X: Winners and Losers
1. Wilson, CB, 425–26.
2. Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Canto II; Punch, Apr. 25, 1906. In a letter to Hugh Cecil, Dec. 16, 1905, CV 2:1, 416, WSC explained that he chose the Colonial Office over the Treasury, but didn’t offer a reason why. “On Politicians,” Penny Illustrated Paper, Dec. 17, 1910.
3. Hugh Cecil to WSC, [?18 Dec. 1905], CV 2:1, 417; Pamela [Plowden] Lytton to WSC, Sept. 14 [1907], CHAR 1/66/27.
4. Marsh, A Number of People, 148–49.
5. Ibid., 143.
6. Gilbert (Churchill: A Life, 174) and others seem to have been confused by an ambiguous reference Marsh makes to “Lady Lytton” in an early account of his relationship with WSC (see Marsh, A Number of People, 149). Consequently, the quotation has been attributed to Pamela. But as Christopher Hassall—Eddie’s close friend—makes clear in his A Biography of Edward Marsh (119–20), the comment about WSC’s faults and virtues was made by Edith, the Dowager Countess of Lytton.
7. Hassall, A Biography of Edward Marsh, 120.
8. Marsh, A Number of People, 151.
9. Hastings, The Secret Lives of Somerset Maugham, 424–25.
10. Hassall, A Biography of Edward Marsh, 19.
11. WSC, Thoughts and Adventures, 220. Gilbert (Churchill: A Life, 175) has WSC arriving in Manchester on January 4, but WSC gave his first speech of the campaign the night before in the city.
12. WSC, Cheetham Hill, Jan. 10, 1906, CS, 545.
13. The most colorful accounts of the campaign are found in a series of Daily Mail articles by Charles Hands under the headlines “Winston,” “Manchester,” “The Fight for Manchester,” and “Manchester’s Excitement,” on Jan. 5, 11, 12, and 13, 1906.
14. “Lord Randolph Churchill,” Spectator, Jan. 6, 1906.
15. WSC, Thoughts and Adventures, 219.
16. Marsh, A Number of People, 149–50.
XI: The World at His Feet
1. Dorothy O. Helly and Helen Callaway, “Dame Flora Louise Lugard, Lady Lugard,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
2. Flora Lugard’s visit with WSC at the Colonial Office is described in Perham, Lugard, 237–41.
3. See Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa, 651–53, for an excellent summary of Lugard’s actions in West Africa and WSC’s comments on them.
4. Carland, The Colonial Office and Nigeria, 96.
5. Perham, Lugard, 271.
6. Lugard’s use of force in Abeokuta is discussed in D. C. Dorward, “British West Africa and Liberia,” The Cambridge History of Africa, 7:429.
7. Perham, Lugard, 276–78.
8. “King’s Speech,” House of Commons, Feb. 22, 1906, Hansard.
9. For an account of the Sekgoma episode, see Ronald Hyam, “At the Colonial Office, 1905–8,” in Stansky, ed., Churchill: A Profile, 24–26.
10. The original source for WSC’s comment to Elgin, “These are my views,” is Austen Chamberlain’s Politics from Inside, 459. The other examples of banter between WSC and Elgin are quoted in Perham, Lugard, 269–70.
11. Minutes, WSC and Elgin on Lugard, Jan. 3, 1906, Colonial Office, quoted in Perham, Lugard, 248–49.
12. Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 54.
13. Arnold White, “The British System of Colonial Government,” Harper’s Monthly Magazine, January 1900; Hyam, “At the Colonial Office, 1905–8,” 29.
14. Details of the purchase and repairs to 12 Bolton Street are given in Lumley & Lumley to WSC, Jan. 25, 1906, CHAR 1/59/2–3. Incorrectly, Manchester (The Last Lion: Visions of Glory, 392) says WSC was renting.
15. “South Africa (High Commissioner),” House of Commons, March 21, 1906, Hansard.
16. “Civil Services and Revenue,” House of Commons, April 5, 1906, Hansard.
