Rutland, Charles Manners, 4th Duke of
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Saint-Domingue
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see also Delhi
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Shaw, Richard Norman
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see also Boston
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Sherrard, Thomas
Shiels, William
Shillinge, Andrew
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cotton see cotton
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shipping trade see shipping trade
slave see slave trade/slavery
sugar see sugar
wool
see also under specific cities
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ALSO BY TRISTRAM HUNT
Building Jerusalem: The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City
Marx’s General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels
About the Author
TRISTRAM HUNT is the author of Marx’s General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels and Building Jerusalem: The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City. One of Britain’s leading young historians, he writes regularly for The Guardian, The Observer, and The Times, and has broadcast numerous series for the BBC. A lecturer in history at the University of London, Hunt represents Stoke-on-Trent in the British Parliament, where he serves as the education spokesman for the Labour Party.
CITIES OF EMPIRE. Copyright © 2014 by Tristram Hunt. All rights reserved. For information, address Henry Holt and Co., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.
www.henryholt.com
Jacket artwork: Aerial view of the city of Boston, engraved by L. W. Atwater, 1873 (chromolitho), after Charles Parsons (1821–1910) / Boston Athenaeum, USA / Bridgeman Images
eBooks may be purchased for business or promotional use. For information on bulk purchases, please contact Macmillan Corporate and Premium Sales Department by writing to [email protected].
The Library of Congress has cataloged the print edition as follows:
Hunt, Tristram, 1974– author.
[Ten cities that made an empire]
Cities of empire: the British colonies and the creation of the urban world / Tristram Hunt.
pages cm
“Originally published in England in 2014 under the title Ten Cities that Made an Empire by Allen Lane, London.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8050-9308-7 (hardback) — ISBN 978-0-8050-9600-2 (electronic book)
1. Great Britain—Colonies—History—Case studies. 2. Cities and towns—Case studies. 3. Metropolitan areas—Case studies. 4. Imperialism—History—Case studies. I. Title.
DA16.H86 2014b
941—dc23
2014030024
Originally published in the U.K. in 2014 under the title Ten Cities that Made an Empire by Allen Lane, London.
First U.S. Edition: November 2014
* A visit to the landmark ‘Road to Regeneration’ exhibition at Beijing’s National Museum of China clarifies any doubt about the central place of the Opium Wars and the loss of Hong Kong in the Communist Party narrative of contemporary China’s progress. ‘After Britain started the Opium War in 1840, the imperial powers descended on China like a swarm of bees, looting our treasures and killing our people,’ reads the official account. ‘They forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties that granted them economic, political and cultural privileges and sank China gradually into a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society.’ The anti-imperialist struggle was the beginnings of China’s ‘search for a path to salvation [in Maoist socialism]’.
* Partha Chatterjee has suggested the revival of colonial themes in postcolonial countries is itself the broader product of a new era of technocratic elitism. ‘We are being told that it is a sign of our growing self-confidence as a nation that we can at last acknowledge, without shame or guilt, the good the British did for us,’ he wrote in 2005. ‘I suspect it is something else. The more popular democracy deepens in India, the more its elites yearn for a system in which enlightened gentlemen could decide, with paternal authority, what was good for the masses. The idea of an Oxford graduate of 22 going out to rule over the destiny of 100,000 peasants in an Indian district can stir up many noble thoughts in middle-class Indian hearts today.’ See Partha Chatterjee, ‘Those Fond Memories of the Raj’, in Empire and Nation (New York, 2010).
* See here.
* The
name was taken from a local Indian tribe, part of the Algonquin people.
* Virginia (1607), New York (1626), Massachusetts Bay (1630), New Hampshire (1630), Maryland (1634), Connecticut (1636), Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (1636), Delaware (1638), North Carolina (1653), New Jersey (1660), South Carolina (1670), Pennsylvania (1682) and Georgia (1733).
* Admiral John Byng was widely held responsible for the loss of Minorca in 1756 at the start of the Seven Years’ War. He was court-martialled and executed in 1757.
* Strafford’s ingratiating use of the phrase ‘your imperial Crown’ needs some explanation. The Kings of England and then the United Kingdom did not generally title themselves ‘Emperors’ (until, that is, they became Emperors of India in the nineteenth century) but the Protestant Reformation of the mid-1530s and the creation of the Church of England had led England to declare itself autonomous, free from the jurisdiction of Rome. As the 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals famously phrased it, ‘this realm of England is an Empire governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same’. Phrases such as ‘great Brittaines imperial crown’ or ‘the Empire of great Britaine’ were common by the 1610s. Oliver Cromwell perhaps came closest to assuming the title ‘Emperor’ in the mid-1650s. See David Armitage, ‘The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Language of Empire’, The Historical Journal, 35 (1992).
* Since 1803 the building has served as the Bank of Ireland, where appeals to Wisdom and Justice have not, in recent years, always been heeded.
* The events of 1916 and 1966 were explicitly connected. At a meeting of the Dublin City Council on 7 December 1953, a letter was submitted from the Hon. Secretary, IRA Dublin Brigade, enclosing a copy of a resolution adopted by the Dublin Brigade Council calling for the removal of Nelson Pillar and the erection adjacent thereto of a memorial to the men of 1916. See Andrew O’Brien, ‘The History of Nelson’s Pillar’, Dublin Historical Record, 60, 1 (2007).
* The acerbic Swedish doctor Andrew Sparrman had a simple explanation for such effusive praise. ‘The Cape is usually mentioned in too high terms by sea-faring men; particularly by such as have been there only for a short time. The reason probably is, that people, who are weary of a long and tedious voyage of several months duration, are usually enchanted with the first spot of earth they set foot upon, of which they afterwards make their reports according to the impression it first made upon them. This is so much more likely to happen with respect to the Cape, as seafaring men are seldom used to stay there long enough to be weary of it.’ See Andrew Sparrman, A Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope (Dublin, 1785), p. 7.
* The missionary Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta (1823–26), was the author of that quintessentially colonial nineteenth-century hymn ‘From Greenland’s icy mountains’ (1819):
From Greenland’s icy mountains,
From India’s coral strand,
Cities of Empire Page 60