by J. M. Berger
11. Scott Shane, “Terror Cases Lead Back to Cleric; U.S.-Born Muslim’s Wit Said to Have Spurred on Several Extremist Plots,” International Herald Tribune, November 20, 2009.
12. “Talk of the Nation,” National Public Radio (NPR), September 9, 2004.
13. Audio: Anwar Awlaki, “Brutality against Muslims,” khutba, March 15, 2002.
14. Audio: Anwar Awlaki, “It’s a War against Islam,” khutba, March 22, 2002.
15. Audio: Anwar Awlaki, “Lessons from the Companions Living as a Minority,” JIMAS Conference 2002.
16. Joseph Rhee and Mark Schone, “How Anwar Awlaki Got Away; U.S. Attorney’s Decision to Cancel Arrest Warrant ‘Shocked’ Terrorism Investigators,” ABC News, November 30, 2009, retrieved August 26, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=9200720.
17. Rhee and Schone, “How Anwar Awlaki Got Away.”
18. Joseph Rhee, “U.S. Attorney Defends Decision to Scrap Awlaki Arrest Warrant,” ABC News, December 7, 2009.
19. Audio: Anwar Awlaki, “Stop Police Terror,” khutba, circa 2002.
20. Audio: Anwar Awlaki, “The Enemies of Allah,” undated.
21. Duncan Gardham, “Al-Qaeda Leader’s Tour of Britain Revealed,” The Telegraph, November 5, 2010; Sudarsan Raghavan, “Cleric in Fort Hood Probe Grew More Radical in Yemeni Jail,” Washington Post, December 9, 2009.
22. A Nexis search of national newspaper stories from January 1, 2004, to January 1, 2008, revealed only a handful of stories that specifically focused on Awlaki’s role. One of the most ambitious was by a college newspaper. See Katie Rooney, “George Washington U. Ex-Student Tied to 9/11 Hijackers in Report,” The GW Hatchet, September 7, 2005.
23. Moazzam Begg, “Moazzam Begg Interviews Imam Anwar Al Awlaki,” Cageprisoners.com, December 31, 2007, http://old.cageprisoners.com/articles.php?id=22926, retrieved August 6, 2010; Michelle Shephard, “The Powerful Online Voice of Jihad,” Toronto Star, October 18, 2009.
24. “U.S. Imam Wanted in Yemen over al-Qaida Ties,” MSNBC.com, November 10, 2009, retrieved August 6, 2010, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33841279/ns/us_news-tragedy_at_fort_hood/.
25. Begg, “Moazzam Begg Interviews Imam Anwar Al Awlaki.”
26. Mirror of Awlaki blog entries, retrieved August 6, 2010, http://www.pureislam.o.za/index.php?option=com_ontent&task=view&id=644&Itemid=33; and http://www.pureislamco.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=69 7&Itemid=33, retrieved August 6, 2010.
27. Mirror of Awlaki blog entry, http://www.pureislam.co.za/index.php?option=com_ content&task=view&id=553&Itemid=33, retrieved August 6, 2010, among others.
28. Mirror of Awlaki blog entry, retrieved August 6, 2010, http://www.pureislam.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=394&Itemid=33.
29. Ibid.
30. “Anwar Al Awlaki: ‘Salutations to Al Shabab of Somalia,’ December 21, 2008,” NEFA Foundation, retrieved August 6, 2010, http://www.nefaoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/awlakishebab1208.pdf.
31. James C. McKinley Jr., “Major Held in Fort Hood Rampage Is Charged with 13 Counts of Murder,” New York Times, November 12, 2009.
32. James C. McKinley Jr. and James Dao, “Fort Hood Gunman Gave Signals before His Rampage,” New York Times, November 9, 2009.
33. Thomas Jocelyn, “Getting Serious about Anwar Awlaki,” CBS News, May 24, 2010, retrieved June 29, 2010, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/05/24/opinion/main6514380.shtml.
