by Mary Aiken
To be diagnosed with a paraphilia disorder: American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5 (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing), 685–705.
responding sexually to sadomasochistic narratives: A. C. Kinsey, W. B. Pomeroy, C. E. Martin, and P. H. Gebhard (1953), Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company), 676–78.
sexual gratification from inflicting pain: M. Hunt (1974), Sexual Behavior in the 1970s (New York: Playboy Press).
sadomasochistic sexual fantasies: R. B. Krueger (2010), “The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Sexual Masochism,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 39(2): 346–56.
reported to have rape fantasies: J. W. Critelli and J. M. Bivona (2008), “Women’s Erotic Rape Fantasies: An Evaluation of Theory and Research,” The Journal of Sex Research 45(1): 57–70.
tying up their partner: W. B. Arndt, Jr., J. C. Foehl, and F. E. Good (1985), “Specific Sexual Fantasy Themes: A Multidimensional Study,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48(2): 472–80.
disturbing aspect of Fifty Shades: On her personal webpage, eljamesauthor.com, Fifty Shades author E. L. James describes her trilogy as “adult romance.”
bondage and domination imagery: P. E. Dietz and B. Evans (1982), “Pornographic Imagery and Prevalence of Paraphilia,” American Journal of Psychiatry 139(11): 1493–95.
Internet searches for BDSM porn: “ ‘Fifty Shades of Grey’ Effect: BDSM More Popular Than Ever, Especially with New Yorkers,” booksnreview.com, August 30, 2012. See also M. Haber, “A Hush-Hush Topic No More,” NYTimes.com, February 27, 2013.
Membership in FetLife: FetLife.com.
individuals who practice sadomasochism: R. B. Krueger (2010), “The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Sexual Masochism,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 39(2): 346–56.
“sociological and social psychological studies”: T. S. Weinberg (2006), “Sadomasochism and the Social Sciences: A Review of the Sociological and Social Psychological Literature,” Journal of Homosexuality 50(2): 37.
Several unusual things were found: D. McDonald and N. Anderson, “Graham Dwyer Trial: Latex Bodysuit Found in Elaine O’Hara’s Flat, Court Hears,” Irish Independent, January 1, 2015.
Elaine’s emotional age: C. Gleeson, “Father’s Partner Tells of Concerns over Elaine O’Hara Self-Harming,” The Irish Times, January 26, 2015.
she had asked him to kill her: C. Ó Fátharta and N. Dwyer, “Elaine’s Father: Architect Refused Request to Kill Her,” Irish Examiner, January 24, 2015.
her remains were found in the underbrush: E. Edwards, “Graham Dwyer Trial: Knives, Mobile Phone and Handcuffs Among Items in Reservoir,” Irish Times, January 29, 2015.
“My urge to rape, stab or kill”: P. Flanagan and N. Reid, “Murder Trial Told Graham Dwyer Sent a Text to Victim Allegedly Saying: ‘My Urge to Rape, Stab or Kill Is Huge,’ ” Irish Mirror, January 22, 2015.
O’Hara left behind a notebook: D. McDonald and N. Anderson, “Graham Dwyer Trial: Latex Bodysuit Found in Elaine O’Hara’s Flat, Court Hears,” Irish Independent, January 1, 2015.
“Technology is a killer”: C. Cromie, S. Stack, and B. Hutton, “Graham Dwyer Guilty: Sadist Architect Stabbed Dublin Woman Elaine O’Hara to Death During Sex,” Belfast Telegraph, March 27, 2015.
now bans images that depict abusive: H. Saul, “UK Porn Legislation: What Is Now Banned Under New Government Laws,” The Independent, December 2, 2014.
he befriended female strangers online: R. Weiner, “Anthony Weiner Details How Many Women He’s Had Online Relationships With,” The Washington Post, July 25, 2013.
study at Ohio State University: R. Nauert, “Posting of Selfies May Suggest Personality Issues,” psychcentral.com, January 7, 2015.
men who post a lot of selfies: J. Fox and M. C. Rooney (2015), “The Dark Triad and Trait Self-Objectification as Predictors of Men’s Use and Self-Presentation Behaviors on Social Networking Sites,” Personality and Individual Differences 76: 161–65.
A bizarre case in the U.K.: E. Griffiths, “Warning over new ‘cyber flashing’ crime after woman’s iPhone is bombarded with explicit images on train,” Mirror, August 13, 2015.
“I want to again say”: R. Weiner, “Anthony Weiner Acknowledges More Explicit Texts,” The Washington Post, July 23, 2013.
