plots to restore power to, 40, 187–88, 192–93, 195–98, 282
rebellions and conspiracies against rule of, 32, 80, 114n, 162, 201, 203
Mediterranean Sea, 177
Meinecke, Friedrich, 229n
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 9n
metaphysics, 222, 260
Metternich, Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von, 350
Michelangelo Buonarotti, 60, 150, 152–56, 163n, 179, 216, 335, 338
death of, 10n
family background of, 155
as protégé of Lorenzo the Magnificent, 60n, 153n
works of, 30, 154, 155–56, 179, 244n, 291, 313
Middle Ages, 29, 47, 57n, 64, 219n, 220, 229, 242n
Milan, 18, 44, 45, 47–48, 57, 80, 82, 87–89, 97, 141, 142, 177, 179, 257, 312
Mill, John Stuart, 346n
Modena, 300, 325
Mona Lisa (Leonardo), 144n
Monarchia, De (Dante Alighieri), 219n, 242n
Montaperti, Battle of, 18
Montefeltro, Elisabeth Gonzaga da, 115
Montefeltro, Federico da, 114–15
Montefeltro, Guidobaldo da, 114n, 115, 121
Montefeltro family, 296
Monte San Savino fortress, 191
Montespertoli castle, 21
More, Thomas, 220, 242n
Moses, 43, 228, 336
Mussolini, Benito, 268, 349
Naples, 44, 45, 61, 179, 312
French and Spanish divided rule of, 107–8, 135
French claims on, 49, 51, 89, 90, 107–8
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 248, 349
Nardi, Jacopo, 256
nation-states, 29, 45, 46, 47, 48–49, 80, 86, 337
rivalry among, 31, 49, 80, 94, 96, 144, 179
Nepi, 134, 135
Nerli, Filippo de, 295
Nero, Bernardo del, 61–62
Nero, Francesco del, 309
Nero, Piero del, 108, 127
Nichomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 234n
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 342n
Nine of the Militia, 163–64, 171, 191
Nixon, Richard, 350
“On Ambition” (Machiavelli), 183
“On Fortune” (Machiavelli), 174n
“On Ingratitude or Envy” (Machiavelli), 4–5, 248
“On the Method of Dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of the Valdichiana” (Machiavelli), 117–18
“On Wifely Duties” (Barbaro), 110
Orca, Remirro de, 129–31, 160
Ordinances of Justice of 1293, 20–21
original sin, 234n
Orlando Furioso (Ariosto), 285–86
Orsini, Alfonsina, 113n, 192
Orsini, Cardinal Giambattista, 131
Orsini, Clarice, 108n
Orsini, Francesco, Duke of Gravina, 121, 131
Orsini, Niccolò, 182
Orsini, Paolo, 113n, 122, 126, 131
Orsini family, 95, 113n, 126, 131, 134, 135
Orti Oricellari, 254n, 281–85, 288, 291–92, 294, 295, 298, 305–6, 307, 313
Orvieto, 328
“Otium” (Horace), 249
ottimati, 52, 76–77, 147, 163–64, 200–201, 283, 338
Otto (the Eight), 34, 187, 191, 203, 326
Overseers of the Walls, 322–24
Ovid, 34, 248, 255
Pachierotto, 299
Padua, 182
Padua, University of, 173
paganism, 219–20, 257, 260
Palazzo della Signoria, 65, 78, 83, 97, 99, 117n, 155–56, 164, 183, 185, 201–2, 203, 212, 327
government offices in, 4, 10, 23, 28, 32, 49–50, 70, 81, 123, 136, 249
Hall of the Great Council in, 53, 54, 68, 150, 151n, 152, 163n, 179, 265n
Room of Lilies in, 75
palleschi, 187–88, 195–97
Pantiachi family, 105
Papal armies, 95, 178, 185, 283, 325
Papal Index of Prohibited Books, NM’s works consigned to, 9, 263, 343
Papal States, 45, 96, 181, 315
Parenti, Marco, 73n
Paris, 99
Parma, 190, 326
Passerini, Cardinal, 329
“Pastorale” (Machiavelli), 35
Pavia, Battle of, 315, 320n
Pazzi Conspiracy, 32, 80, 114n, 201, 294
Pazzi family, 15, 21, 72, 73, 216
Peloponnesian War, 255
Percussina, 4, 14, 21, 22, 202
Persia, 159, 242
Perugia, 121, 133, 138
Peruzzi Bank, 230n
Pescia, Domenico da, 65–66, 67, 69–70
Peter, Saint, 69, 96
Petrarch, 34, 36, 248, 273
Philadelphia, Pa., 268
Philiberte of Savoy, 244
Philip II, King of Spain, 232