34. McKinley and Dao, “Fort Hood Gunman Gave Signals before His Rampage.”
35. Eli Saslow, Philip Rucker, William Wan, and Mary Pat Flaherty, “In Aftermath of Fort Hood, Community Haunted by Clues That Went Unheeded,” Washington Post, December 31, 2009.
36. “Maj. Nidal M. Hasan’s Official Military Record,” Newsweek.com, retrieved June 29, 2010, http://www.newsweek.com/blogs/declassified/2009/11/06/maj-nidal-m-hasan-s-officialmilitary-record.html; Saslow, Rucker, Wan, and Flaherty, “In Aftermath of Fort Hood, Community Haunted by Clues That Went Unheeded.”
37. Full PowerPoint presentation obtained by the author. Excerpts can be viewed at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/gallery/2009/11/10/GA2009111000920.html, retrieved June 29, 2010.
38. Saslow, Rucker, Wan, and Flaherty, “In Aftermath of Fort Hood, Community Haunted by Clues That Went Unheeded”; “Maj. Nidal M. Hasan’s Official Military Record,” Newsweek.com.
39. Tom Sharpe, “Radical Imam Traces Roots to New Mexico,” New Mexican, November 14, 2009.
40. Madeleine Gruen, “Backgrounder: Sgt. Hasan Akbar,” NEFA Foundation, January 2010, retrieved June 29, 2010, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/nefa_akbarbackgrounder.pdf.
41. Philip Rucker, Carrie Johnson, and Ellen Nakashima, “Hasan E-mails to Cleric Didn’t Result in Inquiry,” Washington Post, November 10, 2009; Ochi J. Dreazen, Peter Spiegel, and Evan Perez, “Hasan to Face Death Penalty,” Wall Street Journal, November 13, 2009.
42. Brian Ross and Rhonda Schwartz, “Major Hasan’s E-Mail: ‘I Can’t Wait to Join You’ in Afterlife,” ABC News, November 19, 2009, retrieved July 1, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/major-hasans-mail-wait-join-afterlife/story?id=9130339&page=1; Saslow, Rucker, Wan, and Flaherty, “In Aftermath of Fort Hood, Community Haunted by Clues That Went Unheeded.”
43. Philip Rucker, “Fort Hood Probe Brings Mosque Unwanted Attention,” Washington Post, November 24, 2009.
44. Saslow, Rucker, Wan, and Flaherty, “In Aftermath of Fort Hood, Community Haunted by Clues That Went Unheeded.”
45. Anwar Awlaki blog, retrieved November 10, 2009, http://www.anwar-alawlakicom/?p=228.
46. Ibid.
47. “Al Jazeera Interview: Anwar Al Awlaki Regarding Malik Nidal Hasan, December 23, 2009,” NEFA Foundation, retrieved August 6, 2010, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/NEFAal-Awlaki1209-2.pdf.
48. See http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/Abdulmutallab_Indictment.pdf, retrieved August 6, 2010; James Hider, “Double Life of ‘Gifted and Polite’ Terror Suspect Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab,” Times of London, January 1, 2010.
49. For instance, the Glen Beck Show, Fox News Network, December 30, 2009; Campbell Brown, CNN, December 30, 2009; and numerous other CNN broadcasts in January 2010; “Radical Yemeni Cleric the New bin Laden?” Washington Times, April 13, 2010; and others.
50. David S. Cloud, “U.S. Citizen Anwar Awlaki Added to CIA Target List,” Los Angeles Times, April 6, 2010.
51. “Imam Anwar Al Awlaki, ‘A Call to Jihad,’ Released: March 17, 2010,” NEFA Foundation, retrieved August 6, 2010, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/Al-Awlaki%20Call%20Jihad.pdf.
52. Video: Exclusive Interview with the Islamic Preacher Anwar Awlaki, Al Malahim (Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula), obtained May 22, 2010.
