2. Samuel Beal (trans.), Travels of Fa Hian and Sung Yun (reprinted by Asian Education Services, 2003).
3. Times of India, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Dum-Dum-mound-may-rewrite-Kolkata-history/articleshow/45244284.cms
4. Ramshankar Tripathi, History of Ancient India (Motilal Banarasidass, 1992).
5. Sandeep Unnithan, ‘Feat Beneath the Ground’, India Today (May, 2005). http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/discovery-of-temples-at-mahabalipuram-gives-twist-to-seven-pagodas-folklore/1/193608.html
6. Ananth Krishnan, Behind China’s Hindu Temples, a Forgotten History (The Hindu, July 2013). http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/behind-chinas-hindu-temples-a-forgotten-history/article4932458.ece
7. Robert Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs (Routledge, 2001).
8. Saheed Adejumobi, The History of Ethiopia (Greenwood Press, 2007).
9. Robert Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs (Routledge, 2001).
10. Robert Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs (Routledge, 2001).
11. Georg Popp and Juma Al-Maskari, Oman: Jewel of the Arabian Gulf (Odyssey Books, 2010).
12. As quoted in Oman in History, Ministry of Information, Sultanate of Oman (Immel Publishing, 1995).
13. Karen Armstrong, Islam: A Short History (Phoenix Press, 2000).
14. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon (HarperCollins, 1996).
15. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon (HarperCollins, 1996).
16. The mosque is also linked to a legend about the last Chera king. Although the legend is probably untrue, the early date for the mosque’s construction is plausible given the well-established maritime links between India and Arabia.
17. Sir Richard Burton, The Arabian Nights (The Modern Library NY, 2001).
18. Mahomed Kasim Ferishta, History of the Rise of Mahomedan Power in India, John Briggs (trans.) (Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2004).
19. Shahpurshah Hormasji Hodivala (trans.), The Qissa-i-Sanjan (Studies in Parsi History, Bombay, 1920). http://www.avesta.org/other/qsanjan.pdf.
20. Niraj Rai (et al.), ‘H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Origin of the European Romani Population’, PLoS One (November 2012).
7. Merchants, Temples and Rice
1. D.G.E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia, (Macmillan, 1981).
2. Nicholas Tarling (ed.), The Cambridge History of South-east Asia, Vol. 1, Part 1 (CUP, 1999).
3. D.G.E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (Macmillan, 1981).
4. VOA News, http://www.voanews.com/content/thailand-cambodia-clash-at-border-115266974/134501.html
5. D.G.E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia, (Macmillan, 1981).
6. Charles Higham, The Civilization of Angkor (Phoenix, 2003).
7. Charles Higham, The Civilization of Angkor (Phoenix, 2003).
8. Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India (Pearson Longman, 2009).
9. Herman Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja (eds), Nagapattinam to Suwarnadwipa (ISEAS, 2009).
10. Herman Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja (eds), Nagapattinam to Suwarnadwipa (ISEAS, 2009).
11. B. Arunachalam, Chola Navigation Package (Maritime History Society, Mumbai, 2004).
12. Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India (Pearson Longman, 2009).
13. Kanakalatha Mukund, Merchants of Tamilakam (Penguin, 2012).
14. K.M. de Silva, A History of Sri Lanka (Penguin, 2005).
15. As quoted in Edward Alpers, The Indian Ocean in World History (OUP, 2014).
16. Edward Alpers, The Indian Ocean in World History (OUP, 2014).
17. John Reader, Africa: A Biography of the Continent (Penguin, 1998).
18. Maryna Steyn, ‘The Mapungubwe Gold Graves Revisited’, South African Archaeological Bulletin (2007). http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/5791/Steyn_Mapungubwe(2007).pdf?sequence=1
19. R. Coupland, Kirk on the Zambezi (Clarendon Press, 1928).
20. Nitish Sengupta, Land of Two Rivers (Penguin, 2011).
21. Nitish Sengupta, Land of Two Rivers (Penguin, 2011).
22. Marco Polo, The Travels (Penguin, 1958).
23. Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India (Pearson Longman, 2009).
