2 Harriet Maxwell Converse, Myths and Legends of the New York State Iroquois. Albany: New York State Museum, 1908, pp. 63-64.
3 Arthur C. Parker, “Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants,” Education Department Bulletin, No. 482, 1 November 1910, Albany: University of the State of New York, 1910, p. 27.
4 James. E. Seaver, A Narrative of the life of Mrs. Mary Jemison, Who was taken by the Indians, in the year 1755, when only about twelve years of age, and has continued to reside amongst them to the present time. J.D. Bemis & Co., 1824, pp. 35-36, 69-71.
5 Gage, “The Onondaga Indians.”
6 Ibid.
7 W. M. Beauchamp, “The New Religion of the Iroquois,” The Journal of American Folk-Lore. Vol. 10, No. 38, July-September 1897, p. 177.
8 “The Creation Story” in Legends of Our Nations. Cornwall Island, Ontario: North American Indian Travelling College, n.d., p. 76.
9 Stanton, “The Matriarchate or Mother-Age.”
10 Ibid.
11 Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s “Blessing” in Margaret Stanton Lawrence “Reminiscences,” Stanton Collection, Vassar College Library, Poughkeepsie, New York.
12 The notable exception was Mary Baker Eddy, the one United States woman to establish a continuing religion (The First Church of Christ, Scientist). Mrs. Eddy_before Santon and Gage_recognized the Motherhood and Fatherhood.
13 “Condensation of the Opening Address sent by the Mohawk Nation and the Haudenosaunee Grand Council to the Fourth Russell Tribunal, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, November 1980,” Northeast Indian Quarterly, Fall 1987, p. 8. From the Thanksgiving Address.
14 Stanton, “The Matriarchate or Mother-Age.”
15 Matilda Joslyn Gage, “Msickquatash,” Appleton’s Journal, [1875]. Scrapbook of Gage’s Published Newspaper Articles, Matilda Joslyn Gage Collection, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.
16 Matilda Joslyn Gage, [Alcor], “Green Corn Dance of The Onondagas.” To the Editor of the [New York] Evening Mail, n.d. Scrapbook of Gage’s Published Newspaper Articles, Matilda Joslyn Gage Collection, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.
17 Gage, “The Onondaga Indians.”
18 Hattie A. Burr, The Woman Suffrage Cook Book, N.p.: 1886; reprinted in Robert B. Thomas, The Old Farmer’s Almanac, 1968.
19 Matilda Joslyn Gage, editorial, “Indian Citizenship,” (Syracuse, New York) National Citizen and Ballot Box, May 1878.
20 Stanton, “Elizabeth Cady Stanton on Socialism.”
From Subordination to Cooperation
1 Stanton, The Woman’s Bible, p. 7.
2 Stanton, “The Matriarchate or Mother-Age.”
3 Stanton et al, History of Woman Suffrage Vol. 1, pp. 70-71.
4 Stanton, “The Matriarchate or Mother-Age.”
5 Fletcher, “The Legal Conditions of Indian Women,” pp. 238-239.
6 Ibid.
7 Burnham, Carrie S., Tract No. 5: Common Law, N.p.: n.d., Women’s Rights Vol. 2, Department of Rare Books, Olin Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. When Burnham applied to the University of Pennsylvania to study law, Spencer Miller, who was dean of the law department, said that if women or Negroes were admitted, he would resign. Ultimately she won and studied law there.
8 Burnham cites the following: Blackstone, Vol. 1, p. 463; Vol. 4, p. 212; Bouvier’s Institutes, pp. 15-157; “Decisions of English courts in 1612,” quoted in 7 Mod. Rep., p. 264.
9 The State vs. Jesse Black, Supreme Court of North Carolina, Raleigh. 60 N.C. 266; 1864. R. Emerson and Russell P. Dobash, “Wives: The ‘Appropriate’ Victims of Marital Violence,” Victimology: An International Journal 2 (1977-78): pp. 430-431.
