“It is really an appeal to consciousness not to mercy”: “A Compelling Revelation of Life in the Death House,” New York Times, October 6, 1935.
Alexander Woollcott, a legendary book critic: Display ad 63, New York Times, January 12, 1936.
November mistrial: “Court Grants Lamson Plea for Mistrial,” Daily News (NY), November 24, 1935.
Syer disqualifies himself: “Disqualifies Self as Judge for David Lamson’s 3rd Trial,” Daily Inter Lake (Kalispell, MT), November 2, 1935.
fourth trial: “State Debates Trying Lamson Fourth Time,” Daily News (NY), March 25, 1936.
“With tireless effort we sought to gather legal evidence”: “Former Stanford Campus Leader Is Turned Loose After Fourth Trial for Killing Wife Is Deadlocked,” Dayton Herald, April 3, 1936.
Lamson reunited with Bebe: “David Lamson Freed from Jail as Thrice-Tried Murder Case Is Dismissed by Prosecutor,” Oakland Tribune, April 3, 1936.
Details about his life after prison: “David Lamson’s Ordeal,” San Francisco Examiner, May 28, 2017; “David Lamson, Tried 4 Times for Murder,” New York Times, August 9, 1975; “The 1933 Lamson Case at Stanford: A Murder?,” Mercury News (San Jose, CA), March 12, 2017.
“He never discussed the specifics of the case”: Bernard Butcher, “Was It Murder?,” Stanford Alumni Magazine, January/February 2000.
“I looked up at the Row. I waved back to them”: Lamson, We Who Are About to Die, 268.
“As you no doubt have observed in the Lamson case”: Letter from Heinrich to Kirk, June 10, 1935, box 12, folder 49, Edward Oscar Heinrich Papers.
Paul Kirk background: Douglas O. Linder, “Selected Testimony of Doctor Paul Kirk in Sam Sheppard’s 1966 Murder Trial,” Famous Trials, https://www.famous-trials.com/sam-sheppard/12-excerpts-from-the-trial-transcripts/24-kirktestimony; “Suspects May Be Released Here,” Arizona Daily Star, November 10, 1935.
Sam Sheppard case: Linder, “Selected Testimony of Doctor Paul Kirk”; “Kirk Investigation Photos,” “The Sam Sheppard Case: 1954–2000,” Cleveland State University online database, https://library.csuohio.edu/ehs/access-database.
“One can tell, for example”: National Research Council, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States, 178.
EPILOGUE
August Vollmer, Oscar’s colleague at UC Berkeley: Dinkelspiel, “Remembering August Vollmer, the Berkeley Police Chief Who Created Modern Policing.”
Calvin Goddard was responsible for a number of: “Goddard, Calvin Hooker,” World of Forensic Science, Encyclopedia.com (Access Date), https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/goddard-calvin-hooker.
Dr. Paul Kirk helped Vollmer establish: “Kirk, Paul Leland,” World of Forensic Sciences, Encyclopedia.com, https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/kirk-paul-leland.
Details about recommendations: National Research Council, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States, 6.
In 1932, the FBI’s first director: “The FBI Laboratory: 75 Years of Forensic Science Service,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, Forensic Science Communications 9, no. 4 (October 2007).
“The investigation found”: “Report Criticizes Scientific Testing at F.B.I. Crime Lab,” New York Times, April 16, 1997.
wrongful convictions: “The Causes of Wrongful Conviction,” The Innocence Project, https://www.innocenceproject.org/causes-wrongful-conviction.
Bloodstain pattern: Pamela Colloff, “Blood Will Tell,” New York Times Magazine, May 31, 2018.
The academy suggested that the advent: “Science Found Wanting in Nation’s Crime Labs,” New York Times, February 4, 2009.
independent federal agency: Ibid., 19.
Daubert Hearings: “What Is a Daubert Hearing?” Office of Medical and Scientific Justice.
Cameron Todd Willingham: “Cameron Todd Willingham: Wrongfully Convicted and Executed in Texas,” The Innocence Project, September 13, 2010.
