by What Linnaeus Saw- A Scientist's Quest to Name Every Living Thing (retail) (epub)
165 “They are more amusing”: Linnaeus Correspondence, L1613.
166 “If I knew how many teeth”: Linnaeus, Lachesis, vol. 1, 191.
167 “No one is right to be angry with me”: Broberg, “Homo sapiens,” 170.
169 “Theology decrees”: Broberg, “Homo sapiens,” 166.
169 “I well know what a splendidly great difference”: Broberg, “Homo sapiens,” 167.
171 “grasp, sit, eat, threaten, [and] smile”: Linnaeus, “Markattan Diana,” trans. Ingvar Svanberg, email to author, October 17, 2016.
171 “mild eyes”; “Grech”; “Hoi!”: Koerner, Linnaeus, 88.
176 “cousins of man”: Nynäs, “Anthropomorpha,” A Linnaean Kaleidoscope, 338.
176 “a second Adam”: von Haller, journal editor, in an anonymous review of Linnaeus’s Fauna Suecica, in 1748, quoted in Broberg, “Homo sapiens,” 172.
176 “My vanity would not suffer me”: Broberg, “Homo sapiens,” 173.
176 “indecent”: “Clement XIII, Pope,” New Catholic Encyclopedia, Catholic University of America. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, 937–40.
177 “The absence of things”: Linnaeus, Philosophia Botanica, 49.
178 “genealogical/geographical map”: Linnaeus, Musa Cliffortiana, 58.
179 “there are somewhere apes”: Schwartz, Sudden Origins, 59.
184 “Blow your nose!”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 150.
184 “Step in!”: Fries, Linnaeus, 258.
184 “Twelve o’clock, Mr. Carl!”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 150.
186 “Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods”: Gotthelf, “Darwin on Aristotle,” 4.
186 “I cannot at present give up my belief”: Darwin, The Correspondence, 153.
187 “Expressions such as that famous one by Linnaeus”: Gotthelf, “Darwin on Aristotle,” 27.
187 “war of all against all”: Koerner, Linnaeus, 83.
CHAPTER 10: STUDENT EXPLORERS
A thorough resource on all the apostles is Hansen and Hansen, The Linnaeus Apostles.
188 “A professor can never better distinguish himself”: Fries, Linnaeus, 227. This letter praises young Rolander.
189 “army of botanists”: Koerner, Linnaeus, 42.
189 “little birds that are shot”: Koerner, Linnaeus, 42.
189 “Knäfvelen vet”: Swedish Museum of Natural History website, http://www.nrm.se/en/forskningochsamlingar/botanik/botaniskhistoria/carlvonlinne.480.html.
190 “A table was spread for twenty”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 169.
190 “house roofs in Uppsala”: Koerner, Linnaeus, 42.
191 “hardly anyone loves him”: Gribbin and Gribbin, Flower Hunters, 52.
192 “never failed to captivate”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 154.
192 “he had the advantage”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 154.
192 “If Linnaeus spoke”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 154.
195 “on the hardest bench”: Koerner, Linnaeus, 115.
196 “imitate nature in such a way”: Hansen and Hansen, ed., The Linnaeus Apostles, vol. 1: “Instructions for Naturalists on Voyages of Exploration,” 204.
198 “I often hear myself reproached”: Robbins, Travels, 32.
199 “Hardly could we”: “The development of protoecology in Sweden,” Linné Online, http://www2.linnaeus.uu.se/online/eco/utveckling.html, accessed January 29, 2019.
200 “On both sides of this island”: Kalm, “A Letter,” 1750.
200 “Take fire-brands”: Robbins, Travels, 153.
200 “almost melt in the mouth”: Robbins, Travels, 168.
202 “Our Friend Mr. Kalm”: Robbins, Travels, 152.
202 “Kalm’s Account”: Robbins, Travels, 170.
204 “sweetest mademoiselle”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 193.
206 “your eldest daughter”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 193.
208 “Economy is more of an obligation”: Nyberg, “Linnaeus’ apostles,” 20.
208 “Fish breathe through lungs”: Romero, “When Whales Became Mammals,” 25.
208 “the brightest, strongest red”: Greenfield, A Perfect Red, 3.
210 “greatly impressed”: Dobreff, “Daniel Rolander,” 12.
210 “As you know, for every creative spirit”: Dobreff, “Daniel Rolander,” 12.