10 Myrtle, p. 138.
11 W.M. Beauchamp, “The New Religion of the Iroquois,” p. 178.
12 Fletcher, “The Legal Conditions of Indian Women,” p. 238.
13 For a more complete account, see Sally Roesch Wagner, “The Iroquois Confederacy: a Native American Model for Non-sexist Men,” Changing Men, Vol. 19, Spring-Summer 1988, pp. 32-34.
14 Gage, Woman, Church and State, p. 101.
15 Mary Elizabeth Beauchamp, “Letter to the Editor,” Skaneateles Democrat, 10 April 1883, Beauchamp File, Onondaga Historical Association, Syracuse, New York.
16 Elias Johnson, Legends, Traditions and Laws of the Iroquois. Lockport, New York: Union Printing and Publishing Co., 1881, pp. 22-23.
17 J. N. B. Hewitt, ”Status of Women in Iroquois Polity before 1784” in Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1932. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933, pp. 482-483.
18 I’m choosing here to look at status as Ann Eastlack Schafer did in her 1941 MA thesis in Anthropology for the University of Pennsylvania, “The Status of Iroquois Women.” Schafer defines status as simply, the “collection of rights and duties” of “all the positions which she occupies,” as distinct from the Iroquois woman’s role: “the dynamic aspect of a status.”
19 Matilda Joslyn Gage, “The Mother of His Children,” (San Francisco) Pioneer, 9 November 1871. Scrapbook of Gage’s Published Newspaper Articles, Matilda Joslyn Gage Collection, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.
20 Gage, Woman, Church and State, p. 5.
21 Joshua V. H. Clark, Onondaga or Reminiscences. Syracuse, New York: Stoddard and Babcock, 1849, Vol. 1, pp. 49-50.
22 William Alexander, History of Women. Philadelphia: Published by J.H. Dobelbower, 1796.
23 Carroll E. Smith, Syracuse, Village and City. Local History Leaflet No. 16. Syracuse, New York: Onondaga Historical Association, October 1897, p. 69.
24 Rose N. Yawger, The Indian and the Pioneer: An Historical Study. Syracuse, New York: C. W. Bardeen, 1893, p. 39.
25 Myrtle, The Iroquois, pp. 85-6.
26 Horatio Hale, ed., The Iroquois Book of Rights, Philadelphia: D.G. Brinton, 1883; reprint ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963, pp. 141, 143.
27 Ibid., p. 168.
29 Ibid.
31 Gage, “The Remnant of the Five Nations: Woman’s Rights Among the Indians.”
32 Gage, Woman, Church and State, p. 5.
33 Fletcher, pp. 239-240.
34 Ibid., p. 238.
35 Emma Vignal Borglum, The Experience at Crow Creek: A Sioux Indian Reservation at South Dakota. Collection of the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
36 Myrtle, pp. 85-6.
37 Burnham, Carrie S.
38 Lewis Henry Morgan, League of the Ho-De-No-Sau-Nee or Iroquois. Herbert M. Lloyd [ed.] New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1904, p. 80.
39 Ibid., p. 317.
40 Schoolcraft, Henry R., Notes on the Iroquois. New York: Bartlett & Welford, 1846, pp. 88-89.
41 “Report of the Proceedings of the Mississippi Bar Association, January 6, 1891,” printed in The Albany Law Journal, 5 March 1892.
42 Stanton et al., History of Woman Suffrage Vol. 1, pp. 70-71.
43 Gage, Speech of Mrs. M.E.J. Gage at the Woman’s Rights Convention held at Syracuse, September 1852.
44 Fletcher, pp. 238-239.
45 Ibid.
Political Outsider and Lawbreaker
1 Stanton et al., History of Woman Suffrage Vol. 3, pp. 70-71.
2 Matilda Joslyn Gage, “Woman’s Rights Catechism,” The (Fayetteville, N.Y.) Weekly Recorder, 27 July 1871.
3 New Northwest, (Portland, Oregon), 8 March 1872, p. 3. The chapter on “Trials and Decisions” in Stanton, et al., History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 2, New York: Fowler and Wells, 1882; reprint ed., Salem, New Hampshire: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., 1985, pp. 586-755.
4 An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Susan B. Anthony, on the Charge of Illegal Voting, at the Presidential Election in November, 1872. Rochester: Daily Democrat and Chronicle Book Print, 1874; reprint ed., New York: Arno Press, 1974; Stanton, Anthony and Gage, History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 2, p. 689.
