Root-Takahira agreement, 27
one China, one Taiwan policy, 105
Ross, Robert, 175
one China policy, 4
Ross, Wilbur, 269
one country, two systems, 260
Rubio, Marco, 160, 224
Open Door Notes, 24–25
Russia, 23, 25, 27, 28, 119, 154, 162
Open Door policy, 24, 29
opium trade, 19
Sanders, Bernie, 160
Opium War of 1839–1842, 18, 19
SARS virus, 138
Saudi Arabia, 85
Pakistan, 85, 87, 131, 176, 276, 277
Scarborough Shoal, 229
Panama Canal Treaty, 74
secrecy in US China policy, 8, 69–71, 102
pan Asia approach in US policy toward
September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on
China, 77–90
America, 93, 110, 121
Panay incident, 32
Shanghai Communiqué, 71
Parker, Peter, 19
Shantung lease-hold, 18, 29–30
Pearl Harbor, 37, 175
Shultz, George, policy toward China,
Pelosi, Nancy, 98, 103, 134
77–90
Pence, Michael, 267
Sigur, Gaston, 77, 79
permanent normal trade relations (PNTR),
silk road plans, 233, 276–277
94, 103, 104, 105, 186
Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984, 260
Philippines, 157, 229, 230, 231, 268
Sino-Soviet alliance, 40, 52, 54, 56
political dissent in China, 250–252
Sino-Soviet split, 58–59, 59, 66
prison labor and Chinese exports to the
Snow, Edgar, 43, 68
United States, 130
Soong, Mayling, 34
processing trade, 188, 195
South China Sea, 4, 151, 152, 154, 156,
proliferation of weapons of mass
157, 158, 163, 213–214, 227, 229–231,
destruction (WMD) and US-Chinese
233–236, 268. See also Chinese
relations, 1, 131, 176
maritime disputes; East Asian maritime
Index
329
disputes
Taiwan Strait crisis of 1995–1996, 94, 103,
Southeast Asia and China, 275. See also
115–116, 169, 216
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Tangshan earthquake, 72
(ASEAN); South China Sea
Tang Shao-yi, 27
South Korea, 151, 275
Terranova, Francisco, 19
Soviet Union, 40, 46, 54, 58, 95; and Yalta
terrorism, 1, 122, 127, 176, 258
Conference of 1945, 46; maneuvering
Tet offensive 1968, 63
during change in US-China-Soviet
Thailand, 268
relations 1969-1989, 62, 80, 88–89,
Three No’s, 105
165–168
Tiananmen crackdown, 8, 91–102, 186,
“special state-to-state relations,” 106
241, 251
Stalin, Joseph, 24, 40
Tibet, 93; and issues in US-Chinese
“state capitalism” in China, 187, 195–196
relations, 5, 93, 100, 130, 134, 151,
state control of information in China,
240, 242, 256–257; and the uprising
252–254
and crackdown in 2008, 130, 243
state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 187
trade, 6; and China, 188–190; issues in US
Stilwell, Joseph, 41, 42, 45
politics 2015–2017, 159, 194–204,
Straight, Willard, 27–28
207–208; issues since the Cold War,
Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF), 220
132, 134, 163, 194–204, 207–208; US
Stuart. Leighton, 48
deficit with China, 6, 134, 194–195
Sudan, 5, 6
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Sun Yat-sen, 30
Property Rights (TRIPS), 198
Syria, 4, 5, 6, 162
Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), 153, 159,
223, 280
Taft, William, 24, 28
treaty ports, 15, 19, 20
Taiping Rebellion, 20
Treaty System, 13, 19, 20
Taiwan, 1, 47, 60, 213–226, 275; and US
Tribute System, 13, 18
elections debates 2016, 224–225;
Truman, Harry, 24, 47–48, 50–52
Eisenhower policy toward, 53–54;
Trump, Donald, 3; and human rights, 244;
issues after Tiananmen, 92, 93, 169;
and Xi Jinping, 4, 162–164, 266; crisis
issues in contemporary US-Chinese
over North Korean nuclear weapons,
relations, 5, 8, 175, 214–226; issues in
182–183, 266; election campaign
normalizing US-Chinese relations,
issues, 159, 160–161, 186, 204; policy
69–71, 74–77, 167, 215; issues in
in the Asia-Pacific region, 266–270,
Reagan’s pan Asia policy, 77–90;
280; policy toward China, 3–5, 147,
issues in Trump administration, 3, 4,
150, 161–164, 204, 212, 236, 266;
150, 161, 163; issues in US-Chinese
policy toward Taiwan, 3, 150, 161, 162,
relations 1989–2000, 94, 103, 115–116;
225–226
issues in US-Chinese relations
Tsai Ing-wen, 157, 161, 182–183, 214,
2000–2017, 133–134, 151, 175,
217, 222
177–179
Twenty-One Demands, 18, 24, 29
Taiwanese-American lobby groups, 100
two Chinas policy, 105
Taiwan independence and self-
determination, 84, 105, 216, 217, 240,
Uighur Muslims, 257–258
242
Umbrella Movement, 259
Taiwan Relations Act, 8, 75, 109–110
United Nations, 60; and peacekeeping, 1
Taiwan Strait crisis of 1954–1955, 54–55
Unocal, 133
Taiwan Strait crisis of 1958, 56
US-China Communiqué of 1978, 74, 75
330
Index
US-China competition in the Asia-Pacific
Vance, Cyrus, 74, 80, 167
region, 151–158, 267
Vatican relations with China, 256
US-China economic issues, 132–133, 134,
Venezuela, 5
147, 155, 185–208
Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919, 18, 29
US-China military ties and security