53. “Anwar al-Awlaki: ‘Do Not Consult Anyone in Killing the Americans,’” Flash-point Partners, retrieved December 3, 2010, http://www.flashpoint-intel.com/images/documents/pdf/1010/flashpoint_awlaki1110.pdf.
54. Greg Miller, “Muslim Cleric Aulaqi is 1st U.S. Citizen on List of Those CIA is Allowed to Kill,” Washington Post, April 7, 2010.
55. Christopher Anzalone, “English: Leader of Al Al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula, Abu Basir Nasir al-Wuhayshi, Vows to Protect Radical American Muslim Preacher Anwar al-‘Awlaqi,” Views From The Occident, June 15, 2010, retrieved November 30, 2010, http://occident.blogspot.com/2010/06/english-leader-ofal-qaida-in-arabian.html.
56. Thomas Hegghammer, “The Case for Chasing al-Awlaki,” Foreign Policy, November 24, 2010, retrieved November 24, 2010. http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/11/24/the_case_for_chasing_al_awlaki.
57. Bill Gertz, “Inside the Ring: Al Qaeda-Trained Americans,” Washington Times, August 25, 2010.
Chapter 10. A Diverse Threat
1. Department of Justice Inspector General Issues Report on Treatment of Aliens Held on Immigration Charges in Connection with the Investigation of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks, http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/0306/press.pdf, retrieved August 10, 2010
; Supplemental Report on September 11 Detainees’ Allegations of Abuse at the Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn, New York, retrieved August 10, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/0312/final.pdf; retrieved August 10, 2010, http://www.constitutionproject.org/manage/file/57.pdf.
2. “Post-9/11 Detention Policies Hit by Court,” Washington Times, September 5, 2009.
3. In virtually every interview I conducted with a law enforcement or intelligence official, I asked this question. No one I spoke with could answer it, and all of them said they were unaware of any such record.
4. “Transcript of Attorney General John Ashcroft Regarding Guilty Plea by Enaam Arnaout,” February 10, 2003, retrieved August 10, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/archive/ag/speeches/2003/021003agenaamaranouttranscripthtm.htm.
5. Justice Department press release, “Former Officers of a Muslim Charity, Care International, Inc., Convicted,” January 11, 2008, retrieved August 10, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2008/January/08_nsd_021.html; interview with Aloke Chakravarty, Assistant US Attorney in Boston, June 2008.
6. “Federal Jury in Dallas Convicts Holy Land Foundation and Its Leaders for Providing Material Support to Hamas Terrorist Organization,” retrieved August 11, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2008/November/08-nsd-1046.html.
7. PBS Frontline, “The Closer: An Al Qaeda Recruiter in the United States,” retrieved August 11, 2010, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/juma.html; and PBS Frontline, “Kamal Derwish, the Life and Death of An American Terrorist,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/derwish.html, retrieved August 11, 2010; and Dina Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door: The Lackawanna Six and Rough Justice in an Age of Terror (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007).
8. Justice Department press release, “Abdurrahman Alamoudi Sentenced to Jail in Terrorism Financing Case,” October 15, 2009, retrieved August 10, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2004/October/04_crm_698.htm.
9. Ben Jacklet And Janine Robben, “Hawash Regrets ‘Worst Decision’: Ex-Intel Worker Says He’s Sorry as Judge Issues Last Portland 7 Sentences,” Portland Tribune, February 10, 2004; “October Martinique Lewis Pleads Guilty to Money Laundering Charges in ‘Portland Cell’ Case,” retrieved August 10, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2003/September/03_crm_532.htm.
10. David Bowermaster, “Man Who Conspired to Aid Taliban Gets Added Prison Term,” Seattle Times, February 2, 2007; “Seattle Militant to Testify in NY Terror Trial,” Associated Press, April 27, 2009.