“Maybe if the Internet didn’t exist”: M. Sella, “The Year of Living Carlos Dangerously,” GQ, gq.com, October 16, 2013.
Instead, he lost the mayoral primary: “New York City Primary Results,” NYTimes.com, September 16, 2013.
he whipped out his middle finger: The moment was captured in photographs by @KateRoseMe and @LindseyChrist and posted on Twitter, where they are still available for viewing. See W. Hickey, “Photo: Anthony Weiner Ends His Campaign by Giving the Press the Finger,” businessinsider.com, September 10, 2013.
voyeurism, also known as scopophilia: B. J. Sadock and V. A. Sadock (2008), Kaplan & Sadock’s Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry, 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins), 322.
Rabbi Barry Freundel: K. L. Alexander, S. Pulliam Bailey, and M. Boorstein, “D.C. Rabbi Pleads Guilty to Voyeurism Charges,” The Washington Post, February 19, 2015.
Jared James Abrahams: K. Gander, “Miss Teen USA Webcam Hacker Jared James Abrahams Sentenced to 18 Months in Prison,” The Independent, March 18, 2014.
“I wasn’t aware that somebody was watching”: “More Than 90 People Arrested in ‘Creepware’ Hacker Sting as Victim Miss Teen USA Describes ‘Terror’ at Being Watched Through Her Webcam for a YEAR,” MailOnline, May 25, 2014.
more than 70 million computers: statistics sourced from Gartner, International Data Corporation, and published on statisticbrain.com, January 14, 2015.
unknown fetishes like cranking: “10 unusual fetishes with massive online followings,” criminaljusticedegreesguide.com.
Chapter 2: Designed to Addict
Alexandra Tobias: News4Jax.com, February 1, 2011. Notably it has been reported that the day before the death, Tobias took a personality test on the Internet, which labeled her bipolar: D. Hunt, “Jacksonville Mom Who Killed Baby While Playing FarmVille Gets 50 Years,” The Florida Times-Union, February 1, 2011.
impulsivity: C. G. Coutlee, C. S. Politzer, R. H. Hoyle, and S. A. Huettel (2014), “An Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale Constructed Through Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11,” Archives of Scientific Psychology 2: 2.
a list of thirty simple statements: J. H. Patton, M. S. Stanford, and E. S. Barratt (1995), “Factor Structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 51(6): 768–774.
response inhibition: W. Ding et al. (2014), “Trait Impulsivity and Impaired Prefrontal Impulse Inhibition Function in Adolescents with Internet Gaming Addiction Revealed by a Go/No-Go fMRI Study,” Behavioral and Brain Functions 10: 20.
excessive Internet use: F. Cao and L. Su (2007), “Internet Addiction Among Chinese Adolescents: Prevalence and Psychological Features,” Child: Care, Health and Development 33(3): 275–81. See also G. J. Meerkerk, R. J. J. M. van den Eijnden, I. H. A. Franken, and H. F. L. Garretsen (2010), “Is Compulsive Internet Use Related to Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment, and Impulsivity?” Computers in Human Behavior 26(4): 729–35.
study of pigeons: D. A. Eckerman and R. N. Lanson (1969), “Variability of Response Location for Pigeons Responding Under Continuous Reinforcement, Intermittent Reinforcement, and Extinction,” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12(1): 73–80.
Dopamine: P. M. Newton, “What Is Dopamine?: The Neurotransmitter’s Role in the Brain and Behavior,” psychologytoday.com, April 26, 2009.
called “a heart-stopper”: M. Woolf, “That Irresistible Urge to Scratch: Lottery/Instants Fever,” The Independent, April 15, 1995.
In game design this is called “fun failure”: M. Breeze, “A Quiet Killer: Why Video Games Are So Addict
ive,” TheNextWeb.com, January 12, 2013.
“stimulates the release of loads of dopamine”: E. Ritvo, “Facebook and Your Brain: The Inside Dope on Facebook,” psychologytoday.com, May 24, 2012.
a brain response similar to the release of dopamine: D. I. Tamir and J. P. Mitchell (2012), “Disclosing Information About the Self Is Intrinsically Rewarding,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109(21): 8038–43.
“It is the mammalian motivational engine”: E. Yoffe, “Seeking: How the Brain Hard-Wires Us to Love Google, Twitter, and Texting. And Why That’s Dangerous,” Slate.com, August 12, 2009.
what we think of as our “core-self”: K. Badt, “Depressed? Your ‘SEEKING’ System Might Not Be Working: A Conversation with Neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp,” huffingtonpost.com, September 17, 2013.
