Antonio Barroso y Sánchez-Guerra (1893–1982): Close to Franco, like him born in Galicia in northwest Spain. He was a monarchist and a lifelong military man. Graduated from the Ecole Supérieure de Guerre in France, was appointed military attaché in Paris on 1 May 1934 and remained there until July 1936.At the outbreak of the Civil War he made public attempts to send arms to Franco's forces, which caused a furore in France. Returned to Spain and served as chief of operations at Franco's headquarters. In 1941 he returned to Paris, where he performed similar services for Franco until his recall to Spain, and he became a brigadier general in 1943. During the war Barroso's banquets included immensely cordial occasions with Nazis—on 11 March 1941 General von Run stedt, von Stulpnagel, Abetz and Schleier attended. The Spanish embassy was at 25, avenue George V, the attaché's office next door at no. 27.
Governorships of Seville and Gibraltar preceded Barroso's appointments as Franco's chief of the Military Household, and then Minister for the Army. After retirement in 1962 he continued to sit in the Cortes, and was an ubiquitous presence as a consultant to leading Spanish industries, and a very rich man. He was often accused of making a good deal of money from his various positions over the years, and of the kind of corruption which included doing well out of Louis Darquier's pot of gold when he was in Paris. “Franco never placed any obstacles in the way of corruption since a corrupt minister or general was always a vulnerable minister or general” (Howson).
Teresa.
O'Kelley was Irish Minister in Paris 1932–35, and returned to Paris in a consular capacity. It was he who safeguarded the James Joyce correspondence given to him after Joyce's death in 1941 by Paul Léon, Joyce's secretary, friend and adviser.
Auguste Mudry said of Myrtle: “I never met her. I don't know if she came to the CGQ J. But it was a large building. I don't think she was very interested in politics. I was told she spoke French badly. I knew they had a daughter.”
Jean Gayet, November 1999.
Myrtle to René, undated, 1932.
Teresa.
Beevor and Cooper, p. 177.
La France enchaînée,no. 29, 1–15 June 1939.
Sources: Kernan, p. 37; Simone Mittre, secretary to de Brinon, interviewed in Pryce-Jones, p. 215.
Janot Darquier qualified on 30 June 1943.
Admiral René-Charles Platon (1886–1944): First World War naval veteran. Passionate advocate and defender of the French Empire; a true Gascon who boasted like one. He held opinions akin to those of General Weygand, except that he was a rigid Protestant of the extreme right. Darlan's Secretary of State for the Colonies 1940–42 and under Laval in charge of Vichy's anti-Masonic activities. Reprimanded by Darlan for displaying a large, signed portrait of Maurras in his cabin; also close to Doriot's PPF. Fell out with Laval in 1943, removed from office, executed by the Resistance in October 1944.
Lequerica to Madrid, FO 25.11.41 AMAE (b). Lequerica also reported an improvement in relations between the Vatican and the Reich.
Wellers, p. 75. There were many different versions of such posters.
Members of these gangs were also called zazous.
Jean-Hérold Paquis (1912–45): Journalist and anti-Semite, member of Doriot's PPF. Famous broadcaster, daily, on Radio-Paris. Fled to Germany, then Switzerland. Handed over to France, he was tried, sentenced to death and executed.
Wellers, p. 77.
Maurice Chevalier in 1940: “I blindly follow the Marshal and I believe that everything that can bring about collaboration between the French and German peoples must be undertaken” (Rearick, p. 258). After the war Chevalier would admit only to singing for French prisoners of war in Germany; in fact he sang on German-controlled Radio-Paris, and performed for Germans and collaborators.
UrsulaRüdtvonCollenberg(FrauNottebohm,interviewedinPryce-Jones,p.244).
Modiano, p. 56.
Ibid.
Milice: Created in 1943 under Pierre Laval, transforming the Service d'Ordre Légionnaire (SOL) into a national police force. Its leader was Joseph Darnand (1897–1945): Uncle of Jeanne Brevet-Charbonneau-Degrelle. Son of a railway worker, war hero, member of Action Française, then Croix-de-feu, then Cagoule, then PPF. As a Cagoulard he was arrested in July 1938. Defended by Robert Castille and Xavier Vallat, he was imprisoned for only four months. He directed Pétain's Legion Française des Combattants in the Alpes Maritimes, moved to Vichy in January 1942, became a member of the committee for the LVF, then formed the Milice. In August 1943 he joined the Waffen SS and swore allegiance to Hitler. Secretary of State for Law and Order in the Vichy government from late 1943, he was in control of all French police services. He joined Pétain and company in Sigmaringen, used the Catholic network to flee to Italy but was arrested and returned to France. Condemned to death by the High Court of Justice, he was executed by firing squad in October 1945.