212 “made me a present”: Pulteney, A General View of the Writings of Linnaeus, 576.
215 “The slaves he saw”: Rönnbäck, “Enlightenment,” 431.
216 “Their situation was very pitiful”: Rönnbäck, “Enlightenment,” 430.
216 “I never have seen better”: Rönnbäck, “Enlightenment,” 431.
218 “comets amongst the stars”: Fries, Linnaeus, 227.
CHAPTER 11: THE PROFESSOR
219 “If a tree dies”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 221.
219 “ancient green jacket”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 174.
220 “Nature does not wait”: “Linnaeus the teacher,” Linné Online. http://www2.linnaeus.uu.se/online/life/7_3.html.
222 “Grandpa’s leafy bower”: “Linnaeus’s Grove,” Uppsala University Botany website, http://www.botan.uu.se/our-gardens/linnaeus-hammarby/explore/garden-tour/linnaeus--grove/, accessed January 28, 2019.
222 “castle in the air”: Blunt, Linnaeus, 241.
227 “Why should we treat”: Koerner, Linnaeus, 83.
227 “butcher’s block”: Linnaeus, quoted at “Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778),” University of California Museum of Paleontology website, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html, accessed January 29, 2019.
227 “war of all against all”: Koerner, Linnaeus, 83.
227 “There are some”: Koerner, Linnaeus, 83.
227 “until now no one has thought”: Koerner, Linnaeus, 83.
228 Science is a relay race: inspired by Mehmet Murat Ildan, Galileo Galilei [play] (Ankara: Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Art-Theatre No. 303–189), 2001. Email to author, January 14, 2019. The full quote runs: “History of science is a relay race, my painter friend. Copernicus took over his flag from Aristarchus, from Cicero, from Plutarch; and Galileo took that flag over from Copernicus” (trans. Mehmet Murat Ildan).
SOURCES
Many of the resources that I used, including some rare and historic books, are available online through Archive.org, Biodiversity Heritage Library, and various reliable websites including those of Uppsala University and its Linnaeus resource, Linné Online, http://www2.linnaeus.uu.se/online/index-en.html, and the Linnean Society of London.
Anyone wanting to read in detail about Linnaeus’s traveling students should look to the excellent series from the IK Foundation, The Linnaeus Apostles: Global Science and Adventure, most of which are now available online at https://www.ikfoundation.org/ibooks/ibooks.php/. Another excellent and reliable site for specific information about species is the Encyclopedia of Life, hosted by the National Museum of Natural History/Smithsonian at https://eol.org/.
I have consulted many more books, letters, and scholars during my research than can be listed here.
LETTERS
The Linnaeus Correspondence can be viewed online at the digital platform run by Uppsala University Library in collaboration with other cultural heritage institutions, https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/ by searching for Linnaeus Correspondence, or by entering the specific letter number, for example L0165, in the search bar. These webpages link to summaries and to some English translations, which can also be found in Smith, ed., A Selection of the Correspondence of Linnaeus and Other Naturalists.
BOOKS AND ARTICLES FROM JOURNALS, SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS, AND ONLINE SOURCES
Barthelmess, Klaus, and Ingvar Svanberg. “Linnaeus’ Whale: a wash drawing of bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) at Hammarby.” Lychnos: Annual of the Swedish History of Science Society, 2006, 303–17.
Blunt, Wilfrid. Linnaeus: The Compleat Naturalist. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Broberg, Gunnar. “The Broken Circle.” In The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century, edited by Tore Frängsmyr, J. L. He
ilbron, and Robin E. Rider, 45–73. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
_____. “The Dragonslayer.” TijdSchrift voor Skandinavistiek 29, no. 1, 29–43 (2008). Available at http://rjh.ub.rug.nl/tvs/article/viewFile/10739/8310.
_____. “Homo sapiens: Linnaeus’s Classification of Man.” In Linnaeus: The Man and His Work, edited by Tore Frängsmyr, 156–94. Canton, MA: Watson, 1994.
_____. “Petrus Artedi in His Swedish Context.” In Proceedings of the Fifth Congress of European Ichthyologists, 1985, 11–15. Stockholm: Swedish Museum of Natural History, 1987.
Charmantier, Isabelle. “Carl Linnaeus and the Visual Representation of Nature.” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 41, no. 4, 365–404 (2011).
