100. John Russell Young, 1 Around the World with General Grant 416–17 (New York: American News Company, 1879).
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: CHIEF OF STAFF
The epigraph is Eisenhower’s recollection of his reaction when Secretary Stimson informed him of the successful test of the atomic bomb in July 1945. Crusade in Europe 443. Also see Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change: 1953–1956, the White House Years 312–13 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963).
1. DDE to CCS, April 5, 1945, 4 War Years 2583.
2. WSC to Lord Ismay for BCOS, April 7, 1945, in WSC, Triumph and Tragedy 512–13.
3. David Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War 755–56.
4. Bradley, Soldier’s Story 544.
5. DDE to GCM, April 23, 1945. Earlier, Eisenhower told Marshall, “Frankly, if I should have forces in the Russian occupational zone and be faced with an order or ‘request’ to retire so that they may advance, I can see no recourse except to comply. To do otherwise would probably provoke an incident, with the logic of the situation all on the side of the Soviets. I cannot see exactly what the British have in mind for me to do. It is a bridge that I will have to cross when I come to it.” 4 War Years 2640–41, 2614–16. (Eisenhower’s emphasis.)
6. WSC to HST, May 12, 1945, in WSC, Triumph and Tragedy 572–74.
7. Harry S. Truman, 1 Memoirs 214 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955).
8. Ibid. 219.
9. Quoted in ibid. 300.
10. Eisenhower’s cable to Washington of May 23, 1945, is discussed in Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference 77 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960). For whatever reason, Alfred Chandler and Stephen Ambrose, editors of The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower, omitted the cable in volume six of the Papers, which deals with this period.
11. Montgomery’s instructions are summarized in his Memoirs 338.
12. DDE to CCS, June 2, 1945, The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower, vol. 6, Occupation 125. Cited subsequently as 6 Occupation. This cable was drafted by General Lucius D. Clay, Eisenhower’s deputy for military government. See 1 The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay: Germany, 1945–1949 16–17, Jean Edward Smith, ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974). Cited subsequently as 1 Clay Papers.
13. JCS to DDE, June 3, 1945, in Truman, 1 Memoirs 301. Also see 1 Clay Papers 17; 6 Occupation 125n1.
14. WSC to HST, June 4, 1945, WSC, Triumph and Tragedy 603. In the message, Churchill again used the “iron curtain” metaphor to describe the situation in eastern Europe.
15. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 855.
16. DDE, Crusade in Europe 436.
17. DDE [Clay] to JCS, June 6, 1945, 6 Occupation 135–36; 1 Clay Papers 18–20. Montgomery also received the Order of Victory from Zhukov, and de Lattre de Tassigny a lesser decoration. According to Ike, it was the first time the Russian Order of Victory had been awarded to foreigners. DDE, Crusade in Europe 437.
18. DDE [Clay] to JCS, June 6, 1945, 6 Occupation 135–36.
19. United States Department of State, 3 Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945 330–32 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964).
20. Harry Hopkins’s June 8, 1945, cable to President Truman was drafted by General Clay and submitted through military channels by Eisenhower. For text, see 1 Clay Papers 21–22. Hopkins’s notes pertaining to his visit with Eisenhower are reprinted in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 913–14. For Hopkins’s visit to Moscow, see United States Department of State, The Conference of Berlin: The Potsdam Conference, 1945 24–62 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960).
21. HST, 1 Memoirs 303.
22. WSC, Triumph and Tragedy 605–6.
23. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting 222–24. (Emphasis in original.)
24. Ibid. 225.
25. My interviews with General Clay, some ninety hours’ worth, were conducted in his New York apartment in 1969–70, and were preliminary to my biography of Clay (Lucius D. Clay: An American Life), which was published by Henry Holt in 1990. The rank of General of the Army was established by an Act of Congress, December 14, 1944, Public Law 482. Eisenhower, along with Arnold, Marshall, and MacArthur, was appointed to that rank on February 15, 1945. Sir James Gault, a graduate of Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, was a member of the Scots Guards and a charter member of the British establishment. Eventually through Gault’s efforts a twelve-room apartment was made available for Eisenhower on the top floor of Culzean Castle on the Firth of Clyde in Scotland courtesy of the National Trust for Scotland.
26. Merle Miller, Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman 339–40 (New York: Berkeley, 1974).
27. Fawn Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974).
28. DDE to GCM, June 4, 1945, 6 Occupation 126–27. (Emphasis added.) Eisenhower went on to ask Marshall whether, in the event no general policy could be adopted, he might still bring Mamie over. Would there be any resentment to
my arranging to bring my own wife here? This is something that of course I cannot fully determine, but my real feeling is that most people would understand that after three years of continued separation at my age, and with no opportunity to engage, except on extraordinary occasions, in normal social activities, they would be sympathetic about the matter.