Beevor and Cooper, p. 15.
Pryce-Jones, p. 180.
Moulin was twenty-six when he became a sous-Préfet in 1925, thirty-eight when he became préfet; in 1937 Bousquet was twenty-four.
De Gaulle, quoted by Marnham.
The Conseil National de la Résistance was confirmed on 10 May 1943, and its first meeting was held in Paris on 27 May 1943. By 3 June Moulin had set up the Comité Français de la Libération Nationale, under de Gaulle in London, the final form of the Resistance as we know it, and de Gaulle legalised the Communist Party, a crucial move towards unity. Three weeks later Moulin was arrested by Klaus Barbie and his Gestapo and tortured to death. Barbie, “The Butcher of Lyon,” was finally sentenced by the French courts to life imprisonment in 1987 for the torture and death of over twenty thousand people.
Marcel Carné shot Les Enfants du paradis in Paris between 16 August and 9 November 1943; it was first shown in Paris in March 1945.
CDJC LXXV-105.
“To support Darquier's moves” in “… the question of giving full powers to Darquier de Pellepoix, in accordance with the promulgated laws and also to provide him immediately with the funds he has been promised”: note from the German embassy in Paris to the head of the Sicherheitspolizei (SS) and SD in France 27 June 1942 (CDJC VI-176, and cited by Bousquet in his letter to the president of the Court of Criminal Appeal, 1992).
Billig, p. 331; CXXXIX–6.
AN 3W142.
Ibid.
CDJC CCXVI-9, 1942. Institute of Anthropo-Sociology. Decreed by Darquier on 10 November 1942. Inaugurated 22 December 1942. Taguieff, p. 299; Journal Officiel, 23 and 24 November 1942. Added Jean Darquier with Roger de Vilmorin, 4 December 1942;JO298 13 December 1942–24 December 1942. German authorisation, 4 December 1942, Prefecture of Police authorisation 14 December 1942.AN 3W142.
Abel Bonnard (1883–1968): Minister of Education from April 1942 to August 1944. Vichy did not persecute homosexuals: there is no provision for homosexuality in the Code Napoléon, so it has never been banned in France. Bonnard was ex–Action Française—he did not share Maurras' anti-German sentiments— and a true and active collaborationist, advocating close ties between France and Germany, the hounding of communists and the purging of teachers. He was a member of the Académie Française, like many of these fascists.
CDJC CCXIV-82; Le Matin, 22 December 1942.
Claude Vacher de Lapouge was replaced by René Martial on 25 January 1943, who was replaced by Estripeaut on 1 June 1943.
For the union Louis requested the former headquarters of the Banque Saül-Amar, then in liquidation (Darquier to Klassen, dated 2 December 1942). For his IEQ JER he asked for 32, rue la Boétie, “belonging to a Jew in flight” (letter 4 November 1942).
After rue de l'Arcade the union's headquarters were first 7, rue d'Armaillé, then rue la Boétie. Thus it had three addresses in three months. There are so many references to Louis' “agitated private life” in 1943 that it is likely rue d'Armaillé was either another hotel room or the room of a mistress briefly passed through on the way to the Hôtel Terminus.
Darquier was president of his UFDR, Pierre Gérard its sec
retary-general, and it was to be “completely independent” of the CGQ J, in a clever duplicity of effort, a strategy Darquier copied from the Germans. In this way his CGQ J paid him twice, once inside place des Petits-Pères as commissioner, and once outside at his UFDR. In fact, Laval and the embassy, who financed it, inserted spies from its very beginning.
CDJC CXVIII-162.
Joly, Darquier de Pellepoix,p. 156.
AN 3W142, Lecomte, treasurer.
CDJC CXCIII-162.
19 January 1943 to the Commandant du Grand-Paris, CDJC LXI-104. Billig, p. 331.
AN 3W142, Francqueville.
