: Weale, p. 342
294 ‘there was no slaughtering’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 552; hygiene in the streets: Liu Bannong et al., p. 36; ‘return home as the Conqueror’: Von Waldersee, p. 205; ‘deserved their fate’: Von Waldersee, pp. 252–3; ‘I believe I may say’: Von Waldersee, pp. 216–21; footnote: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, pp. 1155–6
295 ‘Yesterday evening’: Von Waldersee, pp. 241–2; ‘the bedroom’: Von Waldersee, p. 221; Prettier Than Golden Flower: Qi Rushan, in Liu Bannong et al., pp. 253–63
296 ‘should be within the ability’: Morse, vol. 3, pp. 346–7, 350; footnote: Chang & Halliday, Chapter 56
297 German demands: Morse, vol. 3, p. 350; Von Waldersee, p. 210; America’s claim excessive: Hunt; Chinese population at that time: Jiang Tao 1993, pp. 78–9; arguments over indemnity: Von Waldersee, pp. 224, 233, 239–40; People’s Bank of China (ed.), pp. 888–98
298 ‘I have much sympathy’: Conger, pp. 188–9; raising customs tariffs: Boxer Protocol of 1901, in National People’s Congress Standing Committee Secretariat (ed.), p. 205; People’s Bank of China (ed.), p. 892; up to eighteen million: Morse, vol. 3, p. 351; Cixi on new source: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, p. 1075; raising customs tariffs Beijing’s goal: Morse, vol. 3, pp. 103–4; Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 1, p. 116; Cixi on payment terms: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, p. 1075; footnote: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1282; Morse, vol. 3, p. 351
299 ‘I have been of some use’: Fairbank et al., p. 167; Cixi bestowed on Hart: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 27, no. 751; Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1294; Morse, vol. 3, p. 470; 500,000 taels: Morse, vol. 3, p. 367; ‘overcome with’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, p. 853
300 ‘as I am the one responsible’: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 89; ‘the Decree of Self-reproach’: A
rchives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, pp. 944–7; ‘before’ or ‘after’: Carl, p. 269; 29 January 1901 decree: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, pp. 914–16; ‘Making these changes’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 2, p. 1328
301 Tianjin provisional government: Procès-verbaux des Séances du Gouvernement Provisoire de Tientsin, vol. 1, Introduction, pp. 1–16; 2,758,651 taels: Morse, vol. 3, p. 365; ‘Unlike 30 years ago’: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, p. 1428
302 ‘the spirit of reform’: Martin 2005, p. 198; ‘ranks with Catherine’: Roosevelt Longworth, p. 95; ‘real revolution’: Reynolds, p. 1
Chapter 26 Return to Beijing (1901–2)
305 ‘some uneasiness’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1299; departure from Xian: Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 95–6
306 ‘Long Live’: Xin Xiuming, p. 30; not even sacked: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 8, p. 532; Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 95–7
307 ‘appreciated and trusted’: Wang Yanwei (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 4275–6; Cixi on Earl Li: Wang Yanwei (ed.), vol. 4, p. 4276; ‘in magnitude’: Conger, pp. 212–15; heaping further honours: Wang Yanwei (ed.), vol. 4, p. 4283
308 Yuan Shikai cable: ibid.; heir-apparent’s title: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 27, no. 712; Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 80, 121; Zhang Zhidong, vol. 10, p. 8654; farewell to Woo: Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 123–4
309 ‘extraordinarily smooth’: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, nos 768–9; to Beijing by train: Wang Yanwei (ed.), vol. 4, p. 4287; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 8, pp. 536–7; Conger, pp. 215–16; stopped short: cf. First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 8, p. 618; Shan Shiyuan 1997, pp. 452–3
310 pet monkey: Gao Shu, p. 130; honoured Pearl: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 27, no. 824
Chapter 27 Making Friends with Westerners (1902–7)
311 foreigners welcome to watch: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 8, p. 586; Conger, pp. 215–16; ‘dignified’: Conger, p. 217; ‘The Court’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1301; reception for diplomatic ladies: Conger, pp. 217–23
312 Lady Townley: Townley, pp. 80–1, 100–2; Headland, p. 100
313 ‘These foreigners’: Der Ling 2004, p. 286; ‘The Audiences’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1303; ‘to wheedle’: Carl, p. 232
314 Other goodwill gestures: Sarah Conger’s Diary, the Jewell Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 19 March 1904, 14–15 June 1904; Conger, p. 315; Carl, p. 209; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 2, p. 1261; Rongling, p. 23; Der Ling 2004, p. 148; further relationship with Conger: Sarah Conger’s Diary, the Jewell Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1902–4, passim; Conger, p. 223ff.
