Lenin: A Biography
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Krupskaya, Yelizaveta Vasilevna (Nadezhda’s mother): accompanies daughter in exile, 1, 2, 3; cooks for L, 4, 5; health suffers in Siberia, 6; meets L’s sisters, 7; travels abroad with daughter, 8, 9, 10, 11; refuses to re-emigrate to Switzerland, 12; relations with L, 13; death, 14
Krushvits (tenant farmer), 1, 2, 3, 4
Krzhizhanovski, Gleb, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Kseshinskaya mansion (site of April 1917 Party Conference) 1
Kseshinskaya, Matilda, 1
Kuibyshev, Valeryan, 1, 2
kulaki: L defines, 1; L urges suppression of, 2, 3; Osip Chernov defends, 4; attacked at 10th Party Conference, 5; see also peasants
Kun, Béla, 1, 2, 3
Kuokkala (Finland), 1, 2
Kuskova, Yekaterina D., 1
Lafargue, Paul, 1, 2
Lalayants, Isaak, 1, 2
land: restored to peasants, 1, 2, 3, 4; L abandons call for nationalisation of, 5; Chernov’s policy on, 6; L’s 1917 decree on, 7, 8, 9, 10; private owenership abolished, 11; basic law on socialisation of, 12
Land and Freedom (party), 1, 2
Lapshin (bird-catcher), 1
Larin, Yuri, 1, 2
Lashevich, Mikhail M., 1
Latvia, 1, 2
Lavrov, Pëtr, 1
Lebedour, Georg, 1
Le Bon, Gustave, 1
Left Communists, 1, 2, 3, 4
Left Opposition, 1
Left Socialist-Revolutionaries: refuse to join coalition with Bolsheviks, 1; Shteinberg leads, 2; confidence in European socialist revolution, 3; co-operate with Bolsheviks in government, 4, 5, 6; and elections to Constituent Assembly, 7, 8; refuse to accept Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 9, 10; withdraw from government, 11; separate from Bolsheviks, 12; uprising against Bolsheviks, 13, 14, 15; at 5th Congress of Soviets, 16; L suppresses, 17, 18
Legcher, Dr, 1 Lengnik, Fridrikh V., 2, 3
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (born Ulyanov): names, 1; achievements, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; excuses Malinovski, 9; demands and predicts revolution, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17; documentation on, 18; personality, 19, 20, 21; hostility towards Stalin, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29; attachment to Inessa Armand, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37; attitude to and interest in women, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42; destructive urges, 43; education, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49; family background and ancestry, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55; reaction to brother Alexander’s execution, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61; relations with Krupskaya, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73; introduces NEP, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80; reading, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93; initial obscurity, 94; poor health, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109; birth, 110; Jewish blood, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117; grandfather Blank examines, 118; childhood, 119, 120; appearance and dress, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129; eyesight, 130; relations with siblings, 131, 132; marriage, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138; knowledge of classics, 139, 140, 141; attitude to artistic interests, 142; accident while fishing, 143; and father’s death, 144; misbehaviour after father’s death, 145; anti-social manner, 146, 147; gives up smoking, 148; studies law at Imperial Kazan University, 149, 150; atheism, 151, 152, 153; life at Kokushkino, 154; early revolutionary ideas and activities, 155, 156, 157, 158; financial resources, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165; expelled from Kazan University, 166; chess-playing, 167; attitude to peasants, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180; life at Alakaevka, 181; translating, 182, 183; repudiates sentiment in politics, 184, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190; brings action against Arefev, 191; registers at St Petersburg University, 192; helped and supported by sisters and mother, 193, 194, 195, 196; temper, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203; qualifies and practises as lawyer, 204, 205, 206; on Volga famine (1891–2), 207; revolutionary activities in St Petersburg, 208, 209, 210; writing, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, ref; belligerence in discussion, 230; remoteness from workers, 231; linguistic talents, 232, 233; Russianism, 234; hatred of