Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China
Page 57
Henderson, Mrs 32
Hohenlohe, Prince 277
Hong Kong 24, 28, 63–4, 79, 117, 216, 240, 288, 301
Hong Xiuquan 27, 58, 62
Hsingling 323
Hsü Chi-she 72–3, 73n, 76
Hugo, Victor 33
Huixing, Madame 326
Huizheng (father) 5, 7–8, 14
Hung Jun 120
Hunting Lodge, Chengde 33–4, 36, 39, 43–4, 45, 47, 160
Ignatieff, Michael 38
Ignatieff, Nicholas 37–8
Ili, Xinjiang province 130–3, 132n, 207
Imperial Apology, 1852 14
Imperial Examinations 4, 49, 99, 119, 120–1, 126, 200, 223, 245
Imperial Observatory 21, 94
Imperial Princess (Cixi’s adopted daughter) 272, 315, 326
Imperial Telegraph Administration 123
Inner Mongolia 7–8
Inukai Tsuyoshi 356
Italy 256–8, 256n, 262, 263, 264, 269, 297n
Itō Hirobumi, Count 182, 185, 199, 233, 234–5, 237, 238, 239, 243, 250, 277, 356
Jade, Imperial Concubine 153, 192–3, 194, 206, 279
Japan 122, 216; Cixi’s responses to threat of 122, 181–2, 207, 208, 211, 353–60; attempts to take Taiwan 122, 123, 133; Liuqiu (Ryukyu) Islands annexed by 133; war with China, 1894–5 160, 166, 181–96, 216, 222, 233, 242, 243, 264, 271, 289, 307; Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 and 197–203, 204–5, 211–12, 233, 236, 264; Russo-Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896 and 207, 208, 226; mood among educated Chinese softens towards 234; Wild Fox Kang and 234–5, 236, 237, 238, 240, 242, 243–4, 245, 250, 288, 289, 349, 350, 353; plots to kill Cixi and 233, 234, 236, 238, 241, 242, 243–4, 350, 353; Cixi sends officials to in ruse designed to neutralise 250; Boxers and 266, 277, 284–5; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 297; Manchuria tensions with Russia 324; Chinese students in 328; Russo-Japanese War, 1904–5 353; all but annexes Korea, 1907 356; Emperor Puyi and 372; invades China 372; Second World War and 373
Jellicoe, Captain 266
Jenks, Jeremiah 316
Jesuits 21, 25, 31, 94
Jiao 29
Jiaozhou Bay 213–14
Johnson, President Andrew 77
Judicious Punishment Department 194
Junglu 49, 114, 116, 223, 232, 233, 251, 264, 267, 269, 272, 273, 287, 357, 357n
Kaifeng 307–8, 309
Kaiping 123, 125
Kang, Guangren 229, 240–1
Kang Youwei see Wild Fox Kang
Kangxi, Emperor 21, 34, 41, 42, 83, 100, 102, 250
kao-niu (captives bound and cuffed in manner of) 29
Kawashima Naniwa 358
Ketteler, Baron von 270, 270n, 357
Keyl, Friedrich 32
Kinder, Claude W. 125
Korea 130, 164, 181–90, 182n, 192, 195, 354, 356, 360
Kotaro Munakata 245
Kou Liancai 244n
Kow-shing (ship) 187
Kowloon Peninsula 216
kowtow 10, 70, 71, 103, 115, 157, 290, 357
Lang Son 138
Laos 130
Lee Lianying 139, 164–6, 170, 281, 282, 333, 335, 352n, 362, 369 legations, Beijing: Emperor Xianfeng and 39, 59; anti-Christian riots, 1870 and 94; wedding of Emperor Tongzhi and 101; apply for audience with Emperor Tongzhi with exemption from kowtow 102–3; French Legation doctor examines Emperor Guangxu 248; sympathy with Emperor Guangxu 251, 255, 256; Cixi attempts to charm 252–4, 311–17, 350; Boxers and 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 273–4, 274n, 300, 311–12; siege of Legation Quarter, 267, 273–4, 274n, 294n see also under individual nation name
Li Bai 31
Li Bingheng, Governor 212, 213, 214, 278