17. Frederick Ponsonby to WSC, Aug. 20, 1906, CV 2:1, 566.
18. Mencken, Newspaper Days, 239.
19. Richard Harding Davis to WSC, May 4 [1906], CHAR 1/56/15–16.
XII: Private Lives
1. WSC to Edward Marsh, Aug. 21, and to Jennie Churchill, Sept. 1, 1906, CV 2:1, 571 and 579.
2. Gardiner, Prophets, Priests and Kings, 78.
3. Henry Campbell-Bannerman to WSC, Aug. 25, 1906, CV 2:1, 574.
4. WSC, Thoughts and Adventures, 80.
5. WSC to the German emperor, Jan. 26, 1908, CHAR 1/72/23.
6. The photo of WSC and Wilhelm pointing with his sword was published in the Daily Mirror, Sept. 24, 1906. It has often been misdated (see Manchester, The Last Lion: Visions of Glory, 425). The parody appeared in Punch, Sept. 19, 1906.
7. WSC, Thoughts and Adventures, 79 and 76.
8. Stuart, Consuelo and Alva Vanderbilt, 269; “Marlborough Row Jars England,” Boston Journal, Oct. 22, 1906; Hayden Church, “Drear Christmas in Woodstock,” Chicago Tribune, Dec. 23, 1906.
9. Jennie Churchill to Consuelo Marlborough, Nov. 2, 1906, CHAR 28/78/45.
10. Cornwallis-West, Edwardian Hey-Days, 119; Jennie Churchill to WSC, May 7 [1907], CHAR 1/65/40.
11. Consuelo Marlborough to WSC [Dec. 1906], CHAR 1/57/24; Hugh Cecil to WSC, [Oct. 1906], CV 2:1, 588; WSC to Consuelo Marlborough, Dec. 22, 1906, CHAR 1/57/57.
12. Balsan, The Glitter and the Gold, 103.
13. Davis, Real Soldiers of Fortune, 84.
14. WSC to Richard Harding Davis, April 20, 1907 (Special Collections, University of Virginia Library); “Good Journalism,” Black & White, April 13, 1907.
15. Birkenhead, Churchill, 112–13.
16. “The Mystery of England’s Winston Churchill,” Current Literature, June 1908; Henry Campbell-Bannerman to WSC, Jan. 22, 1907, CV 2:1, 624.
17. Wilson, CB, 590.
18. Ibid., 590–92.
19. Farr, Reginald McKenna, 92.
XIII: The Political Maiden
1. Bennett, Margot, 209.
2. Bonham Carter, Lantern Slides, 127–28 and 130; Davenport-Hines, Ettie, 162.
3. Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill, 115 and 7.
4. D. W. Brogan, “He Gave His Best in Their Finest Hour,” NYT, May 30, 1965.
5. Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill, 4 and 356.
6. Margot Asquith, Autobiography, 202. For Margot’s opinion of Winston and Violet in 1907, see the entry for August 23 in the full manuscript of her diary, Bodleian MS 3206–3207.
7. Clifford, The Asquiths, 148 and 200.
8. Balsan, The Glitter and the Gold, 165–66; Moran, Diaries, 201; Margot Asquith, Autobiography, xxx.
9. Clifford, The Asquiths, 167.
10. Dorothy Parker, “Re-enter Margot Asquith,” New Yorker, Oct. 22, 1927; Hyde, Lord Reading, 221. There are several versions of Margot’s comment to Harlow, including the one quoted here from Bartlett’s Book of Anecdotes, but the original source seems to be Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Holmes-Einstein Letters (359), where Margot says, “The final ‘t’ in my Christian name is silent, unlike your family name.” For a description of Margot’s voice, see her Autobiography, xxxii.
11. Margot Asquith, Autobiography, xxiii; Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill, 6.
12. Clifford, The Asquiths, 9.
13. WSC to Sir Walter Runciman, Dec. 30, 1907, CV 2:2, 735.
14. Daily Mail and Manchester Chronicle to WSC, Apr. 27, 1907, CHAR 1/65/37–38; “The Misses Botha,” Daily Mail, April 25, 1907; Muriel Wilson to WSC, [May 2, 1907], CV 2:1, 656. Jan Smuts, among others, later confirmed that Botha was leading the force that captured WSC (see Life, April 3, 1944).
