The Ties That Bound
Page 35
21. Hurst, "A Review," pp. 130-131.
22. Ibid., p. 127.
23. Ibid., pp. 128-129.
24. Ibid., p. 126.
25. Just. 2/104 m. 2, 2/73 m. 2d.
26. Just. 2/18 m. 46.
27. Guy Beresford, The Medieval Clay-Land Village: Excavations at Goltho and Barton Blont (London, 1975), pp. 46-47. Just. 2/85 m. 5.
28. Just. 2/104 m. 23.
29. Just. 2/18 m. 48d., 2/103, 2/71 m. 3, and many other examples.
30. Just. 2/195 m. 2.
31. Just. 2/91 ms. 4, 5, 6; 2/82 m. 5d.; 2/92 m. 2; and Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, p. 91.
32. Just. 2/18 m. 58d.
33. Just. 2/83 m. Id. In just. 2/66 m. 2d. a woman "went to church to see the sacrament."
34. ChurchWardens' Accounts of Croscombe, Pilton, Latton, Tintinhull, Morebath, and St. Michael's Bath, ed. Edmund Hobhouse, Somerset Record Society 4 (1890), p. xxi. Lawrence A. Blair, English Church Ales (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1940). Dorothy Owen, Church and Society in Medieval Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire Local History Society 5 (1971), p. 131.
35. Just. 2/82 m. 5.
36. Just. 2/18 m. 44. Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield, I, trans. W. P. Baildon, The Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series 29 (1901), p. 267.
37. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, p. 46.
38. Ibid., pp. 50, 51.
39. Just. 2/67 m. 8d.
40. Beresford, Medieval Clay-Land Villages, p. 19.
41. Just. 2/195, ms. 4, 4d.
42. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, p. 46.
43. Just. 2/17 m. 4d.
Chapter 2. Toft and Croft
1. George Homans, English Villagers of the Thirteenth-Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1941), pp. 72-74, 208-209,
2. Michael Mitterauer and Reinhard Sieder, The European Family: Patriarchy to Partnership from the Middle Ages to the Present, trans. Karla Oosterveen and Manfred Horzinger (Chicago, 1981), pp.9-10. Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error, trans. Barbara Bray (New York, 1978), pp. 24-37.
3. J. G. Hurst, "A Review of Archaeological Research to 1968," In Deserted Medieval Villages, ed. Maurice Beresford and J. G. Hurst (London, 1971), pp. 104-107, 114.
4. Guy Beresford, The Medieval Clay-Land Village: Excavations at Goltho and Barton Blont (London, 1975), pp. 12-13.
5. Hurst, "A Review," pp. 106-107.
6. Beresford, Medieval Clay-Land Village, p. 19. J. G. Hurst, "The Changing Medieval Village in England," in Pathways to Medieval Peasants, ed. J. A. Raftis (Toronto, 1981), pp. 44-48.
7. R. K. Field, "Worcestershire Peasant Buildings, Household Goods and Farming Equipment in the Later Middle Ages," Medieval Archaeology, 9 (1965), pp. 126-128.
8. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, trans. R. F. Hunnisett, Bedfordshire Historical Record Society, 41 (1961), p. 98. Just. 2/67 m. Id.
9. Hurst, "A Review," pp. 90-91.
10. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, p. 12.
11. F. W. B. Charles, Medieval Cruck Building and Its Derivatives (London, 1967), pp. 16-32. H. M. Colvin, "Farmhouses and Cottages," in Medieval England, ed. A. Lane Poole (London, 1958), pp. 77-97. Eric Mercer, English Vernacular Houses: A Study of Traditional Farmhouses and Cottages (London, 1975). Wheatley Records, 956-1956, ed. W. O. Hassall, Oxfordshire Record Society 37 11956), p. 12.