11. Essay: “Becoming Muslim.” Yahiye Adam Gadahn, circa 1995.
12. Interview with Roxanne Euben, professor of political science, Wellesley College, June 2, 2010; interview with Alyas Karmani, director of the STREET program (Strategy to Reach, Empower and Educate Teenagers), London, August 10, 2010; and Aayan Hirsi Ali, “Fareed Zakaria GPS,” CNN, August 15, 2010.
13. Amy Argetsinger, “Muslim Teen Made Conversion to Fury,” Washington Post, December 2, 2004.
14. Jeffrey Smith, “A Bosnian Village’s Terrorist Ties,” Washington Post, March 11, 2000; Esad Hecimovic, “Mysteries Surround 1997 B-H Murder Victim Misidentified as Terrorist Hisham Diab,” Sarajevo Dani, January 14, 2010; George Michael, “Adam Gadahn and Al Qaeda’s Internet Strategy,” Middle East Policy (Fall 2009).
15. Raffi Khatchadourian, “Azzam the American: The Making of an Al Qaeda Homegrown,” New Yorker, January 22, 2007.
16. Khatchadourian, “Azzam the American”; Michael, “Adam Gadahn and Al Qaeda’s Internet Strategy.”
17. Khatchadourian, “Azzam the American.”
18. Azzam the American, al Qaeda propaganda video
19. Voice of the Caliphate, al Qaeda propaganda video; Daniel Williams, “Voice of Caliphate Web Broadcast Speaks of Joy over US Hurricane,” Washington Post, September 25, 2005.
20. The State of the Ummah, al Qaeda propaganda video.
21. The 19 Martyrs, al Qaeda propaganda video.
22. Various al Qaeda propaganda videos.
23. The Mujahideen Don’t Target Muslims, al Qaeda propaganda video; “Al Qaeda ‘Not behind Pakistan Bloodshed’: US Militant,” AFP, December 12, 2009.
24. Department of Defense, Summary of Jose Padilla’s Activities with Al Qaeda, May 28, 2004.
25. USA v. Binyam Ahmed Muhammad, Military Commission Charge Sheet, undated.
26. Abby Goodnough and Scott Shane, “Padilla Is Guilty on All Charges in Terror Trial,” New York Times, August 16, 2007.
27. Richard Willing, “Pursuit of Al Qaeda Keeps Coming Back to Fla.,” USA Today, June 15, 2004; Susan Candiotti and Ross Levitt, “From Dishwasher to al Qaeda Leadership: Who Is Adnan Shukrijumah?” CNN.com, August 6, 2010, retrieved August 8, 2010, http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/08/06/terror.qaeda.leader/?hpt=Mid.
28. Willing, “Pursuit of Al Qaeda Keeps Coming Back to Fla.”
29. Chitra Ragavan, “A Hunt for `the Pilot’: The FBI Says He’s an `Imminent Threat.’ But Where Is He?” US News and World Report, March 30, 2003.
30. Michael Wilson, “From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect,” New York Times, September 26, 2009.
31. David Johnston and Al Baker, “Denver Man Admits to a Possible Al Qaeda Connection, Officials Say,” New York Times, September 19, 2009.
32. Wilson, “From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect.”
33. Candiotti and Levitt, “From Dishwasher to al Qaeda leadership: Who Is Adnan Shukrijumah?”
34. Ibid.
35. James Barron and Michael S. Schmidt, “From Suburban Father to a Terrorism Suspect,” New York Times, May 4, 2010.
36. Andrea Elliott, “Militant’s Path from Pakistan to Times Square,” New York Times, June 22, 2010.
37. See http://documents.nytimes.com/e-mail-from-faisal-shahzad?ref=nyregion, retrieved June 28, 2010.
38. Elliott, “Militant’s Path from Pakistan to Times Square.”
39. See http://documents.nytimes.com/e-mail-from-faisal-shahzad?ref=nyregion, retrieved June 28, 2010.
40. Syed Shoaib Hasan, “Profile: Islamabad’s Red Mosque,” BBC News, July 27, 2007, retrieved June 28, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6503477.stm.
