23. Mary Martin McLaughlin, "Survivors and Surrogates: Children and Parents from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Centuries," in The History of Childhood, ed. Lloyd deManse (New York, 1974), p. 122. Francis Gasquet, English Monastic Life (London, 1904), pp. 176-178.
24. Rotha M. Clay, The Medieval Hospitals of England (London, 1909), pp. 22-28.
25. Just. 2/18 m. 60, 2/104 m. 30.
26. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, pp. 39-40.
27. Jack Goody, "Adoption in Cross-Cultural Perspective," Comparative Studies in Society and History 11 (1969), p. 57. McLaughlin, "Survivors and Surrogates," p. 122, found that in Europe in general, adoption was rare in the Middle Ages.
28. Eleanor Searle, "Seigneurial Control of Women's Marriages: The Antecedents and Function of Merchet in England," Past and Present 82 (1979), pp. 36-37.
29. Clay, Medieval Hospitals, p. 12. This is still an excellent description of medieval hospitals.
30. Jay Rowe, "The Medieval Hospitals of Bury St. Edmunds," Medical History 2 (1958), pp.253-263.
31. Clay, Medieval Hospitals, pp. 212-225.
32. Peter Heath, The English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation (London, 1969), p. 141. Olwen Hufton, The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France, 1750-1789 (Oxford, 1974), p. 151, shows village charity in practice. The priest broke up loaves of bread for poor women and children at mass. They then went and begged for milk among the peasants.
33. Just. 2/67 m. 50. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, p. 47.
34. English Wills, p. 40.
35. Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, pp. 66-67, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 99, 239.
36. Ibid., pp. 64, 113-114.
37. English Wills, p. 16; see also pp. 19, 24, 30.
38. Just. 2/67 m. 40.
39. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, trans. Neville Coghill (Harmonds- worth, 1951), p.23.
40. Thomas Wright, A History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England during the Middle Ages (London, 1862); pp. 238-244. Robert [Mannyng] of Brunne's Handyng Synne, p. 168, commended dogs for their faithfulness and attachment to their masters.
41. Chalgrave, p. 32.
42. R. H. Hilton and P A. Rahtz, "Upton, Gloucestershire, 1959-1964," Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 85 (1966), pp. 140-142.
Chapter 17. Neighbors and Brotherhoods
1. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York, 1977), p.93.
2. Richard M. Smith, "Kin and Neighbors in a Thirteenth Century Suffolk Community," Journal of Family History 4 (1979), pp. 224-225. Barbara A. Hanawalt, "The Peasant Family and Crime in Fourteenth-Century England," Journal of British Studies 8 (1974), pp. 1-18.
3. Edward Britton, The Community of the Vill: A Study in the History of the Family and Village Life in Fourteenth-Century England (Toronto, 1977).
4. Court Rolls of the Manor of Carshalton, trans. D. L. Powell, Surrey Record Society 2 (1916), pp. 38. 61.
5. Michael Bennett, "Spiritual Kinship and Baptismal Name in Traditional European Society," in Principalities, Powers and Estates: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Government and Sociey, ed. L. O. Frappell (Adelaide, 1979), pp. 3-4. John Bossy, "Blood and Baptism: Kinship, Community and Christianity in Western Europe from the Fourteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries," in Sanctity and Secularity: The Church and the World, ed. Derek Baker (Oxford, 1973), pp. 129-144, has argued that feuds could be ended by the parents of a child asking an enemy to become coparents. While this is certainly possible, he has failed to produce evidence that it occurred in England. Mediterranean community activities cannot be transferred north just as their family organization, living arrangements, and marriage customs cannot be.
6. Chertsey Abbey Court Rolls, Abstract, trans. Elsie Toms, Surrey Record Society 21 (1937), p. xxix.
7. The difficulties of assessing the importance of pledging and other types of village aid relationships is that the studies are not strictly comparable since they used different means to form the categories of status in the village and were exploring somewhat different questions. The conclusions that can be drawn from the comparisons are of the most general order. Smith, "Kin and Neighbors," pp. 229-249, has done the most systematic work on village networks. Britton, Community of the Vill, pp. 103-108, has suggested the idea of dominance by village elite, and Martin Pimsler, "Solidarity in the Medieval Village? The Evidence of Personal Pledging at Elton, Huntingdonshire," Journal of British Studies 17 (1977), p. 11, seems to be in agreement. Edwin DeWindt, Land and People in Holywell-cum-Needingworth (Toronto, 1972), pp. 243-250, places somewhat more emphasis on village cooperation.