315 ‘While there is’: Conger, pp. 236, 290; dinner at American Legation: Conger, pp. 226–9; ‘plain in appearance’: Headland, p. 206; Before long: Conger, p. 232ff.
316 Conger and Cixi met often: Conger, p. 236ff.
317 ‘Through Mrs Conger’s’: Boston Daily Globe, 1 January 1905; ‘China’s Woman Ruler’: Chicago Daily Tribune, 23 October 1904; ‘She orders women’s feet’: Chicago Daily Tribune, 23 October 1904; ‘we were seated’: Conger, pp. 352–3; The Congers continued to receive: Sarah Conger interview, in Washington Post, 17 November 1908; Katharine Carl with Cixi: Carl
321 ‘Pitiable!’: Headland, p. 32; In the Blue Room: New York Times, 19 February 1905; The Washington Post, 19 February 1905
322 Louisa Pierson’s parents: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 1200, 1328; Zheng Xiaoxu, vol. 1, p. 505; ‘a Chinese girl kept by me’: Hart, Journals, 1863–1866, p. 363; Hart’s three children: ibid.; Pierson and Yu Keng, promotion: Zheng Xiaoxu, vol. 1, p. 505; Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 1200, 1328
323 ‘speaks French’: New York Times, 9 November 1902; ‘presides over’: Boston Globe, 26 October 1902; fancy-dress ball: Boston Daily Globe, 29 April 1901; son’s marriage: Boston Globe, 26 October 1902; Chicago Daily, 17 October 1902; Chicago Daily Tribune, 2 November 1902; Atlanta Constitution, 21 June 1908; The two daughters: New York Times, 9 November 1902; Der Ling 1948
324 ‘now Rongling can’: Rongling, p. 11; ‘very simple’: ibid.; visit of Uchida Kōsai: Rongling, pp. 32–5
Chapter 28 Cixi’s Revolution (1902–8)
325 100 million taels to 235 million: Shen Xuefeng 2002, no. 1; decree on inter-marriage and foot-binding: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 27, no. 960; ‘like trying to mix’: Headland, p. 231
326 ‘No; the Chinese’: Conger, p. 254; espousing education for women: Xia Xiaohong, pp. 228–51; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, pp. 5627, 5637–8; Zhang Hailin, p. 344; Shu Xincheng (ed.), p. 4
327 first nursery school: Zhang Hailin, p. 559; Wellesley College: Zhang Hailin, pp. 354–5; female editor: Fang Hanqi et al., pp. 66–8; some thirty journals: Zhao Guangjun; Women’s Daily: Headland, p. 225; ‘The 20th century’: Jin Yi, p. 79; ‘What will be the future’: Conger, p. 336; in five figures: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 2, p. 1367; Morse, vol. 3, p. 416
328 incentives for studying abroad: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, pp. 1430–1; vol. 3, pp. 1593–4; Shu Xincheng (ed.), pp. 231–5; Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 308–13; Kong Xiangji 1998, p. 76; In Japan alone: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2008, vol. 2, p. 1526; Yang Tianshi, p. 262; Revolutionary Army: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 1, p. 331ff.; Huang Hu, p. 89
329 She refused to listen: Fang Hanqi et al., p. 21; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 1, p. 481; hundreds of titles: Huang Hu, pp. 85, 89; Yuan assailed: Fang Hanqi et al., pp. 42–4; ‘all existing laws’: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 28, no. 402; ‘death by a thousand cuts’ abolished: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 31, no. 192; torture prohibited: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 31, no. 197; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, pp. 5328–32, 5342–3, 5356–9
330 Ministry of Commerce: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 29, nos 314, 1294; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, pp. 5015–6, 5091, 5122–3; Sun Yutang (ed.), vol. 2, no. 1, p.637ff.; ‘50 million’: Sun Yutang (ed.), vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 640–2; expositions abroad: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), pp. 5015–16; Cixi footed the bill: Lin Keguang et al., p. 362