I should like very much to have your frank reaction because while I am perfectly willing to carry on in this assignment as long as the War Department may decide I should do so, I really would like to make it a bit easier on myself from the personal view point.
29. Korda, Ike 589. Stephen Ambrose is also curious why Ike felt it necessary to write Marshall. 1 Eisenhower 415.
30. Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay 325–26. “I don’t believe in keeping families separated too long,” said Clay. They’d been separated, many of these people, for quite a long time already. Perhaps I was carried away by my own feelings. I wanted my family with me.”
31. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting 242.
32. DDE to Kathleen McCarthy-Morrogh Summersby, November 22, 1945, 6 Occupation 546–47.
33. Bradley and Blair, General’s Life 133n. According to Bradley, the “close relationship: between Ike and Kay is quite accurately portrayed as far as my personal knowledge extends, in Kay’s second book, Past Forgetting.”
34. Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt, vol. 1, The Apprenticeship 320n (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952).
35. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., in Ellen Feldman, Lucy: A Novel 1 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).
36. Everett Hughes diary, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Also see Ambrose, 1 Eisenhower 418.
37. Brendon, Ike 191.
38. Ambrose, 1 Eisenhower 412; also see Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 870.
39. Quoted in Kenneth S. Davis, Soldier of Democracy 547.
40. Ibid.
41. The New York Times, June 22, 1945.
42. DDE to MDE, July 13 or 14, 1945, DDE, Letters to Mamie 263–64. On July 18, Eisenhower repeated his assurance, “I love you, only!” (DDE’s emphasis.) Ibid. 265.
43. Bradley and Blair, General’s Life 444–45.
44. DDE, Crusade in Europe 444.
45. DDE, Mandate for Change 312–13; DDE, Crusade in Europe 443.
46. DDE, Mandate for Change 313. Also see John S. D. Eisenhower, Strictly Personal 97.
47. I am indebted to Michael Korda for this observation. Korda, Ike 596.
48. “I suppose I was invited,” said Clay, “because I knew Zhukov better than anyone else.… They were very, very friendly. There was no tension whatever.” Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay 263.
49. DDE, Crusade in Europe 469.
50. Ibid. 468. Also see John S. D. Eisenhower, Strictly Personal 100–107.
51. DDE, Crusade in Europe 460–61; John S. D. Eisenhower, Strictly Personal 102–4; Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay 263.
52. DDE, Crusade in Europe 461–62.
53. Quoted in Ambrose,
1 Eisenhower 430.
54. The New York Times, August 14, 1945.
55. Ibid., August 15, 1945.
56. Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay 263.
57. For the arrangements for Zhukov’s visit to the United States, see DDE to GCM, September 28, 1945, 6 Occupation 354–55.
58. Quoted in Lyon, Eisenhower 361. Also see Ambrose, 1 Eisenhower 424. Contemporary news coverage makes it abundantly clear that the words were entirely Patton’s and were not put into his mouth by a reporter. See The New York Times, September 20 to September 30, 1945. The unofficial transcript of the press conference is reprinted in Blumenson, 2 Patton Papers 770–72, 775.
59. DDE to MDE, September 24, 1945, DDE, Letters to Mamie 272.
60. Summersby, Eisenhower Was My Boss 278. Major General Clarence Adcock, Clay’s deputy for military government, and Professor Walter Dorn, then of Ohio State University, joined the meeting, which is described in detail in Stanley P. Hirshson, General Patton: A Soldier’s Life 666–70 (New York: HarperCollins, 2002). Hirshson’s account relies on the notes of the meeting taken by Professor Dorn. Dorn wrote subsequently that the “impact of the Patton affair upon the administration of the U.S. zone can scarcely be exaggerated. Henceforth, a new atmosphere prevailed. Dorn, “Unfinished Purge,” chap. 8, 28, box 13, Dorn Papers, Columbia University.
61. John S. D. Eisenhower, Strictly Personal 114. Also see John S. D. Eisenhower, General Ike 71–73.
62. GCM to HST, August 20, 1945, 6 Occupation 310n1.
63. DDE to GCM, August 27, 1945, ibid. 309–10.
64. DDE to LDC, November 8, 1945, ibid. 521–27. On December 2, 1945, Clay wrote Eisenhower that “we were able to give Zhukov the [manufacturing] plants he desired, which pleased him immensely as it evidenced your good faith.” Ibid., note 9.