The Latin word addictus: R. E. Cytowic, “Ambivalence in Addiction,” psychologytoday.com, November 13, 2015.
A 2015 study found that Americans: L. Eadicicco, “Americans Check Their Phones 8 Billion Times a Day,” Time.com, December 15, 2015.
tests to take online: behaviorhealth.bizcalcs.com.
signaling theory in marketing: B. Dunham (2011), “The Role for Signaling Theory and Receiver Psychology in Marketing,” in G. Saad (ed.), Evolutionary Psychology in the Business Sciences. (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer), 225–56.
apps created to help…break these patterns of behavior: K. Montgomery, “To Solve Phone Addiction, App Shows How Many Times You Check Your Phone,” Gawker.com, September 16, 2014.
For 2017, the number of cellphone users: Forecast of number of cellphone users worldwide (2013 to 2019) found at www.statista.com.
dangers of being “too connected”: K. Young (2015), “What You Need to Know About Internet Addiction,” tedxtalks.ted.com/video/What-You-Need-to-Know-About-Int.
The cravings they described: E. Aboujaoude et al. (2006), “Potential Markers for Problematic Internet Use: A Telephone Survey of 2,513 Adults,” CNS Spectrums 11(10): 750–55.
Korea…China: See M. H. Hur (2006), “Demographic, Habitual, and Socioeconomic Determinants of Internet Addiction Disorder: an Empirical Study of Korean Teenagers,” Cyberpsychology & Behavior 9(5): 514–25; J. J. Block (2008), “Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction,” American Journal of Psychiatry 165 (3): 306–7.
Italian adolescents: L. Milani, D. Osualdella, and P. Di Blasio (2009), “Quality of Interpersonal Relationships and Problematic Internet Use in Adolescence,” CyberPsychology & Behavior 12(6): 681–4.
seven European countries: A. Tsitsika et al. (2014), “Internet Addictive Behavior in Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional Study in Seven European Countries,” CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking 17(8): 528–35.
“overusing, abusing, or misusing their devices”: K. Wallace, “10 Signs You Might Be Addicted to Your Smartphone,” CNN.com, November 25, 2014.
“the need to seek out variety”: E. Hartney, “Is Compulsive Shopping Really an Addiction?,” verywell.com, April 5, 2016.
active users of eBay: statista.com
“I feel a literal rush”: momma*jess, “Retail Therapy Syndrome: Shopping Addiction 101,” eBay.com, March 16, 2007.
“In more serious cases”: K. Young, netaddiction.com/ebay.
“Chris lived for his Xbox”: R. Twomey, “Xbox Addict, 20, Killed by Blood Clot After 12-Hour Gaming Sessions,” Daily Mail, July 30, 2011 (updated January 6, 2016).
DVT is caused by inactivity: M. G. Beckman, W. C. Hooper, S. E. Critchley, and T. L. Ortel (2010), “Venous Thromboembolism: A Public Health Concern,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 38(suppl. 4): S495–S501.
“gamer’s thrombosis”: B. Gholipour, “Gamer’s Thrombosis: How Playing Too Long Could Be Deadly,” LiveScience.com, December 10, 2013.
A number of fatalities: A. Rudd, “Diablo Death: Teenager Dies After Playing Video Game for 40 Hours Without Eating or Sleeping,” Mirror, July 18, 2012.
professional gaming is now a multimillion-dollar industry: S. Y. Hwang, “South Korea’s Game Addiction Law Could Treat Games Like Drugs and Alcohol,” CNET.com, June 23, 2014.
A spike of concern was provoked: M. Tran, “Girl Starved to Death While Parents Raised Virtual Child in Online Game,” The Guardian, March 5, 2010.
The results showed that their cravings: C. Ko et al. (2009), “Brain activities associated with gaming urge of online gaming addiction,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 43(7): 739–47.
Internet Gaming Disorder: Internet Gaming Disorder is a “Condition for Further Study” in the DSM-5: American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing).
The APA suggested that these four: A. Weinstein and M. Lejoyeux (2010), “Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 36(5): 277–83.
In South Korea, the government: “Gaming Addiction Is Real and Growing Problem,” The Korea Herald, November 13, 2013.
Taiwan: M. Locker, “This Place Just Made It Illegal to Give Kids Too Much Screen Time,” Time.com, January 26, 2015.
“we see addicted gamers”: K. Young, “Should video games be considered a collegiate sport? I say No…” netaddictionrecovery.blogspot.com, November 10, 2014.