24. Tim Mackintosh-Smith (ed.), The Travels of Ibn Battutah (Picador, 2003).
25. Tim Mackintosh-Smith (ed.), The Travels of Ibn Battutah (Picador, 2003).
8. Treasure and Spice
1. D.G.E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (Macmillan, 1994); Nicholas Tarling (ed.), The Cambridge History of South-east Asia, Vol. 1 (CUP, 1999).
2. Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas (OUP, 1994).
3. Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas (OUP, 1994).
4. Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas (OUP, 1994).
5. Robert Hefner, Hindu Javanese (Princeton University Press, 1985).
6. D.G.E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (Macmillan, 1981).
7. Prof. Sakaya’s formal Vietnamese name is Truong Van Mon but he prefers his Cham name Sakaya.
8. Brendan Buckley (et al.), ‘Climate as a Contributing Factor in the Demise of Angkor, Cambodia’, (National Academy of Sciences, United States, 2009). http://www.pnas.org/content/107/15/6748.full.
9. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon (HarperCollins, 1996).
10. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon (HarperCollins, 1996).
11. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon (HarperCollins, 1996).
12. As quoted in Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon (HarperCollins, 1996).
13. Charles Corn, The Scent of Eden (Kodansha International, 1998).
14. As quoted in Gillian Tindall, City of Gold: The Biography of Bombay (Penguin, 1992).
15. Jonathan Gil Harris, The First Firangis (Aleph, 2015).
16. William H. Rule, The Brand of Dominic: Or Inquisition at Rome (Carlton & Phillips, 1852).
17. http://verna.mahalasa.org/
18. William H. Rule, The Brand of Dominic: Or Inquisition at Rome (Carlton & Phillips, 1852).
19. Jonathan Gil Harris, The First Firangis (Aleph, 2015).
20. John Fritz and George Michell, Hampi (India Book House, 2003); Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Swan Sonnenschein & Co, 1900).
21. John Fritz and George Michell, Hampi (India Book House, 2003).
22. Extract adapted from John Fritz and George Michell, Hampi (India Book House, 2003).
23. Anish Shah (et al.), ‘Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture’, American Journal of Human Genetics (July, 2011). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929711002230
24. Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Swan Sonnenschein & Co, 1900). Note that there is another theory that the name Chennai is derived from the name of a local temple. The story related in the main text, however, is the more popular explanation.
25. Archana Garodia Gupta, The Admiral Queen, Swarajya (October, 2015).
26. I am told that a full history exists in Kannada but was unable to source a translation in English or Hindi.
9. Nutmegs and Cloves
1. Tirthankar Roy, The East India Company (Penguin, 2012).
2. John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company (HarperCollins, 1991).
3. For a more detailed narration of these events read: Giles Milton, Nathaniel’s Nutmeg (Sceptre, 1999).
4. Charles Corn, The Scent of Eden (Kodansha International, 1999).
5. John Keay, The Honourable Company (HarperCollins, 1991).
6. Tirthankar Roy, The East India Company (Penguin, 2012).
7. Colin Woodard, The Republic of Pirates (Pan Books, 2007).
8. Colin Woodard, The Republic of Pirates (Pan, 2007).
9. Ashin Das Gupta, India and the Indian Ocean World (OUP, 2004).
10. Georg Popp and Juma Al-Maskari, Oman: Jewel of the Arabian Gulf (Odyssey Books, 2010).
11. Nitish Sengupta, Land of Two Rivers (Penguin, 2011).
12. K.M. de Si
lva, A History of Sri Lanka (Penguin, 2005).
13. Ashin Das Gupta, India and the Indian Ocean World (OUP, 2004).
14. Jonathan Gil Harris, The First Firangis (Aleph, 2015).
15. John Keay, The Honourable Company (HarperCollins, 1991).
16. As quoted in Nitish Sengupta, Land of Two Rivers (Penguin, 2011).
17. As quoted in S. Balakrishna, Tipu Sultan: The Tyrant of Mysore (Rare Publications, 2013).
18. Francois Gautier, The Tyrant Diaries, Outlook (15 April 2015); Mir Hussein Ali Khan Kirmani, Neshani Hyduri (W.H. Allen & Co.).