established order, 235; cycling, 236, 237, 238; gastric problems, 239, 240, 241; love of order and tidiness, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247; uses pseudonyms and aliases, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252; difficulty with German language, 253, 254; travels to Switzerland (1895), 255; arrested and detained, 256; exile in Siberia, 257, 258; affection for mother, 276, 277, 278; nervous tension, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287; need for heroes, 288; hunting and fishing, 289, 290, 291; mentioned in Encyclopaedic Dictionary, 292; leaves Russia (1900), 2 93; relations with Plekhanov, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299; disillusioned by Plekhanov, 300; life in Munich, 301; passion for Wagner, 302; adopts name Lenin, 303; proposes clandestine party, 304; literary style, 305; attracts followers, 306; leadership and authority, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320; in London, 321; learns English, 322; suffers from erysipelas, 323, 324, 325; attends Second Party Congress, 326, 327; and Bolshevik-Menshevik split, 328, 329; resigns from Iskra and Party Council, 330; self-belief, 331, 332, 333, 334; in Paris, 335, 336, 337; Swiss holiday, 338; hears of 1905 ‘Bloody Sunday’ massacre, 339; attends Third Party Congress, 340; standpoint on European War, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346; declines to return to Russia, 347, 348; returns to St Petersburg (1905–6), 349; oratory and speechmaking, 350, 351; advocates violent methods and terror, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362; attends Fourth Party Congress, 363; in Finland (1906–7), 363; attends Fifth Party Congress, 364; leaves Finland for Geneva, 365; eating habits, 366; relations with mother-in-law, 367, 368; disputes and breach with Bogdanov, 369, 370; visits Gorki in Capri, 371; overwork and strain, 372,373, 374, 375, 376; resigns from board of Social-Democrat, 377; remains childless, 378, 379, 380; travels in Europe, 381; decides on Party Conference (1911), 382; intellectual influences on, 383, 384; sense of mission, 385, 386; serves on Party Central Committee, 387, 388; growing reputation among socialist parties, 389; in Kraków, 390, 391; ends relationship with Inessa Armand, 392, 393, 394, 395; outdoor recreations, 396, 397, 398, 399; and factionalism among Bolsheviks, 400, 401; spends time in Galicia, 402; remoteness from daily affairs, 403; apprehended and released in Poland, 404; refuge in neutral Switzerland, 405; discusses matters of love with Inessa, 406; and mother’s death, 407; separation from Russian activities in war, 408, 409; plans socialist government, 410, 411; notebooks, 412, 413, 414; develops political philosophy, 41; believes in international socialist revolution, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426; pre-Revolution qualities and status, 427; learns of February 1917 revolution, 428; return to Russia (1917), 429; idolised by sister Anna, 430; political passions, 431; presents revolutionary programme in Petrograd (1917), 432; mixes with workers, 433, 434; political style and manner, 435; heart attacks, 436, 437, 438, 439; image and propaganda, 440, 441, 442; press opposition to, 443; leaves and returns to Petrograd (June-July 1917), 444; pacifies armed demonstrators (1917), 445; denounced as German spy, 446; Provisional Government issues arrest warrant for, 446; flight, hiding and refuge in Finland, 447, 448; shaves off beard and moustache, 449; revised policies rejected by Central Committee, 500, 501, 502, 503; evasions and untruthfulness, 504; political illiberalism and prejudices, 505, 506; calls for immediate insurrection, 507; wears wigs for disguise, 508, 509; addresses Central Committee on need for insurrection, 510; plans and proposes October Revolution, 511, 512; addresses Petrograd Soviet on October Revolution, 513; assumes power, 514, 515, 516, 517; drafts and presents decrees, 518, 519, 520; appointed Chairman of Sovnarkom, 521, 522, 523; governmental aims and objectives, 524, 524, 526, 527, 528; government’s durability questioned, 529; sets up Extraordinary Commission, 530; class attitudes, 531, 532, 533; life with Krupskaya in Petrograd, 534; satirised, 535; working practices and assistants, 536, 537, 538, 539; proposes separate peace in World War I (Brest-Litovsk Treaty), 540, 541, 542, 543, 544; Finnish holiday (December 1917), 545; authoritarianism, 546, 547, 548, 549; demands discipline of workers, 550; assassination attempts on, 551, 552, 553; for
