24. See now R. Tzanaki, Mandeville’s Medieval Audiences (Aldershot 2003); for crusading Prologue, e.g., M. C. Seymour (ed.), Mandeville’s Travels (Oxford 1967), pp. 1–4.
25. A. Goodman, The Loyal Conspiracy (London 1971), pp. 81–2, cf. p. 78 for more crusade memorabilia. For the Heraclius heraldry, see MS n. 98 in the Royal Academy exhibition 2003–4, ‘Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe’, by the ‘Master of Edward IV’ (RA Catalogue by S. McKendrick et al., London 2003); for Heraclius as a king of France in the fourteenth century, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms Fr. 2813, Grandes Chroniques de France, fol. 70 verso.
26. A. Gransden, Historical Writing in England c. 550 to the Early Sixteenth Century (London 1974–82), ii, 231–2.
27. Housley, Later Crusades, p. 393; Keen, Chivalry, p. 216.
28. Paviot, ‘Burgundy and Crusade’, p. 73; the 1378 scene was illustrated in the contemporary Grandes chroniques de France, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms Fr. 2813, fol. 473 verso.
29. Linder, Raising Arms.
30. Linder, Raising Arms, p. 102; cf. pp. 363–4.
31. Linder, Raising Arms, p. 359.
32. Discussed Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 72–4.
33. E. g. Lunt, Financial Relations.
34. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 62.
35. The Westminster Chronicle, ed. and trans. L. C. Hector and B. F. Harvey (Oxford 1982), 32–3 (cf. pp. 34–7 on the sale of indulgences); J. A. Brundage, ‘Crucesignati: The Rite for Taking the Cross in England’, Traditio, 22 (1966), 289 ff.
36. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 76–83; idem, England and the Crusades, pp. 307–9.
37. M. Andrieu, Le Pontifical Roman au moyen âge (Vatican 1940), iii, 30, 228, 243, 330; M. Purcell, Papal Crusading Policy (Leiden 1975), p. 200.
38. Literae Cantuariensis, ed. J. Brigstocke Sheppard, Rolls Series (London 1887–9), iii, 239, no. 1,051; Registrum Abbatiae Johannis Whethamstede, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1872–3), ii, 191–2.
39. Above p. 873.
40. Trans. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, ii, 235.
41. Above, Chapter 1 and refs.; for Hostiensis, Suma Aurea (Venice 1574), pp. 1,141–2; Russell, Just War, p. 205.
42. See Mayer’s acute commentary, Crusades, pp. 320–21.
43. Housley, ‘Crusades against Christians’.
44. For what follows, S. Lloyd ‘“Political Crusades” in England’, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, chap. 6, pp. 133–51.
45. In general, J. R. Strayer, ‘The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century’, History of Crusades, ed. Setton, pp. 343–75; N. Housley, The Italian Crusades (Oxford 1982), who rather avoids some central issues by beginning the study in 1254; the biographies of Frederick II by Van Cleve and Abulafia.
46. See J. Dunbabin, Charles I of Anjou (London 1998).
47. S. Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers (Cambridge 1958).
48. In general, Housley, Later Crusades, chap. 8, pp. 235–66; N. Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades 1305–78 (Oxford 1986).
49. Housley, Italian Crusades, p. 137 and note 116 for contemporary contrast with Holy Land crosses.
50. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 333–40 and refs.
51. Hector and Harvey, Westminster Chronicle, pp. 33, 36–7, 39.
52. John Wyclif, Polemical Works in Latin, ed. R. Buddensieg (London 1883), ii, 582.
53. P. E. Russell, English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II (Oxford 1955), esp. pp. 173–525; J. Edwards, ‘Reconquista and Crusade in Fifteenth-century Spain’, Crusading in Fifteenth Century, ed. Housley, p. 167.
54. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 103; idem, England and the Crusades, p. 359 and note 74; Setton, Papacy and the Levant, iii, 1–141 for an exhausting discussion of Julius II.