Pierre Gérard (1915–?): Met Louis Darquier in 1934 when he was working on Le Jour, and worked for him until 1944. He was arrested in 1945, and his testimony demonstrated the experience of years of training in fabrication: “I was young and easily led at this time and joined this movement believing that Jews had too much influence in France. But with age, I have understood that Darquier de Pellepoix exaggerated things,” was one of his statements to the police. He was condemned to dégradation nationale for life in July 1949; his subsequent history is unknown.
AN 3W142, Fernand Roirmarmier, 21 February 1945.
CDJC CXCIII-162.
Louis may or may not have been with Myrtle, but in any case he did not pay his bill. This time, his Vichy position meant that the hotel did not complain.
Joly, Darquier de Pellepoix,pp. 152–7; CDJC CXCIII-162, 4 July 1942. Based in Vichy and Marseille, Radiodiffusion Nationale was basically the national station for the Vichy Zone. Some of Darquier's radio programmes are available from INA. He began on 4 October 1942 and continued until January 1943. There were fifty or so broadcasts in that time. The pessimistic opening and closing words were changed to the more optimistic, “The only national wealth left to us now is our race.” Race and intermarriage and half-Jews, polluted blood in one form or another as opposed to the purity of the French version, were the general theme. Specific topics were “Time for a Laugh”—songs, jokes, caricatures “designed to ridicule Jews and show, by means of amusing and precise examples, their dishonest ways in business, their scorn of the Aryan etc.,” interspersed with “News from France,” e.g. “Five Jewish doctors, Salomon, Isaac, Reinach, Blum and Moch had set up an undercover clinic in a private house in Neuilly where they were carrying out abortions,” and news from abroad: “News from Rio” announced: “The Jew Jacob Maranes has been asked to form a government.”
AN 3W142-KNO, see also AN3W147, Archives de Berlin.
AN 3W142-KNO.
Ibid. Letter from Coston to Darquier, 20 May 1943, asking for advertisements from the CGQ J in his Bulletin.
Founded in 1941, the AJA's first president was Jacques Ménard, editor-in-chief of Le Matin; it numbered between fifty and a hundred journalists. Coston, who was in charge of propaganda, was amongst the members who met to hear Darquier as guest speaker on 7 October 1942, when he said: “I am delighted to see that anti-Jewish journalism now has an office; before, its office was a prison cell. To attack the Jews before the war was dangerous, as I well know, because it earned me five months in prison…What revenge it is for me to sit…in the chair of the Jew Louis Louis-Dreyfus and to occupy his house…” ANAJ38/3V.
André Chaumet (dates unknown): Professional anti-Semite, fascist, journalist. Connected to the Weltdienst from 1935; during the Occupation he was funded by both the German embassy and the Propaganda Staffel. He was a member of Doriot's PPF and the driving force behind the Centre for Anti-Bolshevik Studies. Chaumet took on Sézille's Cahiers jaunes, and transformed it into a new weekly, Revivre, in March 1943. Punishment after the war, if any, unknown.
Pierre Gérard had never been forgiven for bringing to light Galien's misdemeanours, and the Germans “resigned” him as secretary-general of the UFDR in February 1943. The thoroughly disillusioned Dr. Klassen took over. He appointed a businessman, Louis Prax, as administrator of the UFDR, who also took over Gérard's other job as director of propaganda at the CGQ J. “Our man at the CGQ J,” Klassen called him, and a repeat of the Galien-Darquier relationship began. To Montandon's disgust a rival he considered a buffoon, Dr. René Martial, gave the opening lecture for the Chair of Ethnology. Martial had just published, with Flammarion, Half-Castes: A New Study of Migration, the Mixture of Races, Crossbreeding, the Reimmersion of the French Race and the Revision of the Family Code. His lectures were to be about “The Anthropology of Race,” on the theme of “The Cranium and its Laws.” Trembling with rage and fright after the students' reaction, Martial fled, accompanied by a loud student rendition of “The Marseillaise.” For a brief period he continued his lectures elsewhere, guarded by Louis Darquier, but nothing more was heard of them by March 1943.
