21. Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 711–14, 822.
22. Sutter, Historical Dictionary of United States–China Relations (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006), 190–91.
23. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, 710–14, 820–23.
290
Notes
24. Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, Strait Talk: United States-Taiwan Relations and the Crisis with China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 35–40.
25. Ibid., 52, 68; Mann, About Face, 51–52.
26. An authoritative account of the U.S.-China opening is in Tucker, Strait Talk.
27. Ibid., 52.
28. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Executive-Legislative Consultations over China Policy, 1978–1979 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1980).
29. Schaller, The United States and China, 178–84; Tucker, Strait Talk, 29–68; Ross, Negotiating Cooperation, 17–54.
30. Warren Cohen, America’s Response to China: A History of Sino-American Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 220.
31. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, 763–73.
32. John K. Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 404–5.
33. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, 817–23.
34. Fairbank and Goldman, China, 406–10; Ezra Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 91–183.
35. Nayan Chanda, Brother Enemy: The War after the War (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986).
36. Garver, Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China, 166–77, 310–11.
37. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 221–25.
38. Mann, About Face, 82–92.
39. Tucker, Strait Talk, 101–15.
40. Harry Harding, A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China since 1972 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1992), 80–81.
41. Ross, Negotiating Cooperation, 125–26; Mann, About Face, 98–100.
42. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Executive-Legislative Consultations over China Policy.
43. Harding, A Fragile Relationship, 86–87.
44. Schaller, The United States and China, 193–96.
45. Tucker, Strait Talk, 129–52.
46. Schaller, The United States and China, 177.
47. On the costs, see Tucker, Strait Talk, 52, 68, 153; Ross, Negotiating Cooperation, 163–245; Mann, About Face, 125–36; Schaller, The United States and China, 177; House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Executive-Legislative Consultations over China Policy.
48. See discussion of congressional debates on China policy in chapter 5, below.
49. Tucker, Strait Talk, 153–60.
50. Harding, A Fragile Relationship; Ross, Negotiating Cooperation; Mann, About Face.
Major works covering later developments are Tucker, Strait Talk; David M. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Robert Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2003); Jean Garrison, Making China Policy: From Nixon to G. W. Bush (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005). Garrison’s analysis (80–85) identifies two competing groups of US decision makers regarding China policy in the early 1980s as the “China-first” group and the “pan-Asian” group. The analysis in this book builds on the Garrison analysis.
51. Ross, Negotiating Cooperation, 170–245; Mann, About Face, 119–36; Garrison, Making China Policy, 79–106; Tucker, Strait Talk, 153–60.
52. Harding, A Fragile Relationship, 131–45. David Shambaugh, “Patterns of Interaction in Sino-American Relations,” in Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, ed. Thomas Robinson and David Shambaugh (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 203–5.
53. Garver, Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China, 310–19.
54. Robert Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations: Developments after Mao (New York: Praeger, 1986), 18–96.
55. Garver, Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China, 98–103, 317–19.
56. Ross, Negotiating Cooperation, 164–74.
Notes
291
57. Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations, 182.
58. Ibid., 178.
59. Garver, Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China, 98–103; Ross, Negotiating Cooperation, 170–200.
60. Tucker, Strait Talk, 153–60; Mann, About Face, 128–33.
61. Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations, 178.
62. Richard Nations, “A Tilt Towards Tokyo,” Far Eastern Economic Review, April 21, 1983, 36; Ross, Negotiating Cooperation, 228–33.
63. Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations, 178–79.
64. Ibid.
65. On Deng’s role in these foreign policy issues and overall political standing, see Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China.
66. Ross, Negotiating Cooperation, 233–45; Tucker, Strait Talk, 160–61.
67. Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations, 180–81.
68. Ross, Negotiating Cooperation, 233–44; Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations, 181–82.
69. Tucker, Strait Talk, 155–60.
70. Gerald Segal, Sino-Soviet Relations after Mao, Adelphi Papers, no. 202 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1985).