15. WSC to Jennie Churchill, Aug. 21, 1907, CV 2:1, 669; “Transvaal Loan (Guarantee) Bill,” House of Commons, Aug. 19, 1907, Hansard; WSC to Lord Knollys, Aug. 22, 1907, CV 2:1, 665. For a tense debate between WSC and the opposition on the subject of the diamond, see “Commons’ Hot Debate: Mr. Churchill and the Cullinan Diamond,” Daily Mail, Aug. 20, 1907. Marsh, A Number of People, 152.
XIV: A Place in the Sun
1. WSC to Pamela [Plowden] Lytton, Sept. 19, 1907, CV 2:2, 679.
2. Lord Elgin to Lord Crewe, May [?]
, 1908; and Jennie Churchill to WSC, Oct. 21, 1907, CV 2:2, 797 and 689. Punch, Oct. 2, 1907.
3. Sir Francis Hopwood to Lord Elgin, Dec. 16 and 27, 1907, CV 2:2, 724 and 730.
4. Hassall, A Biography of Edward Marsh, 134.
5. WSC, My African Journey, 88, 86, and 94; King Daudi Chwa to WSC, Jan. 22, 1908, CV 2:2, 748.
6. WSC, My African Journey, 38, 63, 209, and 64.
7. Ibid., 1, 14, and 166.
8. Hassall, A Biography of Edward Marsh, 134 and 139.
9. WSC, My African Journey, 208.
10. WSC to H. H. Asquith, March 14, 1908, CV 2:2, 755–56.
11. “The King’s Speech,” House of Commons, Feb. 10, 1904, Hansard.
12. Masterman, C. F. G. Masterman, 97–98.
13. Bonham Carter, Lantern Slides, 151; Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill, 123.
14. Wharton, A Backward Glance, 214–15.
15. Lee, “A Good Innings,” 97. For information on the Lugards in Hong Kong, see Perham, Lugard, 297.
16. Hassall, A Biography of Edward Marsh, 346; Longford, A Pilgrimage of Passion, 387.
17. Wilson, CB, 626; John Morley to WSC, April 8, 1908, CV 2:2, 766.
18. Gilbert, David Lloyd George, 1:332–34.
19. Clifford, The Asquiths, 139.
20. Winston and Clementine, 7.
XV: Best-Laid Plans
1. “Life and Letters,” Academy, May 2, 1908; “Automobiles Serve as Political Rostrums,” Motor World, May 14, 1908.
2. WSC, Manchester, April 22, 1908, CS, 1004.
3. Pankhurst, My Own Story, 52.
4. WSC, Thoughts and Adventures, 222; Toye, Lloyd George & Churchill, 81.
5. “Woman Suffrage: The Assault on Mr. Churchill” and “Woman Suffrage: A Suffragist’s Whip,” Times (London), Nov. 16 and Dec. 23, 1909; “Mr. Churchill Assaulted,” Lloyd’s Weekly News, Nov. 14, 1909.
6. “Mobbed by Women” and “Assault on First Lord,” Daily Mirror, Nov. 28, 1910, and March 17, 1914. Also see Soames, Clementine Churchill, 79–80, and “More Suffragette Outrages,” Lloyd’s Weekly News, Feb. 23, 1913.
7. “Manchester Today,” Daily Mirror, April 24, 1908; “Mr. Churchill Out,” Daily Mail, April 25, 1908; H. G. Wells to an Elector in Manchester, [April 13, 1908?], CV 2:2, 780.
8. Pankhurst, My Own Story, 106–7.
9. Cortissoz, The Life of Whitelaw Reid, 2:402.
10. “Routed by a Suffragette,” Daily Mail, May 5, 1908; “Winston Churchill’s Fight for a Seat,” Penny Illustrated Paper, May 9, 1908.
11. Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 67.
12. “The By-Elections,” Scotsman, May 11, 1908.
13. Gardiner, Prophets, Priests and Kings, 104–5.
14. WSC, Kinnaird Hall, Dundee, May 4, 1908, CS, 1029, 1033, and 1035.
15. WSC, Great Contemporaries, 141; R. Hyam, “Bruce, Victor Alexander, Ninth Earl of Elgin,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Bonham Carter, Lantern Slides, 157.