19. Translated by J.A. Grant, Madras Gazette, 1799; as quoted in S. Balakrishna, The Tyrant of Mysore (Rare Publications, 2013).
10. Diamonds and Opium
1. Charles Corn, The Scent of Eden (Kodansha International, 1998).
2. Giorgio Riello and Tirthankar Roy, How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500–1850 (Brill, 2009).
3. Julia Lovell, The Opium War (Picador, 2011).
4. Nigel Barley, In the Footsteps of Stamford Raffles (Penguin, 1991).
5. Nigel Barley, In the Footsteps of Stamford Raffles (Penguin, 1991).
6. K.M. de Silva, A History of Sri Lanka (Penguin, 1981).
7. Julia Lovell, The Opium War (Picador, 2011).
8. Julia Lovell, The Opium War (Picador, 2011).
9. The Hindu, http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-forgotten-history-of-indian-troops-in-china/article2208018.ece
10. Tirthankar Roy, The East India Company (Penguin, 2012).
11. Lakshmi Subramanian, Three Merchants of Bombay (Penguin Allen Lane, 2012).
12. Amar Farooqui, Opium City (Three Essays Collective, 2006).
13. Lakshmi Subramanian, Three Merchants of Bombay (Penguin Allen Lane, 2012).
14. Gillian Tindall, City of Gold: The Biography of Bombay (Penguin, 1992).
15. Diane Mehta, ‘Kings Have Adorned Her’, Paris Review (7 November 2013). http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2013/11/07/kings-have-adorned-her/.
16. Sachin Mampatta and Rajesh Bhayani, ‘How Abraham Lincoln Triggered India’s First Stock Market Crash’ Business Standard, 11 July 2015. http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/150-years-later-115071001354_1.html.
17. Georg Popp and Juma Al-Maskari, Oman: Jewel of the Arabian Gulf (Odyssey Books, 2010).
18. Oman in History (Ministry of Information, Sultanate of Oman, 1995).
19. Anne de Courcy, The Fishing Fleet: Husband Hunting in the Raj (Weidenfield & Nicholson, 2012).
20. Brij Lal (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora (Didier Millet and NUS, 2006).
21. Brij Lal (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora (Didier Millet and NUS, 2006).
22. As quoted in John Reader, Africa: A Biography of the Continent (Penguin, 1998).
23. John Reader, Africa: A Biography of the Continent (Penguin, 1998).
24. John Reader, Africa: A Biography of the Continent (Penguin, 1998).
25. Anthony Kenny (ed.), The History of the Rhodes Trust (OUP, 2001).
26. Bismarck was known to have been opposed to creating colonies in remote locations but pressure from the German public and the Kaiser probably tipped the balance. Ironically, the administrative and financial burden of managing these far-flung colonies was among the factors that would lead to him being pushed into retirement.
27. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon (HarperCollins, 1996).
28. John Reader, Africa: A Biography of the Continent (Penguin, 1998).
29. John Reader, Africa: A Biography of the Continent (Penguin, 1998).
30. The Dutch seem to have already had a presence on the north of the island.
11. From Dusk to a New Dawn
1. Nitya Menon, ‘100 Years On: Remembering Emden’s Generous Captain’, The Hindu, 24 September 2014. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/100-years-on-remembering-emdens-generous-captain/article6439360.ece.
2. ‘The Exploits of the Emden’, Advertiser (10 November 1928); ‘100th Anniversary of the HMAS Sydney Sinking SMS Emden in Battle of Coco Islands’, Australian War Memorial (October 2014). https://www.awm.gov.au/media/releases/100th-anniversary-hmas-sydney-i-sinking-german-raider-sms-emden-battle-cocos-island/.
3. Christian Bartolf, Gandhi and War: The Mahatma Gandhi—Bart de Ligt Correspondence, (Satyagraha Foundation for Non-violence Studies).