Stanford Marshmallow Experiments: The original Stanford experiment involved pretzels and animal cookies, but no marshmallows: W. Mischel and E. B. Ebbesen (1970), “Attention in Delay of Gratification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16(2): 329–37. The marshmallows were introduced in a 1972 follow-up study: W. Mischel, E. B. Ebbesen, and A. Raskoff Zeiss (1972), “Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21(2): 204–18.
On educational achievements, see Y. Shoda, W. Mischel, and P. K. Peake (1990), “Predicting Adolescent Cognitive and Self-Regulatory Competencies from Preschool Delay of Gratification: Identifying Diagnostic Conditions,” Developmental Psychology 26(6): 978–86.
On BMI, see T. R. Schlam, N. L. Wilson, Y. Shoda, W. Mischel, and O. Ayduk (2013), “Preschoolers’ Delay of Gratification Predicts Their Body Mass 30 Years Later,” The Journal of Pediatrics 162(1): 90–93.
children and teens diagnosed with some behavioral disorders: L. Davis (n.d.), “Risk of Internet Addiction Higher in Teens with ADHD and Depression,” video-game-addiction.org.
compulsive behaviors are “produced” by different games: M. Breeze, “A Quiet Killer: Why Video Games Are so Addictive,” TheNextWeb.com, January 12, 2013.
(As many as 41 percent): Z. Hussain and M. D. Griffiths (2009), “Excessive Use of Massively Multi-Player Online Role-Playing Games: A Pilot Study,” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 7(4): 563–71.
depression and “low locus of control”: E. Andreou and H. Svoli (2013), “The Association Between Internet User Characteristics and Dimensions of Internet Addiction Among Greek Adolescents,” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 11(2): 139–48.
the “power of positive thinking”: Norman Vincent Peale’s famous book continues to resonate over half a century after it was first published: N. V. Peale (1952), The Power of Positive Thinking (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall).
negative social, behavioral, and health consequences: W. Ding et al. (2014), “Trait Impulsivity and Impaired Prefrontal Impulse Inhibition Function in Adolescents with Internet Gaming Addiction Revealed by a Go/No-Go fMRI Study,” Behavioral and Brain Functions 10: 20. See also A. Weinstein and M. Lejoyeux (2010), “Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 36(5): 277–83.
“[T]hey promise more than they deliver”: C. Peterson, S. F. Maier, M. E. P. Seligman (1993), Learned Helplessness: A Theory for the Age of Personal Control (New York: Oxford University Press), 307–8.
I
n 2015, the cellphone pornography business: internetsafety101.org/mobilestatistics.htm.
“Hypersexual Disorder”: M. P. Kafka (2010), “Hypersexual Disorder: A Proposed Diagnosis for DSM-V,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 39: 377–400.
the APA chose to disregard: R. Weiss, “New Research Supports Sexual Addiction as a Legitimate Diagnosis,” rehabs.com, August 18, 2014.
“the Triple A Engine”: A. Cooper (1998), “Sexuality and the Internet: Surfing into the New Millennium,” Cyberpsychology & Behavior 1(2): 187–93.
Both gaming and porn: P. Zimbardo (2011), “The Demise of Guys?,” TED.com.
treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: M. P. Aiken and M. J. Berry (2015), “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Possibilities for Olfaction and Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy,” Virtual Reality 19(2): 95–109.
Maladaptive behavior: D. Busse and I. S. Yim (2013), in M. D. Gellman and J. R. Turner (eds.), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine (New York: Springer), 1187–88.
Chapter 3: Cyber Babies
studying baby rhesus monkeys: The Adoption History Project (n.d.), “Harry F. Harlow, Monkey Love Experiments,” pages.uoregon.edu/adoption/studies/HarlowMLE.htm.
Synapse formation for key developmental functions: B. Worthen, “What Happens When Toddlers Zone Out with an iPad,” The Wall Street Journal, May 22, 2012.
During the first two months of life: M. M. Haith (1980), Rules That Babies Look By: The Organization of Newborn Visual Activity (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates).
Eventually several studies backed up: J. S. DeLoache et al. (2010), “Do Babies Learn from Baby Media?,” Psychological Science 21(11): 1570–74.
See also R. A. Richert, M. B. Robb, J. G. Fender, and E. Wartella (2010), “Word Learning from Baby Videos,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 164(5).
study claimed that these videos could delay speech: F. J. Zimmerman, D. A. Christakis, and A. N. Meltzoff (2007), “Associations Between Media Viewing and Language Development in Children Under Age 2 Years,” The Journal of Pediatrics 151(4): 364–68.