Cainkar, Louise, 253
Campbell, Kurt, 242
Cantril, Hadley: antiwar party research of, 81; Latin American public opinion studied by, 80; Office of Public Opinion Research led by, 79–80; policy makers using research techniques of, 82–83
Can We Be Neutral? (Dulles and Armstrong), 77
capitalism, 7, 92, 224
capitalist globalization, 222, 224, 254–55
capital markets, 329n9
Capra, Frank, 88
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 57, 183
career businessmen, 50
Carlson, Reynold E., 187
Carmichael, William, 200, 215, 326n137
Carnegie, Andrew, 35, 36, 44–45, 59; dead-eyed focus of, 61; methods of, 37–38; social Darwinism attachment of, 62–63
Carnegie, William, 44
Carnegie Corporation (CC), 40; African center funded by, 315n100; AIPR funded by, 85–87; American studies programs approved by, 101–3; American values promoted by, 100–103; ASA grant funded by, 160–64; committees project of, 89–90; initiative of, 286n143; investment strategy post-9/11 of, 253; Islam and globalization research of, 252–53; Islamic Initiative funded by, 254; Latin America research funding of, 186–87; Lynd funding rejected by, 90–91; racialization in, 62
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP), 40; AIPR program funded by, 86–87; elites and, 49–53; foreign affairs organizations connections of, 52–53; trustees of, 49–50
Carter, Edward C., 85
Carter, Gwendolen, 160, 162, 164, 173
Castagno, Al, 162
Castells, Manuel, 8
Castillo, Donald, 204
Castro, Herta, 202
Catholic University, 191–92, 321n56, 324n108; CEPLAN founding at, 208–10; Chicago boys and, 196; economists trained at, 181; Ford Foundation funding to, 206–8; neoliberal agricultural economists of, 207; pluralism eroded at, 206–7; RF funding and, 195, 204; University of Chile political differences with, 201
Cauas, Jorge, 205–6
CC. See Carnegie Corporation
CCD. See Council for the Community of Democracies
CCF. See Congress for Cultural Freedom
CDAAA. See Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
CEIP. See Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Centeno, Miguel, 327n158
Center for National Planning Studies (CEPLAN/CIEPLAN): CU founding of, 208–10; Ford Foundation funding of, 208–10; growth with equity approach of, 217; members political affiliations of, 209; new independent research center and, 209–10
centrist polity, 328n167
CEPLAN/CIEPLAN. See Center for National Planning Studies
CFI. See Colorado Fuel and Iron Company
CFR. See Council on Foreign Relations
Chana, Dean, 196
Chapin, William W., 52
Chase National Bank, 47
Chatham House. See Royal Institute of International Affairs
Cheney, Lynne, 240
Cherrington, Ben, 52
Chiang Kai-shek, 285n125
Chicago boys, 192–99, 205–6, 324n108
Chicago research community, 197–98
Chile: American foundations influencing, 181–82, 196–97; democracy of, 211; democratic socialist party in, 219; Ford Foundation in, 191–92, 215–16, 218–19; foundations pluralism promoted in, 182; globalization and, 183; neoliberal experimentation in, 193–94, 219–20; new economic model in, 206; political strategies in, 328n168; social neoliberalism in, 216–17; social science programs in, 189–93; as totalitarian state, 212–13; unequal wealth in, 318n2; U.S. corporate investment dependency of, 184–85; U.S. strategy transforming economy of, 180–81. See also Latin America; University of Chile
Chilean Institute of Humanistic Studies, 328n166
Christian Democratic Party, 190, 219, 327n155
Christopher, Warren, 237
civil rights, 272n11
civil society: global, 3–6, 28; globalization and, 224–29; organizations, 15; private actors roles in, 268n19; self-conscious builders of, 6
Civil War, 35
Clark, John Bates, 60
Clarke, John Henrik, 165
class organization, 10–11
Clavel, Carlos, 202
Cleaves, Peter, 216, 257
Clement, Alain, 107
Clinton, Bill, 230, 231, 239; Communities of Democracies construction by, 234; democratic enlargement dropped by, 333n75; Diamond’s introducing DPT to, 232–34; Diamond’s report and, 332n53; DPT securitized by, 233; Kantianism and, 238; pragmatic neo-Wilsonianism of, 233