16. Margot Asquith, Autobiography, 250; Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill, 131.
17. “Will Winston Marry?,” Bystander, May 13, 1908; Farr, Reginald McKenna, 121 and 123.
18. Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill, 126.
19. Birkenhead, Churchill, 112. For WSC’s intention to visit Violet in Scotland on Aug. 17, 1908, see Bonham Carter, Lantern Slides, 162.
XVI: The Castle
1. “Fires at Country Houses: Mr. Churchill’s Narrow Escape,” Times (London), Aug. 7, 1908; Winston and Clementine, 11.
2. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 59 and 62.
3. Lady Airlie to WSC, Aug. 20, 1908, CV 2:2, 811; Soames, Clementine Churchill, 60; Winston and Clementine, 16.
4. Muriel Wilson to WSC, Aug. 15, 1908; Joseph Chamberlain to WSC, Aug. 24, 1908; Ian Malcolm to WSC, Sept. 8, 1908; and Hugh Cecil to WSC, Sept. 5, 1908, CV 2:2, 804, 813, 817, and 816; Evan Charteris to Jennie Churchill [1908], CHAR 28/78/70.
5. Bonham Carter, Lantern Slides, 162.
6. Browne, Long Sunset, 145.
7. Hill, Footsteps of Dr. Johnson, 125; “Mr. Churchill,” Daily Mirror, Aug. 25, 1908; “Mr. Churchill’s Wedding,” Daily Mail, Aug. 25, 1908. WSC’s return from Scotland by rail to King’s Cross in London was reported in the Scotsman on Friday, Aug. 28, 1908, in an untitled article on p. 4.
8. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 63; Birkenhead, Churchill, 178.
9. “Mr. Churchill’s Wedding,” Daily Mail, Aug. 28, 1908.
10. Venetia Stanley to Violet Asquith, Aug. 26, 1908, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.
11. Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill, 172–73. Margot mentions WSC’s August visit in her diary entry, “Slains Castle August & Sept. 1908,” Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.
12. Violet Asquith to Venetia Stanley, [September 1908], Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.
13. “Mr. Churchill’s Wedding,” Times (London), Sept. 14, 1908; “Mr. Churchill’s Wedding,” Scotsman, Sept. 14, 1908; Daily Mirror, Sept. 12, 1908.
14. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, 162–63; “Mr. and Mrs. Winston Churchill,” Bystander, Sept. 16, 1908; Longford, A Pilgrimage of Passion, 386.
15. For Margot’s dramatic account of Violet’s misadventure on September 19, see her diary entry, “Slains Castle August & Sept. 1908,” Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. (She noted Winston’s visit in August but made no comment about it except to disparage Clemmie’s intellect.) Newspaper stories offered various accounts. See the front-page story in the Daily Mirror, Sept. 22; “Illness of Miss Asquith,” Times (London), Sept. 22; “Miss Asquith’s Adventure,” Lloyd’s Weekly News, Sept. 27, 1908. Colin Clifford includes helpful information in his excellent The Asquiths, but because there is no discussion of Winston’s visit to Slains, or of his complicated history with Violet, the account underestimates his importance in the events of 1908.
16. Bonham Carter, Lantern Slides, 166.
17. Margot Asquith diary, “Slains Castle August & Sept. 1908,” Bodleian Library, University of Oxford (Clifford, The Asquiths, 143). For Bram Stoker’s connection to Cruden Bay, see Belford, Bram Stoker, 233–34 and 255.
18. Bonham Carter, Lantern Slides, 170.
19. Clifford, The Asquiths, 143.
20. Bonham Carter, Lantern Slides, 171.
21. WSC, Great Contemporaries, 139.
22. Soames, Clementine Churchill, 85.
XVII: Eminent Edwardian
1. “Engagement of Mr. Churchill,” Daily Mirror, Aug. 15, 1908; Gardiner, Prophets, Priests and Kings, 109; Douglas, Adventures in London, 216.
2. Mary McDowell, “The National Women’s Trade Union League,” Survey, Oct. 16, 1909.
3. “I don’t think I could press my Unemployment Insurance plan,” WSC wrote Asquith on Dec. 26, 1908, “until Lloyd George has found a way of dealing with infirmity or (which is possible) has found that there is no way” (CV 2:2, 860). See also WSC, Cabinet Memorandum, April 17, 1909, CV 2:2, 883–84.