Philip of Macedon, 226
piagnoni (weepers), 40, 58, 330
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 30, 172, 228, 347
Piero della Francesca, 114n
Pietrasanta fortress, 49, 51n
Piombino, 105, 171–72
Pisa, 49, 51n, 55, 57
fleets of, 177
Florentine struggle for control of, 78, 79, 84, 88, 90–91, 98, 99–100, 113–14, 143–46, 152, 157–58, 163, 169–72, 174–76
1406 Florentine conquest of, 177
1494 rebellion in, 177
1509 Florentine recapture of, 174–78, 187, 188, 202
hunger and starvation in, 169–70, 176
Pistoia, 18, 105, 119, 130, 226
Pitti family, 21, 30
Pius II, Pope, 135, 222
Pius III, Pope, 135, 136, 312
Plato, 14, 33, 147, 219–20, 224n, 242n, 251n, 267, 283n, 323, 332
“Platonic Academy,” 281n
Plautus, Titus Macchius, 247n, 271n, 290, 319n
Plutarch, 106, 128–29, 332
Poggio Imperiale, 191
Pole, Cardinal Reginald, 9n, 343–44
Politics, The (Aristotle), 219n, 223, 226n, 238n, 251n
Poliziano, Angelo, 30, 35
Polybius, 271
Pompilius, Numa, 261n
Ponte Vecchio, 13, 15–16, 39, 50, 75, 210, 249, 333
popolani, 13n, 19, 26, 52, 146, 202
Porta al Prato, 282
Porta a Mare, 84
Porta San Gallo, 40
Portinari, Beatrice, 108n
Portugal, 177
Prato, 2, 191–95, 203, 315
Primavera (Botticelli), 29
Prince, The (Machiavelli), xv, 34, 37, 41, 57, 71, 79, 89, 94, 100, 102–3, 106–7, 160–61, 173, 182, 215–45
analysis of human society and history in, 218–19
Cesare Borgia as model for, 46, 115–16, 140, 227
comparison of Discourses with, 254–55, 257, 259, 263, 270, 284
comparison of great works of Western literature with, 219–27
composition of, 1, 7–11, 21, 105, 129, 140, 213–14, 254, 351
“Concerning Liberality and Parsimony” chapter in, 219
dedication of, 8n, 10n, 17, 141, 142–43, 213–14, 217, 261n, 284–85
epilogue of, 7n
“An Exhortation to Free Italy from the Hands of the Barbarians” chapter in, 240, 241n
1532 Florentino edition of, 339
“How to Avoid Flaterers” chapter in, 219
“ideal ruler” described in, 9, 31, 46, 115, 148, 216, 217–18, 342
modern world forseen in, 218
motivation for, 7–8, 10, 215, 217, 219
nature of good and evil explored in, 218, 224–25, 230, 235–36, 259
NM’s worldview in, 222–31
originality of, 218–19, 221
outrage provoked by, 8, 71–72, 132, 218
political influence of, 9, 348–50
political lessons of, 118–19, 127, 130, 131–32, 140, 147–48, 176, 178, 184, 201, 204, 215–16, 222, 225–26
specula principi genre represented by, 219–27, 232
structure and form of, 34, 218–19
violence, treachery and deceit
advocated in, 132, 137, 215–16, 226, 229, 231, 233–34, 238–40
Prinzivalle della Stufa, 188
Priors, 4n, 50, 76, 123
professional guilds, 20, 299
Protestantism, French, 9n
Protestant Reformation, 263n, 293
Ptolemy, 24, 173
Pulci, Luigi, 35
Raffacani, Barbera, 278, 290, 291, 309, 311, 317–18
Ragusa, 210, 308
raison d’état, 148, 237, 286, 342–43, 348
Raphael, 114n, 179, 293, 294
Ravenna, Battle of (1512), 189–90
Realpolitik, 348, 350
Remolins, Francisco, 68
Report on Germany (Machiavelli), 166
Republic (Plato), 219n, 220, 323
Revolt of the Ciompi (1378), 161–62
Riario, Girolamo, 80, 96, 97
Riario, Ottaviano, 80–81
Richard III, King of England, 347
Richelieu, Cardinal, 148
Ridolfi, Giovan Battista, 90
Ridolfi, Niccolò, 61–62
Rimini, 97, 181
Romagna, ix, 80, 96, 97n, 100, 129, 130, 135, 138, 160, 181, 188, 226, 316–17, 349
Roman Catholic Church, 93–95, 173
corruption in, 96, 133
English break with, 9n, 337, 344
Lenten season in, 39, 299
Mass and Eucharist in, 60, 255, 260
NM on destructive role of, 180, 261–62
Roman Empire, 17, 33, 36, 118, 129, 159, 250, 257, 303
barbarian invasion of, 57n