coal production, 35
Cohen, Bernard C., 72
Colby, William, 307n120
Cold War, 91, 221–22, 298n112
Coleman, James, 162–63, 309n9
Collado, Emilio G., 109
Collier, Peter, 42
Collins, Norman, 207–8
Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CFI), 38
Columbia University, 90–91
Colwell, Mary, 55
commercial development, 274n49
committee project, of CC, 89–90
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (CDAAA), 81
communism, 304n60; coup of, 144; leaders of, 307n120; subversion of, 184
communist party, 125, 132
Communist Party Indonesia (PKI), 300n10
communities, 14
Communities of Democracies, 234
Compton, Karl T., 49
concert of democracies, 249–50
Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), 241; Ford Foundation’s favorable view of, 118–19; foundations in, 298n112; political impact in Britain of, 119
Conquest, Robert, 289n182
Conrad, Joseph, 155
consent, 271n64
consent of governed, 23
Conway, Gordon, 226
Cooper, Robert, 242
Copenhagen School, 332n54
Cornell University, 130–31, 134–35
corporate ideal, 277n3
corporatism, 18–19
Coser, Lewis, 91
Council for the Community of Democracies (CCD), 234
Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), 26, 77, 282n71; foreign policy value of, 77–78; foreign relations committees of, 87–90; study-group method of, 77
Cowan, L. Gray, 149, 158, 162, 165
Cox, Pat, 239
Cox, Robert, 91
Croly, Herbert, 60
Crosland, Tony, 119
Crossman, R. H. S., 119
Crozier, Michel, 110
Cultural Apparatus, The (Mills), 261
cultural capital, 9
cultural codes, 8
Cumings, Bruce, 246
Cunliffe, Marcus, 113, 118
Curtin, Philip, 162
Curtis, Lionel, 94
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 110
D’Arms, E. F., 114
Davis, John W., 48, 51–53
Davis, Norman H., 52
Dean, Vera Micheles, 83
de Castro, Sergio, 205–6
de Kiewiet, Cornelis W., 154
de la Cuadra, Sergio, 205
Delpar, Helen, 185–86
democracy: accountability in, 31–32; of Chile, 211; difficulties establishing, 236–37; International Security promoting, 235–36; liberal features in, 32; party for, 218–19; polities in, 32–33; U.S. arsenal of, 35
democratic engagement, 230–31
democratic enlargement, 231, 333n75
democratic peace theory (DPT), 289n183; capitalist globalization in, 222; Clinton securitizing, 233; defense of, 334n81; defining, 221; development of, 230–32; Diamond’s introduction to Clinton Administration of, 232–34; Harvard University and, 234–38; liberal values and national security unified in, 237; U.S. power through, 230, 254–55
dependency theory, 320n40
dependista economics, 199–205
d’Estaing, Giscard, 107
development programs, 12
de Wee
rd, Harvey, 76
Dewey, John, 60
Diamond, Larry, 255; approaches merged by, 233–34; Clinton and report from, 332n53; democratic enlargement agenda of, 231; DPT introduced to Clinton administration by, 232–34; Promoting Democracy in the 1990s by, 233
Dike, Kenneth O., 171
Dillon, Wilton, 163
diplomacy, track two, 92
Disney, Walt, 88
Divine, Robert, 50
Djokosutono, Dean, 131, 133
Dobell, P. C., 93
Dobriansky, Paula, 235
Doctrine of Isolation in American History, The (Weinberg), 75
Dollard, Charles, 84, 87
domestic infrastructure, 98
dominant class power, 16
Donovan, William, 75
Douglas, Lewis W., 48–49
Doyle, Leonard A., 138, 141–42
Doyle, Michael, 230–32, 332n48, 334n82
DPT. See democratic peace theory
Du Bois, W. E. B., 315n103
Dulles, Allen, 135
Dulles, John Foster, 48–49, 51, 53, 56, 77
Dunn, Frederick, 69–70
Dye, Richard, 212
EAAS. See European Association for American Studies
Earle, Edward Mead, 72, 76, 82, 91, 280n42; FPA leadership of, 83; as internationalism advocate, 73; national security and, 73–74
East Coast: elites, 33; foreign policy establishment, 2; liberal internationalists, 67–68
ECA. See Economic Cooperation Administration
ECLA. See Economic Commission for Latin America
economic class, 176–77
Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), 181
Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), 127