4. Shashi Tharoor, ‘Why the Indian Soldiers of WW1 Were Forgotten’, BBC Magazine (July, 2015).
5. Peter Hopkirk, On Secret Service East of Constantinople (John Murray, 1994).
6. Peter Hopkirk, On Secret Service East of Constantinople (John Murray, 1994).
7. Dennis Kincaid, Shivaji: The Grand Rebel (Rupa, 2015).
8. Peter Hopkirk, On Secret Service East of Constantinople (John Murray, 1994).
9. Sho Kuwajima, ‘Indian Mutiny in Singapore 1915: People Who Observed the Scene and People Who Heard the News’, New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies (2009). It remains unclear to what extent the Singapore mutiny was connected to the Ghadar conspiracy and to what extent it was an independent event caused by Muslim soldiers being unhappy at the possibility of being sent to fight co-religionists in the Middle East.
10. P.C. Mitra, ‘A Forgotten Revolutionary’, Sunday Amrita Bazar Patrika (11 September 1983).
11. Peter Hopkirk, On Secret Service East of Constantinople (John Murray, 1994).
12. Barindra Kumar Ghosh, The Tale of My Exile (Arya Office, 1922).
13. Timothy Hall, The Fall of Singapore (Mandarin Australia, 1990).
14. Srinath Raghavan, India’s War (Penguin, 2016).
15. Timothy Hall, The Fall of Singapore (Mandarin Australia, 1990).
16. It should be noted that many Indian soldiers refused to switch sides. They would face harsh treatment as prisoners of war or even execution. Many would end up in camps in New Guinea and there are reports that some were used as live targets for practice shooting. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Japanese-ate-Indian-PoWs-used-them-as-live-targets-in-WWII/articleshow/40017577.cms.
17. Netaji Subhas Bose: The Singapore Saga, (Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre, ISEAS, Singapore, 2012).
18. ‘Britain’s Greatest Battles: Imphal & Kohima’, National War Museum website, http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-battles/imphal-kohima.
19. Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill’s Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during WWII (Basic Books, 2010).
20. Ajeet Jawed, ‘Unsung Heroes of 1946’, Mainstream Weekly (1 October 2008); Dhananjay Bhat, ‘RIN Mutiny Gave a Jolt to the British’, Tribune, 12 February 2006; G.D. Sharma, Untold Story 1946 Naval Mutiny: Last War of Independence (VIJ Books, 2015).
21. Only the Communists seem to have provided some limited support to the mutineers but they were not a major political force in the country.
22. Saikat Dutta, ‘Radioactive Rebels’, Outlook (20 April 2009).
23. D.G.E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (Macmillan, 1981).
24. Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Wars (Penguin, 2008).
25. ‘Biju Patnaik: Obituary’, The Economist (April, 1997).
26. D.G.E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (Macmillan, 1981).
27. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon (HarperCollins, 1996).
28. Ryszard Kapuscinski, The Emperor (Penguin, 1983).
29. Brij Lal (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora (Didier Millet, 2006).
30. Edward Alpers, The Indian Ocean in World History (OUP, 2014).
31. C.M. Turnbull, A History of Modern Singapore 1819–2005 (NUS Press, 2009).
32. C.M. Turnbull, A History of Modern Singapore 1819–2005 (NUS Press, 2009).
33. Sanjeev Sanyal, ‘Singapore: The Art of Building a Global City’ (IPS Working Paper, January 2007). http://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/06/wp17.pdf.
34. Sanjeev Sanyal, The Indian Renaissan
ce: India’s Rise After a Thousand Years of Decline (Penguin, 2008).
35. Biographical details taken from the Nelson Mandela Foundation website, https://www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/biography.
36. A version of this section was published as: Sanjeev Sanyal, ‘Great Men Do Make History’, Business Standard (8 December 2013).
37. Lands and Peoples, Vol. 4 (The Grolier Society, 1956).
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First published in Viking by Penguin Random House India 2016
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Copyright © Sanjeev Sanyal 2016
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The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History Page 30