71. The review of Sino-Soviet relations in the remainder of this section is adapted from Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations, 182–86. See also Segal, Sino-Soviet Relations after Mao.
5. TIANANMEN, TAIWAN, AND
POST–COLD WAR REALITIES,
1989–2000
1. Tony Saich, Governance and Politics of China (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 70–74; Ezra Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011)
2. Jean Garrison, Making China Policy: From Nixon to G. W. Bush (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005), 210–17; Steven Mufson, “Coverage of China in the American Press,” in China in the American Political Imagination, ed. Carola McGiffert (Washington, DC: CSIS Press, 2003); David M. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 276–78; Kenneth Lieberthal,
“Why the US Malaise over China?” YaleGlobal Online, January 19, 2006, http://yaleglobal.
yale.edu/content/why-us-malaise-over-china (accessed September 27, 2009); Kenneth Lieberthal and Wang Jisi, Addressing U.S.-China Strategic Distrust (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2012).
3. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, 17–55.
4. Barry Naughton, The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007), 98–100.
5. Carola McGiffert, ed., Chinese Images of the United States (Washington, DC: CSIS
Press, 2006).
6. Kenneth Lieberthal, “China: How Domestic Forces Shape the PRC’s Grand Strategy and International Impact,” in Strategic Asia 2007–2008, ed. Ashley Tellis and Michael Wills (Seattle, WA: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2007), 63.
7. Garrison, Making China Policy, 182–83; Michael Swaine, Reverse Course? The Fragile Turnabout in U.S.-China Relations, Policy Brief 22 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment, February 2003).
8. Warren Cohen, America’s Response to China: A History of Sino-American Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 229.
9. Michael Schaller, The United States and China: Into the Twenty-First Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 211–14.
292
Notes
10. John Garver, Face Off: China, the United States, and Taiwan’s Democratization (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997).
11. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, 55–63.
12. Robert L. Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2003), 358–409.
14. Harry Harding, Public Engagement in American Foreign Policy (New York: The American Assembly, Columbia University, February 23–25, 1995), 8–9.
15. Charlotte Preece and Robert Sutter, Foreign Policy Debate in America, CRS Report 91–833F (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, November 27, 1991).
16. Sutter, U.S. Policy toward China, 12.
17. “Ross Perot on the Issues,” On the Issues, http://www.issues2000.org/Ross_Perot.htm (accessed September 21, 2009).
18. Sutter, U.S. Policy toward China, 13–14; Joseph Nye, Bound to Lead (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
19. Sutter, U.S. Policy toward China, 14–15; Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, 17–63.
20. “John McCain on the Issues,” On the Issues, http://www.issues2000.org/John_McCain.
htm (accessed September 21, 2009).
21. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, 332–35, 338–39.
22. Kerry Dumbaugh, “Interest Groups: Growing Influence,” in Making China Policy: Lessons from the Bush and Clinton Administrations, ed. Ramon Myers, Michel Oksenberg, and David Shambaugh (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 113–78.
23. Sutter, U.S. Policy toward China, 16.
24. Kent Wong, “The AFL-CIO and China,” U.S.-China Media Brief, 2008, UCLA Asian American Studies Center, http://www.aasc.ucla.edu/uschina/ee_aflciochina.shtml (accessed September 21, 2009).
25. Dumbaugh, “Interest Groups,” 150, 158–59, 161, 162, 170–71.
26. Sutter, U.S. Policy toward China, 16–17.
27. Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, Strait Talk: United States-Taiwan Relations and the Crisis with China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).
28. Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen, 294, 330.
29. The four crises are identified and reviewed in Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, 17–63. See also Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen.
30. Schaller, The United States and China, 204–5.
31. Sutter, U.S. Policy toward China, 26–44.
32. James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China, from Nixon to Clinton (New York: Knopf, 1999), 274–78.
33. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 229–31.
34. Schaller, The United States and China, 214–19.
35. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 234–39.
36. For this and the next two paragraphs, see Robert Sutter, Historical Dictionary of United States–China Relations (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), lxix–lxx.