8. Ibid., pp. 265-274. Britton, Community of the Vill, pp. 105-114.
9. Just. 2/17 m. Id., 2/17 m. 4d, 2/18 m. Id.
10. In just. 2/75 m. I a man was sitting at a bull baiting when the animal broke its ropes and ran over him; another case in just. 2/76 m. 1. In just. 2/18 m. 46 John Waryn was watching an archery contest on the church green on a Sunday in 1356 when he was hit by a stray arrow. Archery was the sport that Edward III encouraged in order to provide trained archers for his wars. Football was a favorite sport, but could be dangerous: Just. 2/69 m. 7, 2/70 m. 7. The official attitude toward ball games was that they should be banned. Carshalton, pp. 59, 62, 61, 65, fined peasants for playing handball. Statutes forbade ball games along with dice, stone throwing, and so on. Frances F. Baldwin, Sumptuary Legislation and Personal Regulation in England (Baltimore, 1926), pp. 83, 87. Just. 2/67 ms. 40, 45; 2/104; 2/195 m. 3d.
11. Lawrence Blair, English Church Ales (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1940).
12. English Wills, 1498-1526, ed. A. F. Cirket, Bedfordshire Historical Record Society 37 (1956), pp. 31. 41.
13. ChurchWardens' Accounts of Coscombe, Pilton, Latton, Tintinhull, Morebath, and St. Michael's Bath, ed. Edmund Hobhouse, Somerset Record Society, IV (1890), p. 1.
14. Bedfordshire Wills, 1480-1519, trans. Patricia Bell, Bedfordshire Historical Record Society 45 (1966), pp. 43-44, 59-60, 68-69, 92-93. For the Basse-Gere-Hafurne network, see pp. 67-68, 70, 80, 91-92.
15. F. W. Warren, "A Pre-Reformation Gild," Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 11 (1903), p. 135.
16. Jacques Chiffoleau, La compatabiliti de L'Au-dela: Its hommes, la mort et la religion dons la rigion d'Avignon a la fin du moyen age (vers 1320-14811) (Rome, 1980), pp. 167-285. For gild charters, see Toulmin Smith and Lucy Toulmin Smith, eds., English Gilds: The Original Ordinances of More Than 100 English Gilds, EETS, o.s. 40 (London, 1870), and the appendix to H. F. Westlake, The Parish Gilds of Medieval England (London, 1919). The Lincoln funeral provision: Westlake, pp. 167-168.
17. Westlake, Parish Gilds, p. 166.
18. Warren, "Pre-Reformation Gild," p. 185. Churchwarden's Accounts of Croscombe, pp. xxi-xxii. Dorothy Owen, Church and Society in Medieval Lincolnshire (Lincoln, 1971), p. 131.
19. Walter Rye, "The Guilds of Lynn Regis," The Norfolk Antiquarian Miscellany 1 (1877), pp. 158-159.
20. Smith and Smith, English Gilds, pp. xxxix-xxxx. Westlake, Parish Gilds, p. 35.
21. Ibid., p. 171.
22. Cambridge Gild Records, ed. Mary Batson, Cambridge Antiquarian Society Publications 39 (1903), p. xvi.
23. Westlake, Parish Gilds, pp. 61-62. Land and houses were also rented by gilds. Smith and Smith, English Gilds, p. xxxv.
24. Westlake, Parish Gilds, pp. 40-41. Cornelius Walford, Gilds: Their Origin, Constitution, Objects, and Later History (London, 1897), pp. 7, 20.
25. Westlake, Parish Gilds, p.9 and appendix. Smith and Smith, English Gilds, p. xxxvi. Sometimes the limitation was three years' aid.
26. Records of the Gild of St. George in Norwich, 1389-1547, ed. Mary Grace, Norfolk Record Society 9 (1937), p. 24.
27. J. A. Raftis, "Changes in an English Village after the Black Death," Mediaeval Studies 29 (1967), pp. 158-177.
28. Zvi Razi, "Family, Land and the Village Community in Later Medieval England," Past and Present 93 (1981), p. 31.
29. De
Windt, Holywell-cum-Needingworth, pp. 263-275. Razi, "Family, Land and the Village Community," pp. 29-36, in his zeal to show that his evidence refutes Raftis and DeWindt, has tried to argue that the increased disparity of wealth and power in the villages did not destroy the community of Halesowen. He argues that the wealthy tended to employ their poorer neighbors. His argument ignores the obvious implications of this power relationship for discord in the community rather than as a continuation of the old balance in community relations. He also argues that the higher-status villagers were less involved in violence, but, as he fails to present any figures, one cannot accept this assertion.
30. Robert B. Goheen, "Social Ideas and Social Structure: Rural Gloucestershire, 1450-1500," Histoire Sociale-Social History 1 (1979), pp. 262-280, has developed an interesting argument about the transformation from community justice to royal justice in the fifteenth century. See also R. H. Hilton, The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 1975) on the decline of serfdom and the manor court.