citizen militias of, 106, 166
Roman Gate, 196
Roman legions, 121, 129, 159, 166
Roman Republic, 265, 272, 304
Roman Senate, 118, 250
Rome, 5, 14, 24, 68, 88, 93, 96, 133–37, 152–53, 207, 292–93, 314–15
Basilica of St. Peter in, 179, 313
1527 sack of, 328–30
French occupation of, 55
Jewish quarter of, 95
Piazza degli Ebrei in, 95
restoration of, 179
slums and alleys of, 95
Romenea, Giovanni, 151
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 105
Romolo, Andrea di, 83, 104
Rondinelli, Giuliano, 65–66
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 348
Rovaio, Fra, 299
Rove, Karl, 350n
Rubens, Peter Paul, 151n
Rucellai, Bernardo, 281n, 282
Rucellai, Cosimo, 254n, 281, 282–85, 291
Rucellai family, 281–85
gardens of, see Orti Oricellari
Russia, 264
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 9n, 344
Saint Mary Magdalene at the Foot of the Cross (Botticelli), 60n
Salviati, Alammano, 74, 146, 147, 158, 171–72
San Frediano Gate, 50, 292
Sangallo, Bastiano da, 291–92
San Giovanni, xiii, 16n
San Lorenzo church, 10n, 313
San Marco monastery, x, 39–42, 44–45, 51, 58–59, 61, 64–67
San Michele a Mogliano church, 14
San Miniato, 172
San Piero a Nebbiavole church, 14
San Pietro in Vincoli church, 178
Sansovino, Francesco, 344
Santa Croce, xiii, 16n
Machiavelli family crypt in, 14–15
Santa Croce Basilica, 64, 335
Santa Felicità church, 22, 26
Santa Maria della Fiore Cathedral, 4, 30, 32, 44n, 50, 51, 58, 66, 153–54, 299
Santa Maria del Popolo church, 188
Santa Maria Novella, xii, 16n
Sant’ Andrea, 4–6
NM’s farm at, 4, 14, 21, 22, 202, 208, 211, 247–48, 249, 274, 276, 305, 308–9, 311, 327
Santa Trinità bridge, 32
Santi, Giovanni, 114n
Santo Spirito, xii, 16n
Sanudo, Marino, 182, 292
Sarzana fortress, 49, 51n
Savonarola, Girolamo, x, 39–46, 57–70, 104, 129, 147, 172, 234, 287, 293
aborted trial by fire of, 64–66, 87
apocalyptic sermons of, 39, 41–44, 46, 51, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 115
charismatic appeal of, 39, 40–41, 42, 43, 58, 60, 76, 115, 153n
confession extracted from, 68–69
defiance of Pope Alexander VI by, 40, 43–44, 58–61, 63
Dominican discipline of, 40–41, 43–44, 46, 58
excommunication of, 60, 63, 64
factions aligned against, 40, 44n, 59–62, 66–69, 187
fiery death of, 40, 69–70, 76
fundamentalist principles of, 40, 41, 59, 209, 255, 257
imprisonment and torture of, 67–69, 73, 205
leadership of Florence by, 57–64, 73, 78, 83, 150
NM’s encounter with, 39–45, 63, 115, 224
opposition of Pope Alexander VI to, 39, 40, 44, 58–62, 65, 68
pious followers of, 40, 41–42, 43, 44, 51, 58–59, 60–62, 64, 76
political support of democratic system by, 52, 54
prophesies of, x, 42, 44, 51, 64, 66, 68
repentance and self-abgnegation inspired by, 42, 59
rise of, 45–46, 51
Scala, Bartolomeo, 14, 23, 26, 35, 74, 283n
Scarlatti, Luigi, 77
Second Decennale (Machiavelli), 176, 248
Sforza, Caterina, 80–82, 97, 98, 110
Sforza, Francesco, Duke, 47, 142
Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, 80
Sforza, Ludovico, Duke of Milan, x, 47–48, 56, 81, 87, 88–89, 97, 141, 142, 320
Shakespeare, William, 173n, 228n, 346–47
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 170
Siena, 17, 18, 133, 145, 196, 202n, 203, 248
Silvestro, Fra, 67, 69–70
Simone de Fiesole, Francesco di, 154
Sinigaglia, 127, 130–33, 139
Sixtus IV, Pope, 80, 96, 97, 134, 178
slavery, 251n
Socrates, 333
Soderini, Cardinal Francesco, 114–17, 124, 145–46, 162, 306, 307–8
Soderini, Giovan Vittorio, 190
Soderini, Madonna, 164
Soderini, Piero, x, 124, 128, 136, 137, 144, 146, 152–55, 222, 282