_____, and Staffan Müller-Wille. “Carl Linnaeus’s Botanical Paper Slips (1767–1773).” Intellectual History Review 24, no. 2 (2014): 215–38.
Coen, Enrico. The Art of Genes: How Organisms Makes Themselves. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Colden, Jane. Botanic Manuscript of Jane Colden, 1724–1766: First Woman Botanist of Colonial America. Edited by H. W. Rickett and Elizabeth C. Hall. New York: Chanticleer Press, 1963.
Dalman, Margareta Nisser. “What’s More Important, a Good Story or a True Story?: The merging of facts and fiction at Linnaeus’ houses in Uppsala.” In Mary J. Morris and Leonie Berwick, eds., The Linnaean Legacy: Three Centuries After His Birth. Special Issue no. 8, 27–34. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell, Linnean Society of London, 2008.
Darwin, Charles. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 20 (1872). Edited by Frederick Burkhardt, James A. Secord, and Janet Browne. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Dobreff, James. “Daniel Rolander: The Invisible Naturalist.” In Systema Naturae 250: The Linnaean Ark, edited by Andrew Polaszek, 11–28. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010.
Forster, Johann R. Kalm’s Travels into North America, vol. 2. London: Warrington, 1770.
Frängsmyr, Tore. Linnaeus: The Man and His Work. Canton, MA: Watson, 1994.
Fries, Theodor Magnus. Linnaeus: The Story of His Life. Adapted and edited by Benjamin Daydon Jackson. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Gibbons, Ann. “New Human Species Discovered.” Science, September 10, 2015, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/09/new-human-species-discovered. Accessed November 23, 2016.
Glass, Bentley. “Eighteenth-Century Concepts of the Origin of Species.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104, no. 2 (April 19, 1960): 227–34.
Gotthelf, Allan. “Darwin on Aristotle.” Journal of the History of Biology 32, no. 1 (Spring 1999): 3–30.
Greenfield, Amy Butler. A Perfect Red: Empire, Espionage, and the Quest for the Color of Desire. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.
Gribbin, Mary, and John Gribbin. Flower Hunters. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Gustafsson, Åke. “Linnaeus’ Peloria: The History of a Monster.” Theoretical and Applied Genetics 54, no. 6 (1979): 241–48.
Hansen, Viveka, and Lars Hansen. The Linnaeus Apostles: Global Science and Adventure. London and Whitby: IK Foundation, 2010.
Harnesk, Helena. Linnaeus, Genius of Uppsala. Uppsala: Hallgren and Fallgren, 2007.
Heller, John L. “Linnaeus’s Hortus Cliffortianus.” Taxon 17, no. 6 (December 1968): 663–719.
Johannison, Karin. A Life of Learning: Uppsala University during Five Centuries. Uppsala: Uppsala University Press, 1989.
Jonsell, Bengt. “Linnaeus and his Two Circumnavigating Apostles.” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 106 (1982): 1–19.
Kalm, Pehr. “A Letter from Mr. KALM.” The Gentleman’s Magazine 21 (February 1751): 16–18.
Koerner, Lisbet. “Carl Linnaeus in his Time and Place.” In Cultures of Natural History, edited by Nicholas Jardine, 167. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
_____. Linnaeus: Nature and Nation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Lehtola, Veli-Pekka. The Sami People: Traditions in Transition. Translated by Linna Weber Müller-Wille. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2005.
Linnaeus, Carl. “Carl Linnaeus’s Almanac 1735.” Translated by Nathaniel Wallich. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 2 (November 1848–June 1855): 5–12.
_____. The Carl Linnaeus Notebook, 1725–1727. 3 vols.: The Transcription. The Facsimile. The Comments. Transcribed and with commentary by Torbjörn Lindell. English language revision by Eivor Cormack. Edited by Lars Hansen. Whitby, UK: IK Foundation, 2009.
_____. Beskrifning På et Americanskt diur” (Description of an American animal that His Royal Highness has given to the investigation). Handlingar: Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Academien (Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) 8 (1747): 277–89.
_____. “En Älskandes Vale” (A lover’s farewell). In Theodor Magnus Fries, Linne: Lefnadsteckning. Stockholm: Fahlcrantz, 1903, 15–16.