4. Toye, Lloyd George & Churchill, 58. WSC to Clementine Churchill, April 22, 1911, CV 2:2, 1069.
5. Gilbert, David Lloyd George, 1:323; Koss, Lord Haldane, 56.
6. Chamberlain, Politics from Inside, 127; Hobhouse, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, 73.
7. Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 69.
8. Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill, 132.
9. Webb, The Diary of Beatrice Webb, 3:100–1.
10. WSC to H. H. Asquith, Dec. 29, 1908, CV 2:2, 863; H. H. Asquith to WSC, Jan. 11, 1909, CV 2:2, 869–70.
11. “Trade Boards Bill,” House of Commons, April 28, 1909, Hansard.
12. WSC to H. W. Massingham, Jan. 22, 1909, CV 2:2, 873; WSC, Kinnaird Hall, Dundee, Oct. 9, 1908, CS, 1097 and 1099; “Mr. Churchill at Dundee,” Scotsman, Oct. 10, 1908.
13. “The Launch of HMS Dreadnought,” Bystander, Feb. 14, 1906; “The Navy,” Edinburgh Review, July 1909.
14. “Battleship Armament,” House of Commons, Dec. 17, 1909, Hansard.
15. Farr, Reginald McKenna, 155.
&nb
sp; 16. WSC, Albert Hall, Swansea, Aug. 14, 1908, CS, 1085–86.
17. Farr, Reginald McKenna, 165.
18. Lloyd George to WSC, Dec. 21, 1908, CV 2:2, 937.
19. Farr, Reginald McKenna, 161.
20. Lloyd George to WSC, Jan. 3 [1909], CV 2:2, 938.
21. “Our Threatened Sea Power,” Lloyd’s Weekly, March 21, 1909.
22. Williams, Defending the Empire, 171; Blunt, My Diaries, 2:240. For more on the naval expansion, see Michael Howard, “The Edwardian Arms Race,” in Read, ed., Edwardian England, 145–61.
23. “Dreadnought Building” and “Final Balance Sheet,” House of Commons, April 29, 1909, Hansard.
24. WSC to Clementine Churchill, April 28 [1909], CV 2:2, 887.
25. WSC, “Why I Believe in Free Trade,” Tom Watson’s Magazine, July 1905; WSC, City Liberal Club, Walbrook, London, June 28, 1909, CS, 1273.
26. Spender, Life, Journalism and Politics, 1:231.
27. “Final Balance Sheet” and “Naval Problem,” House of Commons, April 29, 1909, Hansard. At least £11 million of the £16 million increase went to dreadnoughts and old-age pensions (Gilbert, David Lloyd George, 1:368). Naval expenditures increased from £36 million in 1909–10 to £43 million in 1911–12 (The Naval Annual, 1913, ed. Viscount Hythe, 457). Historians haven’t always given Asquith the credit he deserves for developing the legislation for old-age pensions, but his contemporaries widely recognized him as the driving force behind the plan. See Sidney Brooks, “Old-Age Pensions in England,” Harper’s Weekly, June 20, 1908.
28. WSC, Thoughts and Adventures, 57.
29. Gilbert, David Lloyd George, 1:15–16.
30. WSC to the Duke of Marlborough, Jan. 22, 1916, Library of Congress; Hobhouse, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, 121; Masterman, C. F. G. Masterman, 173.
31. Gilbert, David Lloyd George, 1:354.
XVIII: Sound and Fury
1. Winston and Clementine, 22.
2. Masterman, C. F. G. Masterman, 137.
3. Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, 284.
4. Winston and Clementine, 33.
5. Blunt, My Diaries, 2:271 and 284; Longford, A Pilgrimage of Passion, 386.
6. For WSC’s investments, see the letters to him from Cassel on Nov. 3 and Dec. 4, 1908, CHAR 1/78/17 and 25. Manchester incorrectly says of WSC, “The money he had invested with Cassel was gone” (The Last Lion: Visions of Glory, 402).
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