12. Field, "Worcestershire Peasant Buildings," pp. 112-114.
13. Beresford, Medieval Clay-Land Village, p. 41.
14. N. W. Alcock, "The Medieval Cottages of Bishops Clyst, Devon," Medieval Archaeology 9 (1965), pp. 146-153. Just. 2/67 m. 34 cites a case where a cartload of tiles is being carried in Lincolnshire. And in 2/87 m. 3 a man who is sitting in his chamber was killed when a roof tile fell on his head.
15. The Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield from October 1331 to September 1333, ed. Sue Sheridan Walker, Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 2nd set., 2 (forthcoming), pp. 37-38. The manuscript was lent to me courtesy of the author.
16. Hurst, "A Review," p. 99.
17. Ibid., pp. 94-96. Beresford, Medieval Clay-Land Village, p. 20.
18. Alcock, "Medieval Cottages," pp. 147-149.
19. Field, "Worcestershire Peasant Buildings," pp. 125-126. Chertsey Abbey Court Rolls Abstract, ed. Elsie Toms, Surrey Record Society 21, part 1 (1937), part 2 (1954), pp. xx-xxi, for other examples.
20. Court Roll of Chalgrave Manor, 1278-1313, ed. Marian K. Dale, Bedfordshire Record Society 28 (1954), p. 33.
21. Just. 2/92 m. 4.
22. Beresford, Medieval Clay-Land Village, pp. 27-29. Hurst, "A Review," p. 99.
23. Just. 2/18 ms. 5, 42. In one case the straw on the floor came from shelling beans. In just. 2/77 m. 4 a woman returned from a tavern at night with a candle in her hand. She put it on the straw on the floor by the bed.
24. Just. 2/92 m. 4d.
25. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, p. 44.
26. Ibid., p. 37. Just 3/48.
27. Field, "Worcestershire Peasant Buildings," p. 111.
28. Just. 2/199 m. 6d.
29. Just. 2/93 m. 3.
30. Just. 2/18 m. 46, 2/104 m. 49, 2/195 m. 15d. The latter is a case of a servant woman working in a solar during harvest.
31. Guy Beresford, "Three Deserted Medieval Settlements on Dartmoor: A Report on the Late E. Marie Minter's Excavations," Medieval Archaeology 23 (1979), pp. 135-136.
32. Just. 2/67 m. 40, 2/87 m. 3, 2/194 m. 12. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, pp. 92, 102.
33. Just. 2/203 m. 7.
34. Just. 2/201 m. 1.
35. Hurst, "A Review," p.98. Beresford, Medieval Clay-Land Village, p. 44. S. Moorhouse, "A Late Medieval Domestic Rubbish Deposit from Broughton, Lincolnshire," Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 9 (1974), pp. 3-6.
36. Hurst, "A Review," p. 98.
37. Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield, I, trans. W. P. Baildon, The Yorkshire Archaeological Record Society Series, 29 (1901), p.261.
38. Just. 2/104 m. 7. See also just. 2/67 m. 14d.
39. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, pp. 228, 236. Just. 2/67 m. 23, 2/18 m. 19d.
40. Just. 2/66 m. 2 and 2/93 m. 3 mentions a well ten feet deep. Some wells were covered to prevent accidents; Just. 2/77 m. 3d.
41. See, for instance, just. 2/66 m. 2 for various examples. Beresford, Medieval ClayLand Village, p. 44.
42. Just. 2/67 m. 19d., 2/68 ms. 1, 2.
43. Beresford, Medieval Clay-Land Village, p. 44.
44. Hurst, "A Review," p. 116.
45. James E. Thorold Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages: The History of English Labour (London, 1884), p. 67.
46. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, pp. 33, 92, 111.
47. Ibid., p. 73.
48. Beresford, Medieval Clay-Land Village, pp. 13-17, 45.
49. Just. 2/220 m. 5.
50. Just. 2/18 m. 2.
51. Just. 2/85 m. 6, 2/91 m. 8d.
52. W. 0. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-laws in Medieval England, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 55 (Philadelphia, 1965), p. 29.