“victim mentality” and China, 7, 274
interests in the 21st century, 131, 148,
Vietnam, 88, 88–89, 167, 268; Chinese
165, 169–183
invasion of, 75, 167; territorial disputes
US-China security interests against the
with China, 229, 230, 231, 233–234;
Soviet Union 1969–1989, 165–168
US war in, 56, 57, 59, 63–64
US-China security interests following
Tiananmen and the Cold War 1989-
Wallace, Henry, 44–45
2000, 165, 168–169
Wang-hsia Treaty of 1844, 19
US-China strategic and economic
Ward, Frederick Townsend, 20
dialogues, 2
Washington Conference of 1921-1922, 18,
US Congress, 42; and policy toward China,
24, 30
42, 75, 77, 90, 93, 95, 97, 108–110,
Watergate scandal, 71
128–136, 168, 215; impact of the 110th
“wedge strategy,” 55–56
Congress, 134, 135
Wilson, Woodrow, 18, 24, 29
US debates over China policy: late
Wolfowitz, Paul, 77, 79, 82
1970s–early 1980s versus 1990s, 75,
World Bank, 192
93, 95, 96–102, 107–110; 2014–2017,
World Health Assembly (WHA), 220
154, 155–156
World Trade Organization (WTO) and
US differences with China, 6–7, 8–9, 143,
China, 94, 103, 104, 105, 186, 200
147–148, 159–160
US election campaign 2016 and China, 3,
Xi Jinping, 2; and Barack Obama, 148,
147, 150, 159–161, 186
157–158, 174, 200, 212, 266; and
US failure in China, 40–48
Donald Trump, 4, 150, 162–164, 266;
US intelligence monitoring Soviet missile
and economic influence in Asia—
launches from Chinese sites, 168
strengths and weaknesses, 276–277;
US international decline, 270
and human rights, 244; and policy
US leadership in Asia, 5, 32, 37, 40,
shortcomings in Asia, 275–276; and
50–51, 152, 278–281
policy toward the US, 145, 153–155,
US media and China, 77, 91–92, 169
170, 174, 266; and Trump
US public opinion and China, 16, 77,
administration, 3–4
91–92, 160, 215
Xinjiang, 5, 130
US-Republic of China defense treaty, 53,
54, 74, 75
Yalta Conference of 1945, 38, 46
US-Soviet arms control, 74
Ye Jianying, 69
US Special Trade Representative (USTR),
Yellow Sea, 151
202
Yuan Shih-kai, 27
US State Department reports on human
rights in China, 246, 249
Zhou Enlai, 43–44, 55, 59, 62, 66, 67
US strengths and shortcomings in the Asia-
Zhu Rongji, 105
Pacific region, 278–281
Zimbabwe, 5, 6
Zoellick, Robert, 125
values and US-Chinese relations, 6–7, 14,
ZTE, 157
77, 153, 237–264
About the Author
Robert G. Sutter has been professor of practice of international affairs at the Elliott School of International Affairs (ESIA) at George Washington University since 2011. He also directs the ESIA Bachelor of Arts in International
Affairs program, involving more than one thousand students.
A PhD graduate in history and East Asian languages from Harvard Uni-
versity, Sutter taught full-time at Georgetown University (2001–11) and part-
time during the previous thirty years at Georgetown, George Washington,
and Johns Hopkins Universities and the University of Virginia. He has pub-
lished twenty-one books, more than two hundred articles, and several hun-
dred government reports dealing with the United States, China, and contem-
porary Asian and Pacific affairs. His most recent, newly published book is
The United States and Asia: Regional Dynamics and Twenty-First Century
Relations (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015). The fourth edition of his book Chinese Foreign Relations: Power and Policy Since the Cold War (Rowman
& Littlefield) was published in 2016.
Sutter’s government career (1968–2001) involved work on Asian and
Pacific affairs and US foreign policy. He was for many years the senior
specialist and director of the Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division
of the Congressional Research Service. He was also the national intelligence
officer for East Asia and the Pacific at the US government’s National Intelli-
gence Council, the China Division director at the Department of State’s
Bureau of Intelligence and Research, and a professional staff member of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
331
Document Outline
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Patterns of US-China Relations Prior to World War II
3 Relations during World War II, Civil War, Cold War
4 Rapprochement and Normalization
5 Tiananmen, Taiwan, and Post–Cold War Realities, 1989–2000
6 Pragmatism amid Differences during the George W. Bush Administration
7 Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Xi Jinping
8 Security Issues in Contemporary US-China Relations
9 Economic and Environmental Issues in Contemporary US-China Relations
10 Taiwan and East Asian Maritime Disputes in Contemporary US-China Relations
11 Issues of Human Rights in Contemporary US-China Relations
12 Outlook
Notes
Selected Bibliography
Index
About the Author
US-China Relations (3rd Ed) Page 60