55. For a summary, Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 249–60 and 482; idem, Religious Warfare, pp. 33–61.
56. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 359–67.
57. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 103.
58. Housley, Religious Warfare, pp. 195–7.
59. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 343–5, 351–2, 362–7.
60. R. C. Schwoebel, The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk (Nieuwkoop 1967); J. W. Bohnstedt, The Infidel Scourge of God: The Turkish Menace as Seen by German Pamphleteers of the Reformation Era, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia 1968), 1–58; M. J. Heath, Crusading Commonplaces (Geneva 1986); Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 100–109.
61. G. Burnet, History of the Reformation, ed. E. Nares (London 1830), iv, 32.
62. R. Holinshed, Chronicles of England and Ireland (1587, reprint London 1808–9), iii, 262–4.
63. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 137 and refs. note 18.
64. Albert von Beham und Regesten Papst Innocenz IV, ed. C. Hofler (Stuttgart 1847), pp. 16–17.
65. Above, note 44.
66. Above, notes 41–2, for Hostiensis; for Lille, Lois et coutumes de la ville de Lille, ed. E. B. J. Brun-Lavainne and J. Roisin (Lille 1842), pp. 308–9; for Florence, F. Cardini, ‘Crusade and “Presence of Jerusalem” in Medieval Florence’, Outremer, ed. Kedar et al., p. 341.
67. Epistolae Saeculi XIII, ed. Pertz and Roderberg pp. 161–2. no. 214.
68. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 33 and note 9; cf. Mézières’s Songe du Vieil Pèlerin.
69. Trans. Housley, Documents, pp. 31–5.
70. C. J. Tyerman, Fighting for Christendom (Oxford 2004), esp. pp. 183–9; idem, England and the Crusades, chap. 12; Housley, Religious Warfare, passim (see index under ‘antemurale Christianitatis’ and ‘national feeling’).
71. In 1089 regarding Tarragona south of Barcelona; see trans. and ref. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 31.
72. Cardini, ‘“Presence of Jerusalem”’, passim; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 107–8; idem, Religious Warfare, pp. 30–31, 80–83.
73. James is lauded in contemporary sources such as Ambroise and the Itinerarium and appears in thirteenth-century exempla; for Longspee above, pp. 793–4.
74. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 327 and refs. notes 7 and 8.
75. Annales Regis Edwardi Primi, a St Alban’s fragment printed in William Rishanger, Chronica, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1865), p. 439; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 332–3 and refs. note 30.
76. Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms Fr. 2628, fol. 328.
77. Trans. Housley, Religious Warfare, p. 27.
78. Trans. Housley, Documents, pp. 132–3.
79. C. J. Tyerman, ‘Holy War, Roman Popes, and Christian Soldiers: Some Early Modern Views on Medieval Christendom’, The Medieval Church: Universities, Heresy and the Religious Life, ed. P. Biller and R. B. Dobson (Woodbridge 1999), esp. pp. 301–5.
80. Rotuli Parliamentorum (London 1767–77), ii, 362; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, esp. 326–33 for what follows.
81. Cf. A. K. McHardy, ‘Liturgy and Propaganda during the Hundred Years War’, Studies in Church History, 18, ed. S. Mews (Oxford 1982), 215–27; W. R. Jones, ‘The English Church and Propaganda during the Hundred Years War’, Journal of British Studies, 19 (1979), 18–30.
82. Froissart, Chronicles, i, 756.
83. Gesta Henrici Quinti, ed. F. Taylor and J. S. Roskell (Oxford 1975), p. 79.
84. Taylor and Roskell, Gesta Henrici Quinti, pp. 101–13.
85. J. Le Goff, La Civilisation de l’Occident médiéval (Paris 1964), p. 98; but cf. M. Balard’s very brief summary, ‘Notes on the Economic Consequences of the Crusades’, Experience of Crusading, ii, ed. Edbury and Phillips, pp. 233–9.