53. Hurst, "A Review," p. 115.
54. Just. 2/17 m. Id. See also just. 2/84 m. 8, 2/71 m. 2d., 2/69 m. 3.
55. Beresford, Medieval Clay-Land Village, pp. 45-46.
56. Just. 2/88 m. 3.
57. Beresford, Medieval Clay-Land Village, p. 12.
58. Hurst, "Changing Medieval Village," p. 33.
59. The description of the uses of ditches is taken from numerous examples in the coroners' rolls. For an example of a boy pole-vaulting, see just. 2/70 m. 7.
60. Just. 2/91 m. 3. The discussion of activities in the close is taken from many examples in the coroners' rolls. The activities of men, women, and children will be discussed more fully in other sections.
61. Just. 2/200 m. 8.
62. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York, 1975), pp. 6, 93. Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York, 1975), pp.44-53.
63. Hurst, "A Revi
ew," p. 80.
64. R. H. Hilton, The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages: The Ford Lectures for 1973 and Related Studies (Oxford, 1975), p. 56; other examples in manorial court rolls.
65. Marjorie J. 0. Kennedy, "Resourceful Villeins: The Cellarer Family of Wawne in Holderness," Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 48 (1976), p. 116.
66. Margot R. Adamson, A Treasury of Middle English Verse Selected and Rendered into Modern English (London, 1930), p. 87.
Chapter 3. Standards of Living
1. R. T. Davies, Medieval English Lyrics: A Critical Anthology (Evanston, Ill., 1964), pp. 71-73.
2. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, trans. Nevill Coghill (Harmondsworth, 1951), pp. 35-36.
3. R. K. Field, "Worcestershire Peasant Buildings, Household Goods and Farming Equipment in the Later Middle Ages," Medieval Archaeology 9 (1965), pp. 105-145.
4. Ibid., pp. 140, 145.
5. J. G. Hurst, "A Review of Archaeological Research to 1968," in Deserted Medieval Villages, ed. Maurice Beresford and J. G. Hurst (London, 1971), p. 141. Guy Beresford, The Medieval Clay-Land Village: Excavations at Goltho and Barton Blont (London, 1975), p. 53.
6. Beresford, Clay-Land Villages, p. 143.
7. R. H. Hilton and P. A. Rahtz, "Upton, Gloucestershire, 1959-1964," Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 85 (1966), pp. 112-113. Beresford, Medieval Clay-Land Villages, p. 77.
8. Barbara A. Hanawalt, Crime and Conflict in Medieval English Communities, 1300-1348 (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), pp. 75-86.
9. Court Roll of Chalgrave Manor, 1278-1313, ed. Marian K. Dale, Bedfordshire Record Society 28 (1954), p. 10.
10. Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield, I, trans. W. P. Baildon, The Yorkshire Archaeological Record Society Series, 29 (1901), p.85.
11. Just. 2/91 m. 3.
12. Just. 2/92 m. 4.
13. Just. 2/73 m. 7. Two sisters are described as sleeping together in one bed. Cases of husbands and wives in the same bed appear in homicide cases as well as accidental deaths. The position of the cradle is made amply clear from the numerous cradle fires.
14. Harrison's Description of England in Shakespere's Youth, 2 & 3 Books, ed. Frederick J. Furnivall, pt. I, the second book, The New Shakespere Society 6, 1 (London, 1877), p. 240.
15. Testamenta Eboracensia: A Selection of Wills from the Registry at York, III, Surtees Society 45 (1865), pp. 118-122.
16. A. F. Cirket, English Wills, 1498-1526, Publications of the Bedfordshire Historical Records Commission 37 (1956), p. 29. In just. 2/195 m. 4 a fourteen-year-old boy burned down the family house when he put a candle on the wall before an image.
17. Thomas Wright, A History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England during the Middle Ages (London, 1862), pp. 406-107.