Li, Earl (Li Hongzhang): Taiping Rebellion and 60, 61, 62; promotion of Han personages and 62; opposes modernisation projects 67; Westerners high regard for 67; backs sending teenagers to America for education 82; Tianjin riot, 1870 and 94–5; Viceroy of Zhili 95, 276, 308; Cixi consults on issue of envoys kowtow 103; Cixi discusses stragety for modernisation with 118; slave-labour trade and 121; purchase of ironclad ships, role in 122; argues for introduction of railway 125; asks for permission to build textile factories 127; proposes letting Xinjiang go 130; Sino-French War, 1884–5, negotiator during 136–7, 138, 139; reaction to imminent departure of Cixi in favour of Emperor Guangxu 150, 151; rule of Emperor Guangxu and 150, 151, 157, 163, 164, 172–3; Summer Palace and 162; Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 and 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186–7, 188, 189–90; Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 and 197, 198–9, 200, 201, 205, 206; Russo–Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896, negotiates 207–8, 209; sacked and fined for ‘trespassing into a royal estate’ 209–10; end of political partnership with Cixi 209–10; German seizure of Qingdao and 214; Russian seizure of Port Arthur, role in 215–16; reaction on hearing of plans to employ Itō as adviser 235; Timothy Richard and 239; opposition to removal of Emperor Guangxu 251; Boxers and 268, 269, 275, 276; negotiates Boxer Protocol, 1901 284, 286, 296, 298, 307; loses composure in presence of Cixi 290; death of 307–8; General Yuan steps into shoes of 337; never a member of Grand Council 347
Liang Qichao 224, 226, 229, 240, 242, 334, 341, 349, 350, 356
Liaodong Peninsula 192, 199, 202, 213, 214
Lin Shaonian, Grand Councillor 356
Lin Zexu 22, 23
Lincoln, Abraham 77
Lishan, Lord Chamberlain 278
Little An (An Dehai) 83–7, 89, 93, 99, 115, 116, 117, 129, 139
Liu Bei 360
Liu Kunyi, Viceroy 284, 285
Liuqiu (Ryukyu) Islands 130, 133, 181
Longyu, Empress 153, 154, 167, 254, 279, 366, 368–70
Lu 193
Luttrell, Lieutenant Fownes 266
Ma Xinyi, Viceroy 94, 347
Macartney, Lord 20, 20n, 21, 22, 33, 34, 103, 225
MacDonald, Lady 252, 253–4
MacDonald, Sir Claude 240, 242, 248, 252, 253–4, 257, 263, 269, 285
Manchu people: history of 3–4, 4n; hairstyle 4, 168; foot-binding and 5, 177; language 6, 25, 26, 51, 52, 80, 97, 148, 155, 196; emperor’s concubines as solely 8, 13; dress 10, 176–7, 320, 321, 323; milk drinking 12, 170; emperor’s wet-nurse as 19; posture of aristocratic 36; dancing 98; tea-drinking 170; nails 172; Inner City and 267; Grand Council dominated by 268; cuisine 281; Han-Manchu intermarriage 325; Han begin to question and reject rule of 328–9, 346–7, 348; reforms affect power of 346–7, 348; Cixi worries over fate of after her death 369–70, 372
Manchukuo 357, 372
Manchuria 3, 4n, 181, 186, 192, 195, 199, 207, 208, 296–7, 316, 324, 350n, 353, 355, 356, 357, 360, 372
Mao Zedong 373
Martin, W. A. P. 73, 74, 222–3, 301–2, 344–5
Maugham, W. Somerset 8–9
Mausoleum, Eastern 109, 110, 164, 293, 310, 314, 366
Mausoleum, Western 293, 314
Meiji, Emperor of Japan 181, 185
Miao, Lady 176–7, 179, 180, 193
Michel, Sir John 32
Ming dynasty 3–4, 121
Ministry of Commerce 330
Ministry of Finances 353
Ministry of Officials 5, 193
Ministry of Public Services 358
Ministry of Punishments 29, 244n, 349, 351, 359n
Ministry of Revenue 105, 160, 161, 182, 212, 213
Ministry of Rites 52, 189, 228, 229
missionaries, Western 18, 23n, 56, 72, 73, 101, 118, 176, 222, 239, 301–2, 316, 335, 344, 357; mapping of China 21; Opium Wars force China to accept 24–5, 26–7; anti-Christian riot, Tianjin, 1870 and 89–90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 129; freedom of during Cixi’s rule 141, 176; German attempt to seize Qingdao and 213; Boxers and 259, 260, 262, 265, 274, 275, 294, 300; advocate ban on opium trade 331