86. In general, Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, Housley, Later Crusades, chap. 13; more interesting, the brilliantly original P. Biller, The Measure of Multitude (Oxford 2000), Part 2, ‘The Map of the World’; cf. Tzanaki, Mandeville’s Audiences.
87
. Hayton, Flos historiarum terre orientis, RHC Arm., ii, 113–363; Pierre Dubois, De Recuperatione Terrae Sanctae, ed. C. V. Langlois (Paris 1891), trans. W. Brandt, The Recovery of the Holy Land (New York 1956).
88. In general, Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels.
89. Trans. Housley, Documents, pp. 169–73; for Columbus’s increasingly messianic mentality and some of its cultural context, A. Milhou, Colon y su mentalidad mesianica (Valladolid 1983).
90. C. Colon, Los cuatro viages del admirante y su testamento (Madrid 1964), pp. 213–14.
91. M. H. Letts, Mandeville’s Travels: Text and Translations, Hakluyt Society, vols. 101–2 (London 1953), ii, 332.
92. Letts, Mandeville’s Travels, ii, 334; cf Tzanaki, Mandeville’s Audiences, p. 90, and for circumnavigation, pp. 88–91.
Select Further Reading
This is far from an exhaustive bibliography, merely an indicative one, primarily of obvious sources and secondary works in English. For more detailed pursuit of the subject, the notes should be consulted.
General
Sources
J. Bédier, Les Chansons de croisade (Paris 1909)
J. Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary Survey (Milwaukee 1962)
F. Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades (London 1984)
J and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality (London 1981)
Secondary
M. Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge 1994)
J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison 1969)
K. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of the Crusade, trans. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton 1977)
J. Flori, La Guerre sainte (Paris 2001)
A. J. Forey, The Military Orders (London 1992)
J. Goni Gaztambide, Historia de la bula de la cruzada (Vitoria 1958)
C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh 1999)
P. M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 (London 1986)
B. Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission (Princeton 1984)
M. Keen, Chivalry (New Haven 1984)
H. E. Mayer, The Crusades (2nd edn Oxford 1988)
J. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels (Liverpool 1979)
J. Richard, The Crusades (Cambridge 1999)
J. Riley-Smith, What Were the Crusades? (3rd edn London 2003)
J. Riley-Smith (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford 1995)
S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades (Cambridge 1951–4)
F. H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge 1977)
K. Setton (ed.), A History of the Crusades (2nd edn Madison 1969–89)
E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading 1095–1274 (Oxford 1985)
C. J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095–1588 (Chicago 1988)
C. J. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke 1998)
C. J. Tyerman, Fighting for Christendom: Holy War and the Crusades (Oxford 2004)
First Crusade
Sources
Albert of Aachen, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., iv
Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (London 1969)
S. Eidelberg, The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades (Madison 1977)
The First Crusade ed. E. Peters (Philadelphia 1998)
Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095–1127, trans. F. R. Ryan (Knoxville 1969)
Gesta Francorum, trans. R. Hill (Oxford 1972)
H. Hagenmeyer, Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100 (Innsbruck 1902)
Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill (Philadelphia 1968)
Secondary
A. Becker, Papst Urban II (Stuttgart 1964–88)
M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade (Oxford 1993)
R. Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1987)
J. France, Victory in the East (Cambridge 1994)
J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London 1986)
J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders 1095–1131 (Cambridge 1997)
Twelfth-century Outremer
Sources
Beha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D. S. Richards (Aldershot 2002)
P. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (Aldershot 1998)
Ibn al-Qalanisi, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanasi, trans. H. A. R. Gibb (London 1932)
The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, trans. R. Broadhurst (London 1999)
Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, trans. P. K. Hitti (reprint Princeton 1987)
William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey (New York 1976, reprint of 1941 edn)