Economic Handbook of the Pacific Area (AIPR), 87
Economic Planning Unit, 176
economics: Chile’s new model of, 206; CU training in, 181; globalization and policies in, 328n172; Indonesia crisis in, 146; at University of Chile, 198–200, 210–11, 321n55; U.S. transformation in, 35
education, 83–84, 309n9, 317n132
Edwards, Michael, 228
Edwards, Robert, 313n65
EFC. See European Foundation Centre
egalitarian vision, 296n86
Eisenach, Eldon, 19
Eisenhower, Dwight, 184
Electing to Fight (Mansfield and Snyder), 236
electoral politics, 22
elites: anti-Sukarno, 135–36, 258; black fellows joining universities of, 168–69; CEIP and, 49–53; democratic polities interests of, 32–33; East Coast, 33; foundation leaders and, 7, 31, 58–63; foundations run by, 63–64; global hegemony strategies sought by, 98; higher executives interest of, 22; international associations built by, 93–94; military, 143–44; Nigerian political, 177; organic intellectual, 194; power-knowledge networks, 142–43; professional universities for, 11–12; regional opinion of, 89; RF and, 47–49; self-organization, 16; social occasions arranged for, 106–7; study of, 4; U.S., 258
Elliott, William Y., 103
Ely, Richard T., 60
Emerson, Rupert, 151–52, 157, 313n62
epistemic communities, 20–22
ERP. See European Recovery Program
Escobar, Luis, 199
ESCOLATINA (Graduate School in Economics), 201–2, 323n96; Ford Foundation’s social sciences efforts in, 204; pluralistic economic faculty of, 205; technocratic work underway at, 202; U.S graduate school professors visiting, 203
Espinosa, J. Manuel, 110
Establishment, the, 17–18
ethnocentrism, 61
Europe: American society understanding of, 108–9, 113–14; balance kept in, 69; foundations influence from, 66–67; U.S. abstract problem concern and, 104; U.S. dissent of, 293n50; U.S. foreign policy opposition of, 99. See also Britain; United States
European Advisory Commission, 282n70
European Association for American Studies (EAAS), 116–17
European Foundation Centre (EFC), 225
European Recovery Program (ERP), 118
executive branch, 17
expansionism, 339n1
Fallers, Lloyd, 158
Farrell, John, 180
fascism, fighting against, 90
Federal Union, 94
Feinstein, Lee, 240
Ferguson, Niall, 235
Ferguson, Thomas, 19
Field, Frederick Vanderbilt, 85
Fight for Freedom, 112
Final Report, 243, 245, 247, 250–51
Fisher, Ali, 297n99
Fisher, Donald, 4, 153
focus, dead-eyed, 61
Ford, Edsel, 46
Ford, Henry, 45–47, 275n66
Ford Foundation, 41; academic agenda funding of, 132; African American empowerment and, 258–59; as African studies benefactor, 158; anti-Sukarno elite and, 135–36, 258; Asian studies network interest of, 128; Catholic University funding of, 206–8; CCF’s favorable view of, 118–19; CEPLAN funding by, 208–10; in Chile, 191–92, 215–16, 218–19; Cornell University grants from, 134–35; development programs funded by, 12; elite power-knowledge networks constructed by, 142–43; founding of, 33; guilty of naivete, 323n104; Harvard Center endowment from, 333n69; Harvard Seminar financed by, 105–8; healthy international environment and, 290n3; Howard University grant from, 310n33; human resources of knowledge network preservation by, 212; Indonesian role of, 126, 136, 147–48; internal liberalism of, 215; International Training and Research Division of, 159; ITR of, 129–30; Kahin’s Indonesian report to, 132–33; Latin American investment of, 187; military coup influencing, 210–11, 214–15; Nigerian economic planners training funded by, 317n131; policy-oriented research and, 190–91; PPNS funded by, 242; Rostowian modernization theory and, 213–14; senior leadership of, 326n137; social sciences at ESCOLATINA and, 204; Sukarno to Suharto transition and, 142–47; trustees of, 53–58; UI program of modernization from, 138–39; University of Chile’s new grants from, 201–2; University of Ibadan funding by, 171–73; U.S. foreign policy and, 147; U.S. policy of empire and, 148; WSF delegates funded by, 321n38; WSF supported by, 228; Yale University funded by, 330n27
Ford Service Department (FSD), 46