Mongolia 7–8, 28–9, 31, 34, 71, 72, 86, 97, 99, 148, 342, 364, 365
Monkey King, The (play) 178, 265
Montauban, General de 31, 32
Moon Festival, 1896 211
Morse, H. B. 130, 219, 331
Music Department, Chinese court’s 15, 177, 178,
334
Muslim army 266–7, 270, 273
Nakanishi Shigetaro 349
Nanjing 13, 23, 24, 26, 58, 60, 62, 94, 278, 284, 370; Treaty of, 1842 23, 24, 26
Napoleon, Emperor 209, 323
Napoleon III, Emperor 32, 77
Nepal 130
New Territory 216
New York Times 209, 235, 323, 348–9, 355, 356
Nicholas I, Tsar 77
Nicholas II, Tsar 208, 314
Nie 232
North China Herald 58, 62, 77, 241, 350
Northern Fleet 139–40, 188, 197, 206, 216
Old Summer Palace 13, 20; burning of during Second Opium War, 1860 30–4, 35, 39, 46, 72, 88, 269; Cixi rebuilds part of 104–6, 159, 160–2, 163, 164, 242; ruins of 209, 269, 292–3; Cixi regrets inability to fully restore 211–12, 278; Cixi plans to fully restore 212–13, 214; Boxers and 292–3; Qing-yi-yuan (the Garden of Clear Ripples) 159, 160; Kunming Lake 159, 161, 162, 211, 359; Villa of the Jade Balustrade 211, 246
opium smoking/trade 22–4, 81, 101, 108n, 121, 153, 197, 212, 275, 330–1
Opium Wars: First, 1839–42 6, 22–5, 26, 81; Second, 1856–60 27–35, 36, 37, 38
Palmerston, Lord 23, 23n, 58
Parkes, Harry 29–30
Patenôtre, Jules 138–9
Pearl, Imperial Concubine 153, 155, 188, 192–4, 204, 206, 246, 279, 310
Peking Gazette 262, 263
Peking Opera 177–9, 253, 265, 326, 334
Pekinese 32, 175–6, 314, 324
Peru 121
Pescadores 199
Pierson, Louisa 322–4, 332, 336, 354, 362
Poland 227
Port Arthur 141, 192, 197, 214–16
Porter, General Horace 323
Post Office, Chinese 123
Potala Palace, Lhasa 34
Praetorian Guard 43, 96, 115, 124, 154, 174–5, 238, 248, 272, 283
Prettier Than Golden Flower 120, 295–6
Protestant Church in China 260
Pujun, heir-apparent 254–5, 308
Puyi, Emperor 357, 357n, 366–7, 370, 372
Qianlong the Magnificent, Emperor 19, 20, 20n, 21–2, 31, 34, 62, 83, 108, 140, 160, 189, 225
Qianmen Gate 269, 309, 335
Qing dynasty: birth of 3, 4; sexual activities of 13; royal consorts in 14–15; blessed by good weather 21; missionaries effect upon 25; biggest loss of territory 38; emperors write in crimson ink 42; no precedent of dowager empresses who ran state 50; Grand Council and see Grand Council; Taiping Rebellion and 60; punishments 62, 131, 193; legal procedure 83, 92, 131, 241, 328; eunuchs and 92, 166, 244n; assassinations and 94; education of emperors 97; ages at which emperors assume power 102, mausoleums 109, 115, 293, 372; Cixi’s reign as most tolerant in history of 141; threat of Japan to 200; policy decision-making in 225; alternatives to offered 230; Temple of Heaven and 250; Republicanism and 289; Cixi prays to ancestors of 309–10; Cixi’s constitution and 339, 342; Tibet and 363, 364, 365; end of 369, 370
Qing Kuan 358
Qingdao 213–14, 215, 219, 236, 277
Qiu Jin, Miss 348
Qiying 25, 26–7
Raggi, Giuseppe Salvago 257
Red Lanterners 265–6
Reforms of 1898 221, 222–3, 224, 228, 232, 235, 240, 242, 245
Regulation for Women’s Education, 1907 326
Ren Jingfeng 334
Republicanism 289, 347–9, 369, 370, 370n
Revolutionary Army, The (Zou Rong) 328
Richard, Timothy 118, 239–40
Rongling 323–4, 362
Roosevelt, Alice 337
Roosevelt, Theodore 321–2, 337
Royal City, Beijing 9, 85, 109, 267, 292, 293
Royal Navy 20, 266