Secondary
M. Benvenisti, The Crusaders in the Holy Land (Jerusalem 1970)
C. Cahen, La Syrie du Nord (Paris 1940)
R. Ellenblum, Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge 1998)
B. Hamilton, The Leper King and His Heirs (Cambridge 2000)
H. Kennedy, Crusader Castles (Cambridge 1994)
R.-J. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096–1204 (trans. Oxford 1993)
M. Lyons and D. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of Holy War (Cambridge 1984)
J. Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land. Relations between the Latin East and the West 1119–87 (Oxford 1996)
J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (London 1972)
J. Prawer, Crusader Institutions (Oxford 1980)
R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford 1992)
R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare (Cambridge 1956)
H. S. Tibble, Monarchy and Lordship in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291 (Oxford 1989)
Second Crusade
Sources
De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. and trans. C. W. David (New York 1936, reprint 1976)
Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem, ed. and trans. V. G. Berry (Columbia 1948)
Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C. C. Mierow (Columbia 1953)
Secondary
G. Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries’, Traditio, 9 (1953), 213–79
M. Gervers, The Cistercians and the Second Crusade (New York 1992)
J. Phillips and M. Hoch (eds.), The Second Crusade (Manchester 2001)
Third Crusade
Sources
Ambroise, Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, trans. M. J. Hubert and J. L. Lamonte, The Crusade of Richard the Lion-Heart (New York 1976)
Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, trans. L. Thorpe (London 1978)
Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot 2001)
Secondary
J. Gillingham, Richard I (New Haven and London 1999)
Fourth Crusade
Sources
A. J. Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade (Leiden 2000)
Geoffrey of Villehardouin, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. M. R. B. Shaw (London 1963)
Gunther of Pairis, Historia Constantinopolitana, trans. A. J. Andrea, The Capture of Constantinople (Philadelphia 1997)
Nicetas Choniates, Annals, trans. H. J. Margoulias, O City of Byzantium (Detroit 1984)
Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. E. H. McNeal (New York 1966)
Secondary
M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204 (London 1984)
M. Angold, The Fourth Crusade (London 2003)
J. Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades (London 2003)
P. Lock, The Franks in the Aegean 1204–1500 (Harlow 1995)
D. E. Queller and T. F. Madden, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople (Philadelphia 1997)
Innocent III and the Fifth Crusade
Sources
Oliver of Paderborn, Capture of Damietta, trans. E. Peters, Christian Society and the Crusades 1198–1229 (Philadelphia 1971)
Secondary
J. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade 1213–21 (Philadelphia 1986)
Thirteenth-century Outremer and the Crusades
Sources:
Continuation of William of Tyre, trans. J. Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century (Aldershot 1999)
Ibn Furat, trans. M. Lyons and J. Riley-Smith, Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders (Cambridge 1971)
John of Joinville, The Life of St Louis, trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London 1963)
Philip of Novara, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins, trans. J. La Monte and M. J. Hubert (New York 1936)
The Templar of Tyre: Part III of the ‘Deeds of the Cypriots’, trans. P. Crawford (Aldershot 2003)
Secondary
P. Cole, Preaching of the Cross to the Holy Land (Cambridge, Mass. 1991)
P. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191–1374 (Cambridge 1991)
P. Edbury, John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Woodbridge 1997)
R. Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages (London 1986)
W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton 1979)
S. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade 1216–1307 (Oxford 1988)
C. T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades (Cambridge 1994)
J. Richard, St Louis: Crusader King of France, ed. S. Lloyd, trans. J. Birrell (Cambridge 1993)
P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusade (Amsterdam 1940)
Crusades in Europe
Sources
Helmold of Bosau, Chronica Slavorum, trans. F. J. Tschan, The Chronicle of the Slavs (New York 1966)
Henry of Livonia, Chronicle of Livonia, trans. J. Brundage (Madison 1961)
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