In 2014, a former crime scene analyst: Radley Balko, “A Crime Lab Analyst Killed Himself after Contamination Wrongly Made Him a Suspect in a 30-Year-old Murder,” Washington Post, June 5, 2017.
false confessions: “False Confessions & Recording of Custodial Interrogations,” The Innocence Project, https://www.innocenceproject.org/false-confessions-recording-interrogations.
“Don’t know whether I’ve been tossed”: Letter from Heinrich to Kaiser, November 11, 1950, box 1, in John Boynton Kaiser Papers.
Mort’s military history: Letter from Heinrich to John McCloy, January 23, 1946, carton 85, folder 159, Edward Oscar Heinrich Papers.
Theo’s Bronze Star and career: “Biographical Sketch” (p. 6), 89–44, box 23, file 180, Theodore Heinrich Collection.
Monuments Men: The Monuments Men Foundation, https://www.monumentsmenfoundation.org/the-heroes/the-monuments-men.
Both of his sons followed Oscar’s own career: Mort’s background from various family letters and obituary for “Mary Elizabeth ‘Betty’ Onthank Heinrich,” Honolulu Advertiser, October 5, 2001.
“I am still waiting for you”: Letter from Heinrich to Theodore, August 12, 1953, 89–44, box 24, file 188, Theodore Heinrich Collection.
Stroke in 1952: Letter from Marion to Heinrich, October 13, 1952, box 2, John Boynton Kaiser Papers.
Hypertension: Letter from Heinrich to Theodore, May 14, 1953, 89–44, box 24, file 188, Theodore Heinrich Collection.
fifty-five hours a week: Letter from Heinrich to Theodore, February 15, 1949, 89–44, box 24, file 187, Theodore Heinrich Collection.
“I am annoyed by nothing”: Letter from Heinrich to Theodore, August 27, 1953, 89–44, box 24, file 188, Theodore Heinrich Collection.
“You will find as you grow in your field”: Letter from Heinrich to Mortimer, March 26, 1947, box 11, folder 19, Edward Oscar Heinrich Papers.
“I regard my greatest accomplishment”: Letter from Heinrich to Theodore, June 6, 1948, 89–44, box 24, file 186, Theodore Heinrich Collection.
“Best wishes. Get well soon”: Telegram from Kaiser to Heinrich, September 29, 1953, box 1, John Boynton Kaiser Papers.
Death: “Heinrich Rites Today,” San Francisco Examiner, September 30, 1953.
“America’s greatest forensic scientist”: Evans, Murder 2, 112–13.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Adam, Elizabeth, 164–65, 167, 182
Alameda County, California, 37
Arbuckle, Roscoe “Fatty”
background of, 88
and film tribute to Heinrich, 128
hung juries’ acquittals of, 117, 120, 125
and ice allegation, 107, 112, 116
in jail, 94–95
murder charges against, 93–94
and police investigation of Rappe’s death, 90–91, 92–93
post-trial life of, 127–28
and Prevon’s testimony, 91–93, 104–5, 106–8
ruined career of, 102–3, 106, 126, 128
second and third retrials of, 122–23, 125, 126
trial testimony of, 115–16
See also Arbuckle murder case
Arbuckle murder case
and cause of Rappe’s death, 103, 106
and fingerprint evidence, 98, 113–15, 117, 122
and grand jury trial, 102–9
and hair analysis, 99, 113
Heinrich’s distress following outcome of, 159, 219
Heinrich’s investigation of, 95–98, 101
Heinrich’s trial testimony for, 101, 112–14, 116–17, 122–23
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br /> and housekeepers’ testimony, 101, 108–9, 112–13
and hung juries’ acquittals of Arbuckle, 117, 120, 125
and ice allegation, 107, 112, 116
and inconsistency in statements of witnesses, 102
and jail time of Arbuckle, 94–95
media coverage of, 101, 106
and murder charges against Arbuckle, 93–94