ces closure of Constituent Assembly, 554; moves with government to Moscow, 555; economic policies, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561; misidentified, fired at and arrested, 562; and assassination of Romanovs, 563; part in Civil War, 564, 565, 566, 567; organising and administration, 568, 569, 570, 571; robbed by armed men, 572; remoteness from provincial administration, 573, 574; at First Congress of Comintern, 575; on national question, 576, 577, 578; justifications at 8th Party Congress, 579; and party supremacy, 580, 397, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586; appears in film, 587; tolerance of workers’ intransigence, 588, 589; post-Revolution policies, 590, 591; dispute with Trotski over grain requisitioning, 592; loses revolver to bodyguard, 593; fiftieth birthday celebrations, 594; launches war against Poland, 595, 596, 597; at Second Comintern Congress, 598, 599; sues for peace after defeat by Poland, 600; German Communist Party opposes, 601; and death of Inessa Armand, 602, 603; justifies war with Poland, 604; in ‘trade union discussion’, 605, 606; at 10th Party Congress, 607; on workers’ control of factories, 608; attacked at 10th Party Conference, 609; declares for ‘peaceful coexistence’, 610; convalesces at Gorki, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616; work-load reduced on health grounds, 617, 618, 619; loses will to work, 620; mental state and ‘obsessions’, 621; considers suicide, 622, 623, 624; operation for removal of bullet, 625, 626; specialist medical examinations and diagnoses, 627, 628; suffers strokes, 629, 630, 631, 632; Political Testament, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637; in party disputes over foreign trade and constitution, 638; social manners, 639; addresses 4th Comintern Congress, 640; considers successors, 641, 642, 643, 644; dictates to secretaries during illness, 645, 646, 647, 648; final coma, death and funeral, 649; embalmed and displayed in mausoleum, 650; posthumous reputation and cult, 651, 652
WORKS: April Theses, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; ‘Better Fewer, But Better’, 12; The Current Tasks of Soviet Power, 13; The Development of Capitalism in Russia, 14, 15, 16; Economic Studies and Articles, 17; ‘How We Should Reorganise Rabkrin’, 18; Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism, 19; ‘Letter to a Comrade about our Organisational Tasks’, 20, 21; ‘Letter to the Congress’, 22, 23; ‘Marxism and Insurrection’ (letter), 24; Materialism and Empiriocriticism, 25, 26; ‘New Economic Trends in Peasant Life’, 27; ‘On Compromises’, 28; ‘On Cooperation’, 29; On the Food Tax, 30, 31; ‘On the Question of the Nationalities or about “Autonomisation”’, 32; ‘On Slogans’, 33; One Step Forward, Two Steps Back, 34, 35; ‘Picture of the Provisional Revolutionary Government’, 36; Proletarian Revolution and Kautsky the Renegade, 37; The State and the Revolution, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47; ‘The Tasks of Revolutionary Social-Democracy in the European War’, 48; ‘The Theory of Realisation’, 49; ‘Theses on the Question of a Separate and Annexationist Peace’, 50; Two Tactics of Russian Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, 51, 52; What Is to Be Done?, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64
Leningrad see St Petersburg
Lepeshinski, Panteleimon & Olga, 1
Lermontov, Mikhail, 1, 2, 3
Leshchenko, Dmitri, 1
Lewin, Moshe, 1
Liber, Mark, 1, 2
Liberation of Labour Group, 1
Liberation (organisation) see Union of Liberation
Liebknecht, Karl, 1, 2
Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 1
Liebman, Marcel, 1
Lindhagen, Karl, 1
Liquidators, 1
List, Friedrich, 1
Lithuania, 1, 2
London: L moves to, 1, 2; Third Party Congress in, 3
Longjumeau (France), 1
Lozgachëv, Georgi (‘Gora’), 1, 2, 3, 4
Luch (Menshevik newspaper), 1
Ludendorff, General Erich, 1
Lunacharski, Anatoli, 1, 2, 3, 4
Luxemburg, Rosa, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Lvov, Prince Georgi, 1, 2, 3
Lyubimov, A.I., 1, 2
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 1, 2,3
Main Political Administration (GPU): established, 1, 2
Malia, Martin, 1