Russia: defence of Moscow, 1812 28; treaty with China after Second Opium War, 1860 37–8, 79–80; Burlingame in 79–80; occupation of Ili 130–3, 132n, 207; treaty over Chinese borders, 1881 139; Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 and 185–6; Russo-Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896 207–8, 210, 211, 226, 227, 350n; attempt to take Port Arthur, 1898 214–16; Emperor Guangxu’s hatred of 226–7; Sir Yinhuan takes bribes from 236, 243n; reaction to Cixi’s dispatch of officials to Japan 250; Boxers and 269, 272, 353; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 296–7; Manchuria tensions with Japanese 324; Russo-Japanese War, 1904–5 353
Salisbury, Lord 264, 269, 270n, 285, 288
san-gui-jiu-kou (kneeling three times to the emperor and touching the ground with the forehead nine times) 20, 20n
Sanmen Bay 256
Satow, Sir Ernest 312
School for Aristocratic Women 326
Sea Palace, Beijing 106, 124, 125, 152, 154, 159–60, 163, 164, 176, 178, 189, 238, 245, 249, 251, 295, 358–9, 362
Second World War 358, 373
Seymour Expedition 266
Seymour, Admiral Edward 266
Shandong province 84–5, 260–1, 263, 265, 267, 274, 297
Shanghai 14, 23, 24, 27, 28, 58, 63, 84, 125, 141, 155–6, 193, 226, 230, 240, 241, 258, 259, 276, 284, 285, 288, 301, 322, 328–9, 335, 356
Shen Jiaben 329
Shen Jin 289, 349–50, 350n, 358
Sheng Xuanhuai 123, 210
Shi Nianzu 137
Shi-bao 334
Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 1895 197–203, 213, 233, 299
Shore, Henry Noel 67
Shun, Empror 73, 147
Shunzhi, Emperor 102
Si Gege 167
Sichuan province 370
Sikkim 139
Simpson, William 101
Sino-French War, 1884–5 133–9, 138n, 182, 191
Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 160, 166, 181–96, 216, 222, 233, 242, 243, 264, 271, 289, 307 see also Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 1895
Skettett, Miss 32
smallpox 36, 106, 107, 108
Smith, Rev. Arthur H. 260, 267, 271
Song Qingling 327
St Louis Exposition, 1904 317, 321
Stalin, Joseph 373
Statutes, the 163–4, 188
Su, Prince 357–8
Sugiyama Akira 266
Summer Palace (Yi-he-Yuan) (the Gardens of Nurturing Harmony), Beijing: Cixi’s building of 159–63, 202, 206, 207, 209, 212–13, 242, 278; Qing-yi-yuan (the Garden of Clear Ripples), Cixi’s rebuilding of 159, 160; Kunming Lake 159, 161, 162, 211, 359; Villa of the Jade Balustrade 211, 246; Cixi moves into, 1891 164, 183; as source of endless pleasure to Cixi 173; mosquitoes in 174; Cixi’s birds and animals in 174–5; Cixi watches religious festivals from 177; theatre in 178; Cixi cut off from government in 187; Prince Gong in 206; Grand Council in 207; Earl Li in 209; Moon Festival, 1896 211; Wild Fox Kang and 224, 229, 233, 237, 238, 240, 242; Boxers and 292; Cixi’s travel between city and 350; Forever Peace (Yong-he) 359–60
Sumner, Charles 77
Sun Jiagu 77
Sun Jianai 155, 226
Sun Yat-sen 289, 327, 347, 350, 356, 370n
Sushun 48, 49, 99
Suzhou 60, 84, 139
Swinhoe, Robert 31
Ta Kung Pao (newspaper) 327, 329, 340
Taiping Rebellion, 1850–64 13, 14, 16, 19, 27, 58–9, 60, 61, 62, 63, 69, 130, 131
Taiwan 122, 123, 125, 133, 137, 138, 181, 199, 205, 216
Takano Bunjiro 334
Tan Sitong 232–3, 238, 240
Tan Xinpei 178, 334
Tangshan 123
Taoism 68, 94, 176, 177
Temple of Heaven 250–1, 254, 269, 361
Thomson, John 36
Tiananmen Gate 52, 102