Foreign Affairs, 236, 244
foreign affairs organizations, 52–53
foreign aid, 301n21
foreign policy: American foundations backing resetting of, 223; American foundation’s role in, 3–6; CFR’s value to, 77–78; Europe’s opposition of, 99; Ford Foundation and U.S., 147; foundation’s role in, 17–18, 27; national security and, 73; reports, 284n106; Southeast Asia, 124
Foreign Policy Association (FPA): Earle’s leadership of, 83; education programs of, 83–84; membership of, 284n104; NBC radio network used by, 84; U.S. global role beliefs of, 83–85
foreign relations, 87–90
Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 60
Fosdick, Raymond, 43–44, 78
foundation leaders, 7, 31, 58–63
foundation networks: common cultural codes developed through, 8; frames of thought created through, 14–15; habitus in, 8–9; self-perpetuation of, 15; Third World university building of, 11–12
foundations: African studies contributions of, 153; American studies networks promoted by, 121; anti-Americanism charges against, 290n6; Bill and Melinda Gates, 1–2, 225, 262–63; in CCF, 298n112; communities sponsored by, 14; dependista economics and, 199–205; elitist groups running, 63–64; European influence of, 66–67; foreign policy role of, 17–18, 27; funding programs of, 26–27; global capital market investments of, 329n9; global hegemony promoted by, 2, 65, 178–79; globalization influencing, 34; global leadership stages of, 3–4; growth of, 224–25; influence on research of, 261–62; knowledge networks formed by, 11, 257, 259–60; MacArthur, 332n48; pluralism in Chile promoted by, 182; politics and, 4–6; pro-American/Western approach of, 7; roles of, 26; scholar’s grants from, 295n79; as self-conscious global civil society builders, 6; state independence and relationships of, 260–61; strategic goals of, 33�
��34; U.S. isolationism marginalized by, 256–57. See also American foundations; Big 3 foundations; Carnegie Corporation; Ford Foundation; philanthropy; Rockefeller Foundation
Foundations of National Power, 72
Fox, Elizabeth, 216
Fox, Melvin, 156
Fox, William T. R., 71, 76, 112
Foxley, Alejandro, 206, 208–9, 216–17, 219
FPA. See Foreign Policy Association
frames of thought, 14–15
Fraser, Leon, 53
Frazier, E. Franklin, 161
Freeman, Douglas S., 53
free market of ideas, 31
Frei, Eduardo, 190, 206, 320n44
Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo, 209
Friedman, Milton, 180, 194
Friedman, Thomas, 224
From Voting to Violence (Mansfield and Snyder), 236
FSD. See Ford Service Department
Fukuyama, Francis, 237
Fulbright commission, 112–14, 116
Fulbright program, 109, 116
funding programs, 26–27
Gaddis, John Lewis, 246
Gaines, Francis P., 52
Gaines, W. I., 296n89
Gaither, Rowan, 46, 128
Gaitskell, Hugh, 119
Galbraith, J. K., 119
Gallup, George, 80, 82
GAP, 289n179
Garcia, Eduardo, 206
Gardner, John W., 97, 98, 101–2, 155–56
Gates, Bill, 1, 225, 273n18
Gates, Frederick T., 43–44, 60–61
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 193
German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMFUS), 223; complementary goals of, 238; research fellowship initiative of, 239–40; transatlantic cooperation built by, 238–39; Transatlantic Fellows Program of, 240; West German government grant to, 335n86
Gershenhorn, Jerry, 161
GF. See Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Gide, Andre, 155
giving, 61
Gladden, Washington, 60
global civil society, 3–6, 28
global health programs, 340n14
Global Inclusion Program, 338n137
globalism: domestic infrastructure developed for, 98; philanthropy in, 28, 95–96; of U.S., 15–16, 35–36, 57, 225–26, 247–48
globalist consensus, 79–80
globalization: American foundations supporting, 227; of American values, 337n132; CC’s research on, 252–53; Chile and, 183; civil society and, 224–29; economic policy and, 328n172; foundation programs influenced by, 34; neoliberal, 15, 226, 229; rise of, 65–66; smart, 262–63; U.S. leading, 223; U.S. networks for, 250–51
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