18. Just. 2/82 m. 1.
19. Just. 2/67 m. 40, 2/85 m. 8.
20. R. H. Hilton, The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages: The Ford Lectures for 1973 and Related Studies (Oxford, 1975), p. 42.
21. Just. 2/78 m. 2.
22. Just. 2/67 m. 19.
23. Hurst, "A Review," p. 142.
24. The Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield from October 1331 to September 1333, ed. Sue Sheridan Walker, The Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 2nd ser., 2 (forthcoming), p. 175.
25. Just. 2/67 m. 40d, m. 23d are cases where a servant was sent to get a cartload of peat. Just. 2/104 m. 3 describes the cases of a woman over forty and a boy of seven who went to get peat.
26. William Langland, Piers Plowman, ed. W. W. Skeat (Oxford, 1886), B. 11, p. 228.
27. Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, p. 233.
28. Just. 2/106 m. 1; 2/114 ms. 3, 7, 8, 18.
29. Wright, A History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments, pp. 250-251.
30. James E. Thorold Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages: The History of English Labour (London, 1884), p. 67.
31. Hilton, English Peasantry, p. 42.
32. W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-laws in Medieval England, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 55 (Philadelphia, 1965), pp. 25, 31-33.
33. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, trans. R. F. Hunnisett, Bedfordshire Historical Record Society, 41 (1961), p. 11. Just. 2/109, ms. 1, 7.
34. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry, pp. 20-30. For pigs mauling children see, for instance, Jusc. 2/70 ms. lOd., 11; 2/67 m. 33; and 2/104 m. 8.
35. George Homans, English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1941), pp. 61-62.
36. Just. 2/92 m. 4d, 2/104.
37. Hurst, "A Review," pp. 138-140. Horse bones at Wharram were 20 percent of all bones. This may indicate that horses were more common than thought, although horses provide a large number of bones per carcass.
38. Hilton and Rahtz, "Upton," pp. 139-143.
39. M. M. Postan, "Village Livestock in the Thirteenth Century," Economic History Review 2nd ser. 15 (1962), pp. 219-249. D. L. Farmer, "Some Livestock Price Movements in Thirteenth-Century England," Economic History Review 2nd ser. 22 (1969), pp. 1-16.
40. Jennie Kitteringham, "Country Work Girls in Nineteenth-Century England," in Village Life and Labour, ed. Raphael Samuel (London, 1965), p. 75-79.
41. Hurst, "A Review," pp. 138-140.
42. J. G. Turner, Select Pleas of the Forest, Selden Society 13 (London, 1901), pp. 8, 88.
43. Frederic W. Maitland and William Paley Baildon, The Court Baron, Selden Society 4 (London, 1891), pp. 54-55.
44. Just. 2/74, 2/82 m. 9, 2/67 m. 19d.
45. Just. 2/203 m. 13.
46. J. R. Ravensdale, Liable to Floods: Village Landscape Cope on the Edge of the Fens, (Cambridge, 1974), pp.60-61.
47. Just. 2/74 m. 11.
48. Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, pp. 59-63.
49. William Ashley, Bread of Our Forefathers (Oxford, 1928), pp. 83-104.
50. Wright, Domestic Manners and Sentiments p. 158. The upper classes ate their meals on trenchers of inferior bread that were given to the poor as charity after the meal. Robert Richmond, ed., "Three Records of the Alien Priory of Gorve and the Manor of Leighton Buzzard," The Publications of the Bedfordshire Historical Record Society 8 (1924), p. 31.
51. John Gower, quoted in Ashley, Bread of Our Forefathers, p. 95.
52. William Langland, Piers Plowman, ed. W. W. Skeat (Oxford, 1886), c, vii, 201.
53. Just. 2/78 m. 2.
54. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry, pp. 19-20.
55. Ibid., pp. 12-16.
56. Just. 2/67 m. 33d.
57. Walker, Wakefield, p. 38.
58. A. R. Bridbury, England and the Salt Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 1955). In just. 2/105 m. Id a child of three fell into a vat of verjuice in a neighbor's home.