Appendix. Coroners' Rolls
1. R. F. Hunnisett, The Medieval Coroner (Cambridge, 1961), has a complete discussion of the coroners' duties and the rolls.
2. For Bedfordshire I used the published records: Bedfordshire Coroners's Inquests, trans. R. F. Hunnisett, Bedfordshire Historical Record Society 41 (1961).
Manuscripts
Great Britain. Coroners rolls (Just. 2).
Printed Documents
Bedfordshire Coroners' Rolls, trans. R. F. Hunnisett. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society 41 (1961).
Bedfordshire Wills, 1480-1519, trans. Patricia Bell. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society 45 (1966).
Bedfordshire Wills Proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1383-1548, ed. Margaret McGregor. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society 58 (1979).
Before the Bawdy Court: Selections from Church Court and Other Records Relative to the Correction of Moral Offenses in England, Scotland, and New England, 1300-18010, comp. Paul Hair. New York, 1972.
Bishop Hald's Survey: A Record of the Possession of the See of Durham, ed. William Greenwell. Surtees Society 32 (1857).
Calendar of Coroners' Rolls of the City of London, ed. Reginald R. Sharpe, London, 1913.
Calendar of Nottinghamshire Coroners' Inquests, 1485-1558, ed. R. F. Hunnisett, Thoroton Society Record Series 25 (1969).
Cambridge Gild Records, 1298-1389, ed. Mary Bateson. Cambridge Antiquarian Society Publications, Octavo Ser. 39 (1903).
Carte Nativorum: A Peterborough Cartulary of the Fourteenth Century, ed. M. M. Postan and C. N. L. Brooke. Northamptonshire Record Society 20 (1960).
Chertsey Abbey Court Rolls, Abstract, trans. Elsie Toms. Surrey Record Society 21, Part I (1937), Part 11 (1954).
ChurchWardens' Accounts of Croscombe, Pilton, Latton, Tintinhull, Morebath, and St. Michael's Bath, ed. Edmund Hobhouse. Somerset Record Society 4 (1890).
Court Baron, ed. Frederic W. Maitland and William P. Baildon. The Seldon Society 4. London, 1891.
Court Roll of Chalgrave Manor, 1278-1313, ed. Marian K. Dale. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society 28 (for 1948, published 1950).
Court Rolls of the Manor of Carshalton from the Reign of Edward III to That of Henry VII, trans. D. L. Powell. Surrey Record Society 2 (1916).
Court Rolls of the Manor of Ingoldmells in the County of Lincoln, ed. and trans. W. O. Massingberd. London, 1902.
Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield, 1274-1297, I, ed. and trans. W. P. Baildon. The Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series 29 (1901).
Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield, 1297-1309, II, ed. and trans. W. P. Baildon. The Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series 36 (1906).
Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield, 1313-1316,1286, III, ed. and trans. John Lister. The Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series 57 (1917).
Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield, 131-1317, IV, ed. and trans. John Lister. The Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series 78 (1930).
Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield, 1322-1331, V, ed. and trans, J. P. Walker. The Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series 109 (1945).
The Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield from October 1331 to September 1333, trans. Sue Sheridan Walker. The Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series, 2nd ser., 2 (forthcoming).
Documents Relating to the Manor and Soke of Newark-on-Trent, ed. M. W. Barley. Thoroton Society Record Series 16 (1956).
English Gilds: The Original Ordinances of More than 100 English Gilds, ed. Toulmin Smith and Lucy Toulmin Smith. Early English Text Society, o.s. 40 (1870).
English Wills, 1498-1526, ed. A. F. Cirket. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society 37 (1957)..
"An Extent of Upton, 1431," pp. 26-38, ed. and trans. Violet W. Walker. In A Second Miscellany of Nottinghamshire Records. Thoroton Society Record Series 14 (1951).
Lathe Court Rolls and Views of Frankpledge in the Rape of Hastings, A.D. 1387 to 1474, ed. Elinor J. Courthope and Beryle E. R. Formoy. Sussex Record Society 37 (1931).
Records of the Gild of St. George in Norwich, 1389-1547, ed. Mary Grace. Norfolk Records Society 9 (1937).
The Records of the Guild of Holy Trinity, St. Mary, St. John the Baptist, and St. Katerine of Coventry, ed. Geoffrey Templeman. Dugdale Society 19. Oxford, 1944.
Records of Medieval Oxford, Coroners' Inquests, the Walls of Oxford, etc., ed. H. E. Salter. London, 1912.
Select Cases from the Coroners' Rolls, A.D. 120-1413, ed. Charles Gross. Selden Society 9. London, 1896.
Select Pleas of the Forest, ed. G. J. Turner. Selden Society 13. London (1901).