65. DDE, Crusade in Europe 475. Eisenhower devotes the final chapter of Crusade in Europe (twenty-one pages) to relations with Russia.
66. See DDE to GCM, November 10, 1945, 6 Occupations 534–35. Ike told Marshall that it would be impossible for him to give a formal presentation but that he would study the briefing documents and speak informally. “For each committee I should like to have prepared one or two good solid paragraphs setting forth, without argument and without explanation the general scheme we propose and the general advantages we expect to result therefrom.”
67. House Committee on Military Affairs, Hearings on H.R. 515 77–78, 79th Cong., 1st sess., 1945.
68. DDE, Ike’s Letters to Friend 27–31.
69. DDE to Zhukov, December 6, 1945, The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, vol. 7, Chief of Staff 591–92. Cited subsequently as 7 Chief of Staff.
70. Susan Eisenhower, Mrs. Ike 235.
71. Susan Eisenhower’s treatment of this period, seen through the eyes of her mother, is exemplary. Ibid. 234–49.
72. Snyder Papers, EL, quoted in Travis Beal Jacobs, Eisenhower at Columbia 9 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2001).
73. Hatch, Red Carpet for Mamie 204–5.
74. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, “National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings: Quarters 1. Fort Myer Historic District.”
75. DDE, Eisenhower Diaries 136.
76. Ambrose, 1 Eisenhower 435; Korda, Ike 697.
77. DDE, Eisenhower Diaries 137, November 1, 1946.
78. Ambrose, 1 Eisenhower 443–44.
79. Truman, 1 Memoirs 553.
80. DDE, Mandate for Change 81.
81. DDE to GCM, May 28, 1946, 7 Chief of Staff 1085.
82. Pogue, 4 Marshall 141.
83. Ambrose, 1 Eisenhower 470.
84. DDE to Milton S. Eisenhower, May 29, 1947, The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, vol. 8, Chief of Staff 1737–38. Cited subsequently as 8 Chief of Staff.
85. Ibid.
86. DDE to Thomas J. Watson, June 14, 1947, ibid. 1757–58.
87. Michael Rosenthal, Nicholas Miraculous: The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler 453–54 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006). Also see DDE to Milton S. Eisenhower, June 14, 1947, 8 Chief of Staff 1759–60.
88. DDE to Thomas I. Parkinson, June 23, 1947, ibid. 1775–76. (Eisenhower’s emphasis.)
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: COLUMBIA
The epigraph is from the anthem of Columbia University, written by Gilbert Oakley Ward of the Class of 1902.
1. DDE, At Ease 325. Also see Perret, Eisenhower 377–79.
2. Grant, Personal Memoirs.
3. Jean Edward Smith, Grant 627.
4. DDE, At Ease 328.
5. Doubleday would pay $500,000; the New York Herald Tribune would pay $135,000 to serialize the book.
6. Douglas Black (publisher of Doubleday), interview by Travis Beal Jacobs, June 6, 1973, quoted in Jacobs, Eisenhower at Columbia 71.
7. “The Treasury Department informs me that the capital gains treatment of a sale such as we have in mind where the entire bundle of rights are involved is absolutely applicable,” Ike wrote William Edward Robinson of the Herald Tribune on December 20, 1947. Eisenhower had previously written to Treasury Undersecretary Archibald Lee Manning Wiggins, who referred the question to George J. Schoeneman, the commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service. DDE’s letter and Schoeneman’s reply are in the Presidential Papers, Official File, at the EL. DDE to Robinson, December 20, 1947, The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, vol. 9, Chief of Staff 2153. Cited subsequently as 9 Chief of Staff.
8. For 1948 tax brackets, see Internal Revenue Service, “Personal Exemptions and Individual Income Tax Rates, 1913–2002.”
9. DDE, At Ease 327.
10. Eli Ginsberg, interview by Travis Beal Jacobs, December 11, 1990, quoted in Jacobs, Eisenhower at Columbia 71.
11. Korda, Ike 614.
12. Ambrose, 1 Eisenhower 476–78. Eisenhower used Cliff Roberts as his financial adviser, and gave Roberts his check for Crusade in Europe to invest.