police investigation of, 90–91, 92–93
and Prevon’s testimony, 91–93, 104–5, 106–8
and problematic witnesses, 98–99, 104–5, 107–8, 112
and second and third retrials of Arbuckle, 122–23, 125, 126
and trial of Arbuckle, 111–14, 115–17
and Vollmer’s testimony, 123
ballistics
and Colwell murder case, 209, 212–18, 268
comparison microscopes used in, 210–11, 212, 215–16, 218, 268
contemporary standards for use of, in evidence in trials, 218
Heinrich’s innovations in, 218
origins of field, 210
photographic evidence used in, 212, 215–17, 268
Barbe, Gilbert Warren, 181, 183
Barnett, Frank, 197, 200–201, 204
Bates, Sid, 139, 142–43
Bender, David “Kid,” 94–95
Berkeley Police Department, 73–74, 77, 188
Black Kit Bag, The (Heinrich), 152, 154, 159–60
Blake, Alice
and district attorney’s case against Arbuckle, 98
and investigation of Rappe’s death, 90, 91, 93
placed in protective custody, 105
tending to Rappe, 106
trial testimony of, 108, 111
blood pattern analysis (BPA)
contemporary perspectives on, 265, 268
and Ferguson’s dismembered ear case, 187, 203
Heinrich’s expertise in, 20, 208, 264
and Lamson investigation, 20–21, 22, 230–33, 244–45, 249–50
and mismanaged crime scenes, 21
NAS report on, 265
and Schwartz murder investigation, 176, 180
taught by Heinrich at Berkeley, 201
use of ultraviolet light in, 208
Boulder, Colorado, 38
Bow Street Runners, 210
Boyle, Salome, 95–96, 98, 122
Brady, Matthew
and acquittal of Arbuckle, 117
and case against Arbuckle, 102, 103, 122
and Heinrich, 95, 112
key witnesses of, 98, 102, 108, 109, 122
and trial/retrials of Arbuckle, 104–9, 112, 122
Brennan, Kate, 112–13
Bridges, Herbert, 243
Brown, Kevin, 270–71
Brown, Viola, 248
Bureau of Forensic Ballistics in New York City, 210
Bureau of Investigation, 4
California State Supreme Court, 254, 256–58
Capone, Al, 47, 223
Case of David Lamson report, 256
Christmas holidays, 119–22
circumstantial evidence, 4, 114
Clemence, Nelle, 245–50, 252
clothing analysis
and Ferguson’s dismembered ear case, 189
and Siskiyou train robbery case, 147–51
collecting/tracking tendencies of Heinrich
evidence collected, 155
and father’s death, 154–55
field journals, 96
financial logs, 41, 154–56
household matters, 156
logs of lab assistants, 96, 155
newspaper clippings and periodicals, 155
and obsessive-compulsive nature of Heinrich, 1–3
stamp collecting, 40
tracking urine levels, 156
and UC Berkeley’s archive from Heinrich’s lab, 1–3
Colma, California, 43–44
Colwell, Martin
arrest of, 209
conviction and sentence of, 218
and death of McCarthy, 207–8
defense team of, 208, 213–14
trials of, 212–18
Colwell murder case
arrest of Colwell, 209
ballistics in, 209, 211–18, 268
death of McCarthy, 207–8
Heinrich’s investigation of, 208, 209, 211–12
Heinrich’s trial testimony in, 212–14, 216–17
and McGovern’s testimony, 214–15
and photo evidence for juries, 212–14, 218, 243, 268
and trials of Colwell, 212–18
comparison microscopes used in ballistics, 210–11, 212, 215–16, 218, 268
confessions, false, 271
Coolidge, Calvin, 133
corruption in 1920s, 4
Crandall, Harry, 102
crime lab of FBI, 269
crime rates, 47, 223
Crime’s Nemesis (May), 224
Cumberland, Vera, 103
Curse of the Gleaming Eye, The (Heinrich), 153
Daubert standard, 77, 270
Daugherty, Harry, 99
DeAutremont, Hugh
and attempted train robbery, 130–31, 138–43
background of, 134
capture and imprisonment of, 160, 161
and commitment to heist, 133–34
planning and preparing for heist, 135–38