exile and death of, 196, 201, 282, 307–8
NM and, 159, 162–64, 165, 169, 171, 185–87, 193, 196, 198, 282, 311
political movement against, 185–87, 188, 190–92, 195–96
Soderini, Tommaso, 89–90
Soderini family, 73, 203
sodomy, 104, 142
Spain, 46n, 108
armada of, 177
French wars with, 108n, 135, 139, 157–58, 177–78, 189–90, 279, 311–12
Sparta, 159, 166, 272
specula principi (mirror of the prince) literary genre, 219–27, 232
Stalin, Joseph, 232, 264, 349
Stinche, Le (prison), 2–3, 175, 204–7, 209, 274, 307, 308
strappado, 2n, 68, 204–5
Strauss, Leo, 229n, 346n
Strozzi, Filippo, 294
Strozzi, Lorenzo, 294, 302–3
Strozzi, Palla, 21n, 281n
“Summary of the affairs of the city of Lucca” (Machiavelli), 298
superstition, 172, 218, 260
Swiss cantons, 165–69
Swiss pike men, 47, 50, 51, 86, 89, 90, 100, 160, 315
syphilis, 46n, 94, 244
Tacitus, 167, 332
Tafani, Niccolò, 278
Tarugi, Francesco, 321
tax roll (Catasto) of 1427, 21
Tedaldi, Lattanzio, 172
Ten of War, 55
NM as secretary of, 73, 94, 97, 101, 106, 108, 122–23, 130, 138, 144, 146, 157, 159–60, 167, 171, 181–83, 186, 303–4
Thames River, 257
Thomas Aquinas, 147, 220, 223, 224, 225, 227, 232, 234n, 242, 269, 341
Thoughts on Machiavelli (Strauss), 229n
Three Majors, 20–21
Thucydides, 106, 137
&nb
sp; Tiber River, 95, 257
Tibullus, 34, 248
“To a Noblewoman” (Machiavelli), 192n
Todeschini, Cardinal Francesco, see Pius III, Pope
To Nicocles (Isocrates), 219n
Tornabuoni, Lorenzo, 61–62
Tornaquinci family, 21
Touraine, 89
Traversari, Ambrogio, 281n
“Treatise on the Constitution and Government of Florence” (Savonarola), 52
“Treatise on the Reform of the Florentine Government” (Machiavelli), 296–97, 304, 336
Treaty of Barcelona, 327
Treaty of Cambrai, 337
Treaty of Granada, 107–8, 135
Treaty of Noyon, 311–12
Trenchard, John, 345
Trent, 167–68
Trivulzio, Gian Giacomo, 182
Turkey, 16, 177
Tuscany, 4, 29, 36, 55, 80n, 85, 98, 101, 105, 113–14, 117, 138, 141, 144, 177, 191, 202
Uberti, Farinata degli, 18
Uberti family, 19
Uffizi Gallery, 141n
Ughi, Mariano, 66
Urbino, 57, 114–17, 121, 244n, 254n
Utopia (More), 220n, 242n
Val di Chiana, 117n, 118
Val di Pesa, 17, 21
Valentino, Duke, see Borgia, Cesare
Valiano fortress, 191
Valori, Francesco, 61–62, 67
Valori, Niccolò, 124, 127, 158
Vannozza, Donna, 95
Vasari, Giorgio, 141, 151, 154, 291, 292
Vatican, 93, 94–95, 134–35, 207, 306, 314
Sistine Chapel in, 179, 291, 313
Veneto, 183, 264
Venice, 45, 52, 57, 85, 168, 177, 178, 179–85, 292
coalition arrayed against, 181–85
competition of Florence and, 181
government of, 52, 85, 124
resurgence of, 182, 183–84
territorial expansion of, 137–38, 181
territorial losses of, 181–85
Vergerio, Pier Paolo, 33
Vernacci, Giovanni, x, 101n, 277
Verona, 182, 209
Verrocchio, Andrea del, 29–30, 141–42, 150
Vespucci, Agostino, 75, 93, 103–4, 112–13, 124, 150, 158n, 175
Vespucci, Bartolomeo, 173
Vettori, Francesco, 164–65, 168, 195–96, 198, 208, 274, 294, 314
as ambassador to the Holy See, x, 5
correspondence of NM and, x, 1, 2, 5–6, 13, 34, 115n, 124, 199, 205, 210–12, 213–14, 216, 222, 243–44, 247, 248, 249–50, 252, 260, 273, 278–80
Vettori, Paolo, 280–81, 296n
Villari, Pasquale, 3n, 33n
Vinci, 141
Virgil, 257
Virgin of the Rocks, The (Leonardo), 142
Visconti, Valentina, 87
Visigoths, 328
Vitelli, Paolo, 83–86, 90, 113
torture and beheading of, 85, 160, 205
Vitelli, Vitellozzo, 85, 113, 117, 121–22, 131
Vittorio Emmanuele II, King of Italy, 245
Voltaire, 346
War of the League of Cambrai, 182–85
Washington, George, 237n
Machiavelli Page 52