Even less popular was the idea of learning anti-Semitism at the Sorbonne. On 15 December, in his inaugural lecture in the Michelet theatre, Professor Henry Labroue told his students that Jews had “une odeur particulière,” and that Jesus Christ was not a Jew. The level—“a very convex nose, fleshy lips… eyes a bit damp and rheumy”—was below anything already feared by the Faculty of Letters at the Sorbonne, who ostracised him and his lectures. Darquier watched students boo the Professor—“scum,” “bandit,” “bastard”—and throw liquid gas. Labroue had to slink out of a side entrance, and the police chased students through the streets of the Latin Quarter—not what the Germans wanted to see. Labroue was meant to lecture twice a week. From January to May 1942,anaverage of two to three students turned up each time. By May, protected by the police and carrying a gun himself, he was lecturing to nobody, and the Chair was cancelled. Darquier rewarded his failure with a Jewish house on the Côte d'Azur.
Henri Labroue (1880–1964): First World War veteran. Academic, lawyer and politician who suddenly veered from the liberal centre to extreme collaboration and fanatical anti-Semitism after the fall of France. Supported by Abetz and the embassy staff and, despite his failure at the Sorbonne, always in demand to lend professorial gravitas to anti-Semitic occasions throughout the Occupation. Fled to the Pyrénées and was arrested in 1945, at which point the Sorbonne changed his Chair of the History of Judaism into a Chair of the History of Christianity. Sentenced in 1948 to twenty years' imprisonment, pardoned in 1951. Lived in Nice until his death.
APP GA D9, 25 March 1943, and Wellers, p. 76.
5 April 1943, AN 3W147, Archives de Berlin.
Delpeyroux quoted in Hoover Institution, p. 652. Utterly mendacious statement. AN AJ3 8 ?3.
Professor Labroue presided over all of collaborationist Paris and its German patrons: Coston and Montandon, Laubreaux and many more; in the absence of Abetz, Schleier attended, so did Achenbach; the Italian consul general, Orlandini, came too. All the fascist literati were there: Brasillach, Rebatet, Céline and Cousteau.
Randa, p. 117. Georges Oltramare (1896–1960): Swiss journalist, vocal anti-Semite, fascist of the Mussolini variety. Accompanied Abetz to Paris in 1940 and became first editor of La France au travail, then, under the pseudonym of Charles Dieudonné, broadcast “Les Juifs contre la France” on Radio-Paris. Escaped to Sigmaringen, was arrested and finally tried in 1947, condemned to three years' imprisonment in Switzerland, and in France to death in absentia, in 1950. Escaped to Spain, then to Egypt where he continued his anti-Semitic broadcasts from Cairo, but died in Paris. His memoirs are entitled Les Souvenirs nous vengent.
AN 3W142, Inspector Jansen's report on the UFDR.
This was André Haffner, a director of the SEC, i.e., the CGQ J's police service, who was said to have close contacts with the Milice, and whom Antignac had sacked. Haffner accused Antignac of stealing money. At this time Antignac put in the previously sacked Petit, the one who was to become involved in the Schloss affair with Lefranc.
To get an inside footing, Darquier ordered Gérard to write for Au Pilori. Gérard denied this after the war, despite the production of letters proving his connections, which, he told his investigators, were “mistaken”: Au Pilori had sent him cheques in payment for his
offerings “in error.” To buy Au Pilori, Delpeyroux, president of the UFDR (to whom Darquier had already given 100,000 francs to launch a newspaper, France Révolution, for the UFDR), was instructed to inform Prax that Darquier was withdrawing the CGQ J's subsidy to the UFDR—that is, the 200,000 francs Louis paid himself, before Prax was inserted by the Germans to make it difficult for him to do so. The embassy was also informed that as French money was withdrawn, no further subsidies from the embassy could be accepted either. In other words, Louis was planning to give up his UFDR, and hoped to add to his role as commissioner that of newspaper magnate. Klassen fulminated that Darquier was trying to use his funds to “snatch Au Pilori out of our hands” (see Taguieff ). Its owner (with Robert Pierret) was Jean Lestandi, from a wealthy banking family, an anti-Semite, associated with Abetz and de Brinon before the war in the Comité France-Allemagne and le Grand Pavois. Louis never had a chance of getting Au Pilori away from the embassy. Lestandi was also assured of a post as “technical adviser,” for which he would be paid 10 percent of the money earned from the sale of the paper, that is between thirty-five and forty thousand francs a month.
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