A Small Household of the XVth Century: An Account Book of Munden's Chantry, Bridport, ed. K. L. Wood-Legh. Manchester, 1956.
Testamenta Eboracensia: A Selection of Wills from the Registry at York, III. Surtees Society 45 (1865).
"Three Records of the Alien Priory of Grove and the Manor of Leighton Buzzard," pp. 15-46, ed. Robert Richmond. In Publications of the Bedfordshire Historical Record Society 8 (1924).
A Volume of English Miscellanies. Surtees Society 85 (1890).
Wheatley Records, 956-1956, ed. W. O. Hassall. Oxfordshire Record Society 37 (1956).
Chronicles and Literary Sources
Adamson, Margot R., ed. A Treasury of Middle English Verse Selected and Rendered into Modern English. London, 1930.
Capellanus, Andreas. The Art of Courtly Love, trans. John Jay Parry. New York, 1972.
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales, trans. Neville Coghill. Harmondsworth, 1951.
Child, Francis James. The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, 5 vols. Boston, 1883-1894.
Comper, Frances M. M. Spiritual Songs from English MSS. of the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge, 1936.
Davies, R. T. Medieval English Lyrics, A Critical Anthology. Evanston, Ill. 1964.
Furnivall, Frederick James. Hymns to the Virgin and Christ, the Parliament of Devils, and Other Religious Poems. Early English Text Society, o.s. 24. London, 1868.
Manners and Meals in Olden Time. Early English Text Society, o.s. 32. London, 1868.
Greene, Richard Leighton. The Early English Carols, 2nd ed. Oxford, 1977.
Harrison's Description of England in Shakespere's routh, Being the Second and Third Books, Frederick J. Furnivall. New Shakespere Society, ser. 6, no I (1877), no. 8 (1881).
The Italian Relation of England: A Relation of the Island of England, ed. C. A. Sneyd. Camden Society 37 (1847).
Kempe, Margery. The Book of Margery Kempe, ed. Sanford B. Meech and Hope Emily Allen. Early English Text Society, o.s. 212. London, 1940.
Knox, Ronald and Leslie, Shane, eds. The Miracles of King Henry VI. Cambridge, 1923.
Langland, William. Piers Plowman, ed. W. W. Skeat. Oxford, 1886.
Myrc, John. Instructions for Parish Priests, ed. Edward Peacock. Early English Text Society, o.s. 209. London, 1940.
Pierce the Plowman's Crede, ed. W. W. Skeat. Early English Text Society, o.s. 30. London, 1906.
Robbins, Rossell Hope. Secular Lyrics of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Oxford, 1952.
Robert [Mannyng] of Brunne's Handlyng Synne, ed. Frederick J. Furnivall. Early English Text Society, o.s. 119. London, 1901.
Rumble, Thomas C., ed. The Breton Lays in Middle English. Detroit, 1965.
Segar, Mary G., ed. A Mediaeval Anthology, Being Lyrics and Other Short Poems Chiefly Religious. London, 1915.
Stevick, Robert D. ed. One Hundred Middle English Lyrics. Indianapolis, 1964.
Trokelowe, Johannes de. Annales (Chronica Monasterii S. Alban), ed. H. T. Riley. Rolls Series 28. London, 1866.
Wright, Thomas, ed. Songs and Carols. London, 1836, and Halliwell, James Orchard, eds. Reliquiae Antiquae: Scraps and Ancient Manuscripts Illustrating Chiefly Early English Literature and the English Language, 2 vols. London, 1841.
Books and Articles
Alcock, N. W. "The Medieval Cottages of Bishops Clyst, Devon." Medieval Archaeology 9 (1965): 146-153.
Arensberg, Conrad. The Irish Countryman. Garden City, N.Y., 1968.
Aries, Philippe. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of the Family. trans. Robert Baldick. London, 1962.
Ault, Warren O. "By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest." Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 14 (1961): 210-217.
Open-Field Farming in Medieval England. London, 1972.
. Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Communiy: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new ser. 55. Philadelphia, 1965.
Ashley, William. Bread of Our Forefathers. Oxford, 1928.
Baker, A. R. H. "Open Fields and Partible Inheritance on a Kent Manor." Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (1964): 1-23.
Baldwin, Frances Elizabeth. Sumptuary Legislation and Personal Regulation in England. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science 44. Baltimore, 1926.
Barley, M. W. The English Farmhouse and Cottage. London, 1961.
-. "Farmhouses and Cottages, 1550-1725." Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 7 (1954-1955):291-306._
Barnes, J. A. "Genetrix : Genitor :: Nature : Culture?" In The Character of Kinship, pp. 61-73, ed. Jack Goody. Cambridge, 1973.
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