5 Stanton, et al., History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 2, p. 689.
&
nbsp; 6 Minor v. Happersett, 53 Mo., 58, and 21 Wallace, 162, 1874; “Trials and Decisions” in Stanton et al., History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 2, pp. 586-755.
7 Stanton et al., History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 3, p. 20.
8 Stanton, “The Matriarchate or Mother-Age.”
9 Gage, “The Remnant of the Five Nations: Woman’s Rights Among the Indians.”
10 Morgan, League, p. 82.
11 Hewitt, “Status of Women in Iroquois Polity before 1784,” pp. 478-479.
12 Barbara A. Mann and Jerry L. Fields, “A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee,” American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 5, Summer 1997, pp. 423-449.
13 Tehanetorens, “Wampum Belts,” Six Nations Museum, Onchiota, New York, n.d.; reprint ed. Ontario, Canada: Iroqrafts, Ltd., 1983.
14 Arthur C. Parker, The Life of General Ely S. Parker. Buffalo, New York: Buffalo Historical Society, 1919, quoted in “Her Word Was Law, Excerpts from Parker,” Indian Roots of American Democracy, Vol. 4, No. 4, Winter 1887, p. 70.
15 Hewitt, “Status of Women in Iroquois Polity before 1784,” p. 481.
16 Myrtle, p. 303.
17 Ibid., p. 162.
18 Ibid., p. 42.
19 Matilda Joslyn Gage to “My dear Helen,” 11 December 1893.
20 Quoted in George S. Snyderman, “Behind the Tree of Peace: A Sociological Analysis of Iroquois Warfare,” doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1948, p. 21.
21 Snyderman, p. 21.
22 Gage, “The Remnant of the Five Nations: Woman’s Rights Among the Indians.”
23 Gage, Woman, Church and State, p. 10.
24 Myrtle, p. 161.
25 Gage, Woman, Church and State, p. 5.
26 Fletcher, p. 239.
27 William L. Stone, The Life and Times of Red Jacket or Sa-Go-Ye-Wat-Ha; Being the Sequel to the History of the Six Nations. New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1841, pp. 61-62.
28 Ibid., pp. 155-156.
29 Ibid., pp. 119-120.
30 Syracuse Journal, 10 January 1866.
31 Arthur C. Parker, “Woman’s Rights in America Five Hundred Years Ago,” Albany Press, 11 April 1909.
32 Gage, “Indian Citizenship.”
33 Resolution adopted by the National Woman Suffrage Association Convention, January, 1878 in The National Citizen and BallotBox, August 1878.
34 Gage, Woman, Church and State, p. 6.
35 Parker, “Woman’s Rights in America Five Hundred Years Ago.”
36 Gage, Woman, Church and State, p. 6.
37 Stanton, “The Matriarchate or Mother-Age.”
Afterword
1. Julius Cook, biographical sketch of Ray Fadden in New Voices from the Longhouse: an Anthology of Contemporary Iroquois Writing, edited by Joseph Bruchac. Greenfield Center, New York: The Greenfield Review Press, 1989, p. 96.
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__________________, Myths and Legends of the New York State Iroquois. Albany: New York State Museum, 1908.
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______________, “Letter to the Editor,” Lucifer the Lightbearer, 21 February 1890.
______________, “The Moth
er of his Children,” (San Francisco) Pioneer, 9 November 1871. Scrapbook of Gage’s Published Newspaper Articles, Matilda Joslyn Gage Collection, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.
______________, “Msickquatash,” Appleton’s Journal, [1875]. Ibid.
, “The Onondaga Indians,” The (New York) Evening Post,3 November 1875. Ibid.
_____________, “The Remnant of the Five Nations: Woman’s Rights Among the Indians,” The (New York) Evening Post, 24 September, 1875. Ibid.
__________________, Speech of Mrs. M.E.J.Gage at the Woman’s Rights Convention held at Syracuse, September 1852. Woman’s Rights Tract No. 7. Syracuse: Master’s Print, 1852.
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