trip to see father, 137
See also Siskiyou train robbery case
DeAutremont, Paul, 134, 137, 158
DeAutremont, Ray
and attempted train robbery, 131, 138–43
background of, 134–35
capture and imprisonment of, 160–61
planning and preparing for heist, 135–38
previous prison term of, 135
See also Siskiyou train robbery case
DeAutremont, Roy
and attempted train robbery, 129–31, 138–43
background of, 134–35
capture and imprisonment of, 160–61
girlfriend of, 137, 138
and Heinrich’s description of suspect, 152
and Heinrich’s investigation of heist, 157–58
knee injury of, 137–38, 139
mail receipt found in overalls of, 157–58
murders committed by, 140, 142
planning and preparing for heist, 135–38
See also Siskiyou train robbery case
decomposition of bodies, 188
Delmont, Maude
and Arbuckle’s testimony, 116
and coroner’s inquest, 103–4
and district attorney’s case against Arbuckle, 98
and grand jury trial, 109
and ice claim, 107
inconsistency in statements of, 102
and police investigation of Rappe’s death, 92, 93
and Prevon’s testimony, 107–8
tending to Rappe, 87, 88, 106
and testimony of other witnesses, 105
Dempsey, Jack, 40
detective stories authored by Heinrich, 152–54, 159–60, 193
DNA testing, fallibility of, 271
domestic violence, 118
Dominguez, Frank, 107–8, 111
Dougherty, Elvyn, 140, 143
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 7
Dunbar, Louise, 11
Dunnell, Leo, 216
Durfee, Minta, 89, 127–28
Edson, Philips, 76
Eisenschimmel, Carl, 53–55, 57, 72, 229
Emig, William, 18
Emmons, E. J., 78, 79
entertainment industry and Hollywood, 90–91,
99–100, 102, 118, 126. See also Arbuckle murder case
ethnicity, conclusions about, 152
eyewitnesses, misidentification by, 75–76, 271
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) crime lab, 269
Ferguson, Bessie
background of, 195–97
discovery of ear, 185–86
lifestyle of, 195–97, 200
recovery and identification of body, 193–95
See also Ferguson murder case
Ferguson murder case
blood analysis in, 187, 203
cover up of, 198
discovery of ear, 185–86
forensic entomology employed in, 188–89, 268
Heinrich’s investigation of, 186–92, 194–95, 197–98, 199–201, 203–5
identification of body, 194–95
media coverage of, 189–90, 192
police investigation of, 192
and profiling killer, 197–98
recovery of body, 193–94
suspect list in, 200–201, 204–5
unsolved status of, 205
finances of Heinrich
and Christmas holidays, 120–21
and detailed financial logs, 41, 154–56
and father’s financial failings, 41, 42, 120, 221, 222
and financial support for mother, 124, 155–56, 169–70
income decline during Depression, 225, 228–29
and mortgage foreclosure, 41–42
and opening of new office, 71
and periods of underemployment, 225
stabilization of, 209
struggles of Heinrich with, 156–57, 169–70, 220, 221–22, 273
and Theodore’s finances in later life, 272–73
and Theodore’s studies abroad, 220, 221–22, 229, 251
wife’s ignorance of, 121, 184
fingerprints and fingerprinting science
and Arbuckle murder investigation, 98, 113–15, 117, 122
contemporary perspectives on, 115
history of, 114
and poroscopy, 114
and Schwartz murder investigation, 172, 178
fire investigation, 174–76. See also Schwartz murder case
Fischer, John H., 210
Fitzgerald, John P., 238, 244
forensic science
calls for standardization in, 269, 270
Daubert standard for, 77, 270
development of disciplines within, 208
early perceptions of, 23
and emergence of independent forensic labs, 223–24
American Sherlock Page 35