59. Hurst, "A Review," p. 135.
60. C. Wells, "A Leper Cemetery at South Acre, Norfolk," Medieval Archaeology 11 (1967), pp.242-248.
61. Rossell Hope Robbins, Secular Lyrics of the XIVth and XVth Centuries (Oxford, 1952), pp. 73-76.
62. Thomas Wright and James Orchard Halliwell, eds., Reliquiae Antiquae: Scraps and Ancient Manuscripts Illustrating Chiefly Early English Literature and the English Language, I,(London, 1841), p.43.
63. Langland, Piers Plowman, B, V, 194; C. VII, 201; C, X, 72.
64. Fernand Braudel, Capitalism and Material Life, trans. Miriam Kochan (London, 1973), pp.87-91.
65. Edward Miller and John Hatcher, Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change, 1086-1348 (London, 1978), pp. 159-161.
66. K. L. Wood-Legh, A Small Household of the XVth Century: An Account Book of Munden's Chantry, Bridport (Manchester, 1956), and Perpetual Chantries in Britain (Cambridge, 1965), pp. 234-270. Peter Heath, The English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation (London, 1969), p. 23. E. H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, "Seven Centuries of the Prices of Consumables, Compared with Builders' Wage-Rates," in Essays in Economic History, II, ed. E. M. Carus-Wilson (London, 1962), p. 180.
67. Rotha M. Clay, The Medi
eval Hospitals of England (London, 1909), pp. 167-170.
68. Homans, English Villagers, p. 261.
69. Ibid., p. 262. Harrison's Description of England, pt. 1, p. 162. Robert [Mannyg] of Brunne's Handlyng Synne, ed. Frederick J. Furnivall, The Early English Text Society 119 (London. 1901), p. 231.
70. Catherine B. Firth, "Village Gilds of Norfolk in the Fifteenth Century," Norfolk Archaeology 18 (1914), p. 185.
71. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, pp. 55, 97, 98.
72. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, pp. 69, 107. Just. 2/17 m. 7d., 2/18 m. 44, 2/102 m. 1, 2/104 m. 18, 2/85 m. 8, 2/109 ms. 1, 5. Walker, Wakefield, p. 267. Richard Leighton Green, ed., The Early English Carols, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1977), p. 491. There are three versions of this carol.
73. Wright, Domestic Manners and Sentiments, p. 162.
74. Doris M. Stenton, English Society in the Early Middle Ages, 1066-1307, 4th ed. (Harmondsworth, 1971), p. 28.
75. Jacques Rossiaud, "Prostitution, Youth, and Society in the Towns of Southeastern France in the Fifteenth Century," in Deviants and the Abandoned in French Sociey, ed. Robert Forster and Orest Ranum, trans. Elborg Forster and Patricia M. Ranum (Baltimore, 1978), pp. 1-46. Hope Phyllis Weissman, "Why Chaucer's Wife is from Bath," The Chaucer Review 15 (1980-1981), pp.12-35.
76. Just. 2/104 m. 8. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, pp. 11, 51. Just. 2/82 m. 1; 2/69 ms., 7d, 8. See also just. 2/81 m. 3, 2/76 m. 1, 2/74 m. 8d, 2/67 m. 22d, 2/194 m. 7.
77. Just. 2/69 m. 7d., 2/67 m. 22, 2/104 m. 43 d. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, p. 5.
78. Francis Elizabeth Baldwin, Sumptuary Legislation and Personal Regulation in England, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science 44 (Baltimore, 1926), pp. 75-76.
79. Just. 2/77 m. 3.
80. A. R. Bridbury, Economic Growth: England in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1962). R. H. Du Boulay, An Age of Ambition (London, 1970), gives a good label to the century.
81. Hanawalt, Crime and Conflict, pp. 168-171.