13. DDE to Bedell Smith, September 18, 1947, 9 Chief of Staff 1933–34.
14. DDE to Milton Eisenhower, October 16, 1947, ibid. 1986–87.
15. Leonard Finder to DDE, January 12, 1948, ibid. 2193n.
16. Lyon, Eisenhower 379.
17. DDE to Leonard V. Finder, January 22, 1948, 9 Chief of Staff 2191–93. Eisenhower added the qualifying phrase “in the absence of some obvious and overriding reasons” to avoid any suggestion that he was also ruling out Mac-Arthur as a candidate.
18. Ambrose, 1 Eisenhower 464.
19. Rosenthal, Nicholas Miraculous 248.
20. Alva Johnson, “Nicholas Murray Butler,” The New Yorker 233, November 15, 1930.
21. DDE, At Ease 342.
22. Dean Harry J. Carmen, interview by Travis Beal Jacobs, December 1, 1961, quoted in Jacobs, Eisenhower at Columbia 319.
23. Louis Graham Smith to DDE, May 20, 1948, The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, vol. 10, Columbia 86n. Cited subsequently as 10 Columbia.
24. DDE to Louis Graham Smith, May 25, 1948, ibid. 84–87. The university mailed copies of Eisenhower’s letter to all Columbia alumni.
25. DDE to Henry Steele Commager, July 29, 1948, ibid. 170–71n1.
26. DDE to Arthur Prudden Coleman, July 12, 1948, ibid. 139–40. Coleman, a twenty-year assistant professor in Columbia’s Department of Slavic Languages, had resigned in protest of the chair. Eisenhower accepted his resignation.
27. DDE to Columbia Trustees, September 20, 1948, quoted in ibid. 167n2.
28. Text of Installation Address, The New York Times, October 13, 1948.
29. The New York Times, June 6, 1944.
30. Richard H. Rovere, “The Second Eisenhower Boom,” Harper’s 31–39, May 1950.
31. Ellis Slater, interview by Travis Beal Jacobs, September 1, 1972, quoted in Jacobs, Eisenhower at Columbia 92.
32. DDE to Donald Harron, July 5, 1948, 10 Columbia 124–25.
33. DDE to Marquis Childs, July 8, 1948, ibid. 128–29.
34. DDE to James Roosevelt, July 8, 1948, ibid. 129–
31. The same letter was sent to Pepper and Hague. On July 9, Senator Pepper replied, “I reluctantly bow to your determination.”
35. Joseph Lang to DDE, October 11, 1948, ibid. 252n2.
36. Jacobs, Eisenhower at Columbia 110.
37. DDE, At Ease 341.
38. DDE, Ike’s Letters to a Friend 61–62.
39. Clifford Roberts, interview, September 12, 29, 1968, COHP.
40. DDE to Forrestal, November 4, 1948, 10 Columbia 283. “I know that you understand you can call on me at anytime for anything,” said Ike.
41. Forrestal to HST, November 9, 1948, ibid. 284n3.
42. DDE to HST, November 18, 1948, ibid. 310.
43. HST to DDE, November 26, 1948, ibid. 311n4.
44. Ira Henry Freeman, “Eisenhower of Columbia,” The New York Times Magazine, November 7, 1948.
45. Drew Middleton, The New York Times Book Review, November 21, 1948; Robert E. Sherwood, New York Herald Tribune, November 21, 1948; Richard Rovere, Harper’s, November 1948; Goronwy Rees, The Spectator, January 7, 1949. In addition to Roosevelt and Hopkins, Sherwood won Pulitzers for Idiot’s Delight (1936), Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1939), and There Shall Be No Night (1941).
46. Kevin McCann, interview by Travis Beal Jacobs, July 25, 1972, quoted in Jacobs, Eisenhower at Columbia 133–39.
47. R. Gordon Hoxie, interview by Travis Beal Jacobs, June 9, 1995, quoted in ibid. 126.
48. Jacques Barzun, interview by Travis Beal Jacobs, April 5, 1979, quoted in ibid. 144.
49. Henry F. Graff, letter to the editor, 25 Presidential Studies Quarterly 862–63 (Fall 1995).
50. Rosenthal, Nicholas Miraculous 411.
51. DDE, At Ease 356.
52. Harry J. Carman, interview by Travis Beal Jacobs, December 1, 1961, quoted in Jacobs, Eisenhower at Columbia 87.
53. Robert L. Schulz, interview, COHP, quoted in ibid. 156.
54. DDE diary, February 9, 1949, in Eisenhower Diaries 157.
55. DDE, 10 Columbia 479n4.
56. DDE to H. H. Arnold, March 14, 1949, ibid. 544–45.
57. DDE diary, March 19, 1949, in Eisenhower Diaries 158. (Eisenhower’s emphasis.)
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