Tianjin (Tientsin): Opium Wars and 27, 29; navy and 69; Viceroy of Zhili base in 82, 118, 181, 329; anti-Christian riots in, 1870 91–6, 129, 131, 260; Sino-French war treaty signed, 1885 in 136, 138; Cixi takes train to inspect army in 223; Junglu’s headquarters in 232, 233; newspapers in 234, 235, 340; Boxers and 266, 269, 271, 272, 293, 299, 301, 305, 308; Wild Fox Kang in 351; Emperor Puyi in 372
Tibet 31, 68, 342, 363–5, 370
Tiejun 351–2
Times, The 240
Ting,
Admiral 188, 189, 194–5, 197, 206
Tong King-sing 123
Tongwen College, the School of Combined Learning 71–2, 73, 76
Tongzhi, Emperor (Zaichun) (Cixi’s son): birth 17–18, 19; childhood 33, 34, 40, 56; accession to throne 41; seals 42, 43, 47; coup and 45–6; coronation 51–2; name 51, 51n; education 71, 97–8, 147; wedding 84, 86, 99, 100–2; Cixi’s breakdown and 87; sex life 98–9, 101–2, 104, 106; love of opera 98, 105; selection of consorts 99; receives Western legations 102–3; appearance 103; bureaucracy and 103–4; plan to rebuild Old Summer Palace 104–6, 159; general lifestyle criticised 104–5; death 106–10, 113, 145; Cixi accused of having hand in death of 107, 242; mourning for 108–9; mausoleum 109, 110; succession 113–16
Townley, Lady Susan 312–13
Trans-Siberian Railway 207
Treaty Ports 24, 25, 95, 117, 124, 235, 242, 257, 328, 331
Tsinghua University 299
Uchida Kōsai 324, 354
Vatican 176
Verbiest, Ferdinand 21
Victoria, Queen 22, 23, 32, 39, 74, 75, 77, 131, 215, 225, 235, 269, 270, 314, 339
Vietnam 130, 133–4, 136–7, 139, 182
Vos, Hubert 332, 333n
Wade, Thomas 59, 59n, 62, 65, 122, 123, 125
Waldersee, Field Marshal Count von 294, 295, 296, 297
Wang Lun 62
Wang Qingqi 98–9, 107
Wang Wenshao 198
Wang Yaoqing 179
Wang Zhao, Clerk 228, 232, 358–9, 359n
Ward, Frederick Townsend 59, 60
Warren, Acting Consul-General Peiham L. 285, 288
Washington, George 72, 76, 81
Weijun, Censor 195, 216
Weihaiwei 197, 216
Wellesley College, Massachusetts 327
Wen Tingshi 195
Weng, Grand Tutor (Weng Tonghe): on Prince Chun’s writing 46; Sushun and 49; as hater of the West 72, 76, 77, 93, 103; Little An execution and 84, 85; Tianjin riots, 1870 and 93; tutoring of Emperor Tongzhi 97, 98; choice of burial spot for Emperor Tongzhi 109; ally of Prince Chun 115; Cixi attempts to gain loyalty of 116, 118; tutor of Emperor Guangxu 116, 146–7, 148, 149, 150; Guo Songtao and 119; Sino-French War, 1884–5 and 134, 138; on Prince Gong 134, 135; admiration for Cixi’s mourning for Empress Zhen 146; accession of Emperor Guangxu and 151, 152; on temper of Emperor Guangxu 152; on wedding of Emperor Guangxu 153; on reaction of Cixi to news of Emperor Guangxu’s poor health 154; becomes receptive to some Western practices 155–6; opposes railway-building 156, 164, 210; allows reforms to lapse during reign of Emperor Guangxu 156, 157, 158; on Old Summer Palace restoration 162; lack of investment in navy and 182, 183–4; Sino-Japanese war, 1894–5 and 185, 186, 188, 190, 194, 198; Cixi’s sixtieth birthday celebrations and 189; Cixi impedes communication between Emperor Guangxu and 196; made a Grand Councillor 196; records lack of respect of foreign envoys after war with Japanese 205; on Cixi’s praise for grandees in light of Russo–Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896 211; Cixi’s attempt to raise revenue for restoration of Old Summer Palace and 212; German attempt to grab Qingdao and 213, 214; appointed to Chinese Foreign Office 214; Russian seizure of Port Arthur, role in 215, 216; visit to China of Prince Heinrich of Germany and 219–20; ‘Announcement of the Fundamental Policy of the State’ and 220–1; Emperor Guangxu dismisses 221–2, 226, 236