331 ‘nearly 30 or 40%’: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5593; ‘If we show’: Song Yanli; decree to eradicate opium: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, pp. 5593–6; observed Morse: Morse, vol. 3, p. 437; Britain readily responded: Morse, vol. 3, pp. 437–9
332 Cixi had photos taken: Dan; Rongling, pp. 16–7; Hubert Vos claim: New York Times, 17 December 1905; Hart meeting with Cixi: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 1304–5
333 75 by 60 centimetres: Lin Jing, p. 25
334 to foreign heads of states: Los Angeles Times, 13 November 1904; Natong, vol. 1, pp. 518–19, 535, 539, 547; ‘forty years instead of seventy’: Washington Post, 26 February 1905; Atlanta Constitution, 26 February 1905; Ren Jingfeng: the name of the laboratory – Fung Tai Photographer – was written on the frames, in the archives of the Freer Gallery, Washington; Cheng Jihua et al. (eds), vol. 1, pp. 13–4; www.china.com.cn/chinese/2005/dybn/1052350.htm; Tan Xinpei: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 141; Ding Ruqin, pp. 245–6, 255; China’s first film: Cheng Jihua et al. (eds), vol. 1, p. 14; British had given a projector: Cheng Jihua et al. (eds), vol. 1, p. 10; Takano Bunjiro: Kecskes; ‘sitting side by side’: Shi-bao, fourth day of the twelfth lunar month, 1905, Library of the Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing
335 photo to Japanese diplomat: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2011, p. 270; ‘loved her’: Buck, Foreword; lanterns outside Qianmen: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 152; ‘In driving through’: Conger, p. 319; Cixi considered abolishing eunuch-keeping: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2011, p. 276
336 ‘They sat down’: Headland, p. 98; minister interpreted on knees: Co
nger, p. 221; One day the rainwater: Rongling, p. 39; Cixi watched the rain: Du Zhongjun, p. 432; court painters: Rongling, p. 38
337 ‘In that case’: Rongling, p. 13; ‘blandly insolent remarks’: Roosevelt Longworth, p. 100; ‘He stood between us’: Roosevelt Longworth, pp. 99–100
338 riding a tricycle: Rongling, p. 42; did not try a car: Rongling, p. 42; Carl, pp. 290–1
Chapter 29 The Vote! (1905–8)
339 ‘In foreign countries’: Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 2, p. 653; ‘England is’: Der Ling 2004, p. 277
340 Ta Kung Pao articles: Fang Hanqi et al., pp. 31–2; ‘study their political systems’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, p. 1; ‘from the apex’: Morse, vol. 3, p. 441
341 ‘high hopes’: Dai Hongci, p. 314; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 31, no. 722; Zaize audience: Zaize, p. 685; epoch-making proclamation: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, pp. 43–4; Liang Qichao: Liang Qichao 2008, p. 240
342 draft outline of constitution: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, pp. 54–67; the future parliament: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 2, pp. 627–37; draft Electoral Regulation: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 2, pp. 667–84; the franchise: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 2, pp. 671–3
343 Cixi asked for a timetable: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 2, pp. 683–4; Prince Ching against schedule: Kong Xiangji 1998, p. 78; Officials opposed vote: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vols 1 and 2, passim; nine-year timetable: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, pp. 61–7
344 timetable inscribed on plaques: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, p. 68; Kong Xiangji 1998, p. 79; ‘conscience’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979b, vol. 1, p. 68; Martin’s comments: Martin 2005, pp. 197–9
Chapter 30 Coping with Insurgents, Assassins and the Japanese (1902–8)
346 ‘advantageous for China’: Yun Yuding, in Kong Xiangji 2001, p. 387; Her diplomats: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2008, vol. 2, pp. 1466–78