Malinovski, Roman, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Martov, Yuli: activities in St Petersburg, 1; friendship with L, 2, 3, 4, 5; Jewish background, 6, 7, 8, 9; detained, 10; exiled to Siberia, 11, 12; on board of Iskra, 13, 14, 15; and L’s writing of What Is to Be Done?, 16; leadership qualities, 17; in London, 18; moves Iskra to Geneva, 19; dispute with L at Second Party Congress, 20, 21; forms Menshevik party, 22, 23; attacks L, 24; L repudiates, 25, 26, 27; declines to attend Third Party Congress, 28; and Bolsheviks in Duma elections, 29; self-questioning, 30; approached by Bolshevik Centre, 31; and First World War, 32, 33; disbelieves workers’ revolution, 34; and international socialism, 35; and L’s return to Russia after revolution, 36; criticises L’s interpretation of Marx, 37; calls for socialist administration, 38; differences with L, 39
Marx, Karl: L’s interpretation of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; influence on L, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20; appeal to Russian revolutionaries, 21; Chernyshevski reads, 22; attitude to peasants, 23, 24; on agrarian Russia, 25; Plekhanov’s interpretation of, 26; and Russian economic trends, 27; Bernstein’s revisionism, 28; Kautsky defends, 29; L cites, 30; and revolution, 31; influenced by Enlightenment, 32; in L’s The State and Revolution, 33, 34; views on historical development, 35; L displays portrait of, 36; advocates workers’ control of factories, 37; work ethic, 38; on socialism in peasant society, 39; L promoted as successor to, 40; Capital, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47; The Poverty of Philosophy, 48; Theses on Feuerbach, 49
Marxism: as prominent ideology in Russian Empire, 1, 2; Russian revolutionaries embrace, 3; L’s interest in and understanding of, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; and class struggle, 9; study circles, 10; workers in, 11, 12; L writes on, 13; in Russia, 14; and L’s proposal for party, 15; and Bolshevik-Menshevik split, 16; Russian leaders repressed, 17; predicts stages of revolution, 18; and historical development, 19; on industrial levels as prerequisite for socialist state, 20
Marxism–Leninism, 1, 2, 3, 4
Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism, 1
Maslov, Pëtr, 1, 2
Mayakovski, Vladimir, 1
Mdivani, P.G., 1, 2, 3
Medvedev, Roy, 1
Mehring, Franz, 1, 2
Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich, 1, 2
Mensheviks: formed, 1, 2; L attacks, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15; attend Third Party Congress, 16; on dictatorship of proletariat, 17; L wishes reunification with, 18; at 4th Party Congress, 19; doctrines, 20; defeated at 5th Party Congress, 21; criticise L for megalomania, 22; minimal representation at Prague Conference, 23; legal status, 24; in Fourth Duma, 25; form Petrograd Soviet, 26; and February 1917 revolution, 27; support Provisional Government, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32; meet L on 1917 return to Russia, 33; denied wish for unified party, 34; as separate party, 35; Trotski leaves, 36; apprehension over Bolshevik demonstration, 37; decline, 38; and Bolshevik plans for armed demonstration, 39; strength in soviets, 40; and October Revolution, 41; and Second All-Russia Congress of Soviets, 42; land policy, 43; demand broader socialist coalition, 44; L refuses compromise with, 45; and suppression of Constituent Assembly, 46; repressed, 47, 48, 49, 50; support grain-trade monopoly, 51; and L’s socialism, 52; advocate NEP, 53; posthumous accounts of L, 54; see also Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party
Meshcherski, Vladimir P., 1, 2
Meshcheryakov, Nikolai, 1
Meyer, Alfred, 1
Michels, Robert, 1
Mickiewicz, Sergei, 1
Mikhail Alexandrovich, Grand Duke, 1
Mikhailovski, Nikolai, 1, 2
Military Opposition, 1
Military-Revolutionary Committee (of Petrograd Soviet), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Mill, John Stuart, 1
Milyukov, Pavel, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6>, 7, 8
Milyutin, Vladimir, 1
Minsk, 1
Mints, V.M., 1
Minusinsk district (Siberia), 1, 2
Mirbach, Wilhelm, Count von: assassinated, 1, 2
Mitchell, Isaac H.
, 1
Modenovo, 1
Modrácêk, Franz, 1
Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 1, 2, 3, 4
Morgari, Odino, 1, 2
Morozov, Savva, 1
Mosca, Gaetano, 1
Moscow: Ulyanovs move to, 1; L in, 2; December 1905 rising, 3; Soviet, 4; L moves government to, 5; character, 6; 1921 strikes in, 7
Moscow Province Party Conference (1920), 1
Mukden, Battle of (1905), 1
Munich, 1, 2
Mussolini, Benito, 1
Myshkin, Ippolit, 1, 2
Nadezhdin, L., 1
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of France, 1
narodniki (agrarian socialists), 1, 2; see also agrarian socialism
‘national question’, 1, 2, 3, 4
nationalisation, 1, 2