_____. Lachesis Lapponica; Or, A Tour In Lapland, Now First Published From the Original Manuscript Journal of Linnaeus. 2 vols. Edited by James Edward Smith. Translated by Charles Troilius. London: White and Cochrane, 1811.
_____. Linnaeus’ Philosophia Botanica. Translated by Stephen Freer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
_____. “Markattan Diana.” Handlingar: Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Academien (Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences), Stockholm: Lars Salvius, 1754, 210–17.
_____. Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Natural History, Husbandry, and Physick: To Which Is Added the Calendar of Flora. Edited by Benjamin Stillingfleet. Translated by F. J. Brand. New York: Arno Press, 1977.
_____. Musa Cliffortiana: Clifford’s Banana Plant, 1736. Translated by Stephen Freer, introduction by Staffan Müller-Wille (14-67). Ruggell, Liechtenstein: A. R. G. Ganter Verlag, 2007.
_____. Select Dissertations from the Amoenitates Academicae: A Supplement to Mr. Stillingfleet’s Tracts Relating to Natural History. Charleston, SC: Nabu Press, 2011.
_____. Systema Naturae, 1735. Facsimile of Linnaeus’s first edition. Edited and translated by M. S. J. Engel-Ledeboer and H. Engel. Nieuwkoop, Netherlands: B. de Graaf, 2004.
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Müller-Wille, Staffan. “Collection and Collation: Theory and Practice of Linnaean Botany.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38 (2007): 541–62.
_____. “How the Great Chain of Being Fell Apart: Diversity in natural history 1758–1859.” Thema, La revue des musées de la civilisation 2 (2015): 85–95.
_____. “Linnaeus’ Herbarium Cabinet: A Piece of Furniture and its Function.” Endeavour 30, no. 2 (June 2006): 60–64.
_____. “Systems and How Linnaeus Looked at Them in Retrospect.” Annals of Science 70, no. 3 (2013): 305–17.
_____, and Isabelle Charmantier. “Lists as Research Technologies.” Isis 3, no. 4 (December 10, 2012): 743–52.
_____, and Isabelle Charmantier. “Natural History and Information Overload: The case of Linnaeus.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43, no. 1 (March 2012): 4-15.
_____, and Karen Reeds. “A Translation of Carl Linnaeus’s Introduction to General Plantarum (1737).” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38 (2007): 563–72.
_____, and Sara Scharf. “Indexing Nature: Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and His Fact-Gathering Strategies.” London: London School of Economics, January 2009.
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Apostles, Scientific Travel and the East India Trade.” Zoologica Scripta 38, Suppl. 1 (2009): 7–16.
Nynäs, Carina, and Lars Bergquist. A Linnaean Kaleidoscope: Linnaeus and His 186 Dissertations. Uppsala: Hagstromer Medico-Historical Library, 2016.
Pieters, Florence F. J. M. Wonderen der Natuur: in de Menagerie van Blauw Jan te Amsterdam, zoals gezien door Jan Velten rond 1700 / Wonders of Nature in the Menagerie of Blauw Jan in Amsterdam, as observed by Jan Velten around 1700. Texts from the Velten album translated by Marianne Arentshorst. Amsterdam: ETI Digitized Rare and Historical Books, 1998, 31–53.
Pulteney, Richard. A General View of the Writings of Linnaeus plus the Diary of Linnaeus (1762). 2nd ed. London: J. Mawman, 1805.
Ramsbottom, John. “Caroli Linnæi Pan Suecicus.” Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society 38. Edinburgh: Botanical Society of Scotland, 1959.
Robbins, Paula I. Jane Colden: America’s First Woman Botanist. Fleischmanns, NY: Purple Mountain Press, 2009.
_____. The Travels of Peter Kalm: Finnish–Swedish Naturalist, through Colonial North America, 1748–1751. Fleischmanns, NY: Purple Mountain Press, 2007.
Romero, Aldemaro. “When Whales Became Mammals: The scientific journey of cetaceans from fish to mammals in the history of science.” In New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2012. Accessed at http://www.aromerojr.net/Publications/669B.Book.pdf on December 31, 2018.
Rönnbäck, Klas. “Enlightenment, Scientific Exploration and Abolitionism: Anders Sparrman’s and Carl Bernhard Wadstrom’s colonial encounters in Senegal, 1787–1788, and the British abolitionist movement.” Slavery and Abolition 34, no. 3 (September 2013): 425–45.
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