37. Schaller, The United States and China, 219–27.
38. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 235–36.
39. Tucker, Strait Talk, 217–18, 231–43.
40. Sutter, Historical Dictionary of United States–China Relations, lxxi.
41. Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen, 369–77.
42. Tucker, Strait Talk, 239–44.
43. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, 95–97.
44. Garrison, Making China Policy, 148–52.
45. Ibid., 165–82; Robert Sutter, “The Democratic-Led 110th Congress: Implications for Asia,” Asia Policy 3 (January 2007): 125–50.
46. The following analysis summarizes points made at greater length in Robert Sutter, “U.S.
Domestic Debate over Policy toward Mainland China and Taiwan: Key Findings, Outlook, and
Notes
293
Lessons,” American Journal of Chinese Studies 8, no. 2 (October 2001): 133–44; and Robert Sutter, “The Bush Administration and U.S. China Policy Debate,” Issues and Studies 38, no. 2
(June 2002): 14–22.
47. Tucker, Strait Talk; Myers, Oksenberg, Shambaugh, eds., Making China Policy; Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams; Mann, About Face; Sutter, U.S. Policy toward China; Robert Sutter, The China Quandary (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983).
48. Tucker, Strait Talk, 29–52.
49. Reviewed in ibid., 116–28; Sutter, The China Quandary, 5, 19, 85, and 146.
50. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Executive-Legislative Consultations over China Policy, 1978–1979 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1980).
51. Ramon Myers, Michel Oksenberg, and David Shambaugh, eds., Making China Policy: Lessons from the Bush and Clinton Administrations (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 79–222.
52. Robert Sutter, “U.S. Domestic Debate over Policy toward Mainland China and Taiwan,”
in Making China Policy: Lessons from the Bush and Clinton Administrations, ed. Ramon Myers, Michel Oksenberg, and David Shambaugh (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 37.
53. Bill Gertz and Rowan Scarborough, “Inside the Ring,” Washington Times, March 22, 2002 (Internet version); Murray Hiebert and Susan Lawrence, “Crossing Red Lines,” Far Eastern Economic Review, April 4, 2002 (Internet version).
54. Sutter, “The Bush Administration and U.S. China Policy Debate,” 16.
55. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams; Chu Shulong, “Quanmian jianshe xiaokang shehui shiqi de zhongguo waijiao zhan-lue,” Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi 8 (August 2003); Fu Hao and Li Tongcheng, eds., Lusi shui shou? Zhongguo waijiaoguan zai Meiguo [Who will win the game? Chinese diplomats in the United States] (Beijing: Hauqiao Chubanshe, 1998).
56. Song Qiang, Zhang Changchang, and Qiao Bian, Zhongguo keyi shuo bu: Lengzhanhou shidai de zhengzhi yu qinggan jueze [China can say no: The decision between politics and sentiment in the post–Cold War] (Beijing: Zhonghua Gongshang Lianhe Chubanshe, 1996).
57. Robert Sutter, Chinese Policy Priorities and Their Implications for the United States (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 40–41; Wang Jisi, China’s Changing Role in Asia (Washington, DC: The Atlantic Council of the United States, January 2004), 1–5, 16–17; Qian Qichen, “Adjustment of the United States National Security Strategy and International Relations in the Early New Century,” (Beijing) Foreign Affairs Journal 71 (March 2004): 1–7; Wang Jisi, “Xinxingshi de zhuyao tedian he Zhongguo waijiao,” Xiabdai Guoji Guanxi (Beijing) 4 (April 2003): 1–3; Yuan Peng, “Bumpy Road Ahead for Sustainable Sino-U.S. Ties,”
China Daily, May 8, 2007, 11; Lieberthal, “Why the US Malaise over China?”; Fu Mengzi,
“Sino-U.S. Relations,” Xiandai Guoji Guanxi (Beijing) 17 (January 2007): 32–46.
58. Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen, 340–51; Schaller, The United States and China, 223–24.
59. Sutter, Chinese Policy Priorities, 41–42.
60. “Experts Appraise Sino-U.S. Relations,” Jeifang Junbao (June 1995), 5; Wang Jisi,
“Deepening Mutual Understanding and Expanding Strategic Consensus,” Renmin Ribao (June 16, 1998), 6; “Questions and Answers at Qian Qichen’s Small-Scale Briefing,” Wen Wei Pao (Hong Kong; November 4, 1997), A6; Sutter, Chinese Policy Priorities, 42.
61. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, 39–45; Sutter, U.S. Policy toward China, 47–65.
62. David M. Lampton, “America’s China Policy in the Age of the Finance Minister: Clinton Ends Linkage,” China Quarterly 139 (September 1994): 597–621.
63. Sutter, Chinese Policy Priorities, 43–44.
64. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, 45.
65. Sutter, Chinese Policy Priorities, 52; Garver, Face Off. See also Su Ge, Meiguo: Dui hua Zhengce yu Taiwan wenti [America: China policy and the Taiwan issue] (Beijing: Shijie Zhishi Chubanshe, 1998).
66. U.S. News and World Report, October 23, 1995, 72.
67. Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen, 264–357.
68. Sutter, Chinese Policy Priorities, 57–58.
69. Susan Shirk, China: Fragile Superpower (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 220.
294
Notes
70. Robert Sutter, China’s Rise in Asia (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), 12–13.
6. PRAGMATISM AMID DIFFERENCES DURING THE GEORGE W.
&n
bsp; BUSH ADMINISTRATION
1. Murray Hiebert, The Bush Presidency: Implications for Asia (New York: Asia Society, 2001), 5–9.
2. Robert Sutter, “Grading Bush’s China Policy: A−,” PacNet 10 (March 8, 2002), https://
www.csis.org/analysis/pacnet-10-grading-bushs-china-policy.
3. James Shinn, ed., Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996).
4. Bonnie Glaser, “Bilateral Relations on Reasonably Sound Footing as 2000 and the Clinton Administration Come to a Close,” Comparative Connections (January 2001), https://
csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/0004qus_china
.pdf.
5. Bonnie Glaser, “First Contact: Qian Qichen Engages in Wide-Ranging, Constructive Talks with President Bush and Senior U.S. Officials,” Comparative Connections (April 2001), https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/0101qus_
china.pdf.
6. John Keefe, Anatomy of the EP-3 Incident (Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analysis, 2002).
7. Nick Cummings-Bruce, “Powell Will Explain Bush’s Asia Policy,” Wall Street Journal, July 23, 2001, A11.
8. Michael Swaine and Zhang Tuosheng, eds., Managing Sino-American Crises (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006).
9. “Concern over U.S. Plans for War on Terror Dominate Jiang Tour,” Reuters, April 7, 2002, http://www.taiwansecurity.org (accessed April 9, 2002); Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “U.S., Taiwan Catch Jiang Off-Guard,” CNN.com, March 19, 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/
WORLD/asiapcf/east/03/18/willy.column.
10. Bonnie Glaser, “Playing Up the Positive on the Eve of the Crawford Summit,” Comparative Connections (October 2002), http://cc.csis.org/2002/10/playing-positive-eve-crawford-summit.
11. “U.S. Says China Regulations Should Free Up Soybean Exports,” statement of the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, October 18, 2002, http://ustr.gov; “Mainland Offers Taiwan Goodwill Gesture,” China Daily, October 18, 2002, http://www.taiwansecurity.org (accessed October 20, 2002); “China Tightens Rules on Military Exports,” Reuters, October 21, 2002, http://www.taiwansecurity.org (accessed October 23, 2002); “Ashcroft to Open China FBI Office,” Reuters, October 22, 2002, http://www.taiwansecurity.org (accessed October 24, 2002); “U.S. and China Seal Billion Dollar Deals,” BBC, October 22, 2002, http://www.
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