41. “Pakistani Soldiers Storm Mosque,” BBC News, July 10, 2007, retrieved June 28, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6286500.stm.
42. Elliott, “Militant’s Path from Pakistan to Times Square.”
43. Mark Hosenball, “Mysteries Persist despite Shahzad’s Times Square Guilty Plea,” Newsweek.com, June 22, 2010, retrieved June 28, 2010, http://www. newsweek.com/blogs/declassified/2010/06/22/mysteries-persist-despite-times-square-guilty-plea.html.
44. USA v. Faisal Shahzad, 1:10-mj-00928-UA, Criminal Complaint, May 4, 2010.
45. See http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/05/pakistani_taliban_cl.php, retrieved June 28, 2010.
46. See http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/kashmir/front.html, retrieved August 15, 2010.
47. Letter from Randall Royer to Judge Leonie Brinkema, March 31, 2004.
48. USA v. Randall Royer et al., CR 03-296-A, Grand Jury Indictment, June 2003 term, undated.
49. Karen Branch-Brioso, “Terrorism Suspect Says He’s a Victim of Coincidence, Muslim Stereotypes,” Port St. Lucie/Fort Pierce (Florida Tribune), July 1, 2003.
50. Letter from Randall Royer to Judge Leonie Brinkema, March 31, 2004.
51. Federal Register: March 19, 2002 (Volume 67, Number 53), Notices, Page 12633–12635, retrieved August 16, 2010, http://www.fas.org/irp/news/2002/03/fr031902s.html.
52. Patterns of Global Terrorism 2000, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, April 30, 2001, retrieved August 16, 2010, http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2000/2450.htm; USA v. Randall Royer et al., CR 03-296-A, Grand Jury Indictment, June 2003 term, undated.
53. Letter from Randall Royer to Judge Leonie Brinkema, March 31, 2004.
54. USA v. Randall Royer et al., CR 03-296-A, Grand Jury Indictment, June 2003 term, undated.
55. Laura Sullivan, �
��11 Terror Suspects Indicted; U.S. Alleges Men Were Planning Possible Attacks Abroad,” Chicago Tribune, June 28, 2003.
56. U.S. Department of Justice press release, “Defendants Convicted in Northern Virginia ‘Jihad’ Trial,” retrieved August 16, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2004/March/04_crm_139.htm; “Two Defendants in Virginia Jihad Case Plead Guilty to Weapons Charges, Will Cooperate with Ongoing Investigation,” retrieved August 16, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2004/January/04_crm_030.htm; and Jerry Markon, “Muslim Lecturer Sentenced to Life; Followers Trained for Armed Jihad,” Washington Post, July 14, 2005.
57. Letter from Randall Royer to Judge Leonie Brinkema, March 31, 2004.
58. Joe Barret, Douglas Belkin, Peter Loftus, and Eric Bellman, “For Terror Suspect, a Life of Contradictions,” Wall Street Journal, December 12, 2009; Sally A. Downey, “A. Serrill Headley, 68; Owned Phila.’s Khyber Pass Pub,” Philadelphia Inquirer, January 25, 2008.
59. Barret, Belkin, Loftus, and Bellman, “For Terror Suspect, a Life of Contradictions.”
60. Downey, “A. Serrill Headley, 68; Owned Phila.’s Khyber Pass Pub.”
61. Barret, Belkin, Loftus, and Bellman, “For Terror Suspect, a Life of Contradictions.”
62. USA v. David Coleman Headley, 09 CR 830-3, Criminal Complaint, Affidavit of FBI Special Agent Lorenzo Benedict; Jane Perlez, “American Terror Suspect Traveled Unimpeded,” New York Times, March 26, 2010.
63. Ibid., Plea Agreement, March 13, 2010.
64. Ibid.
65. See http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=45446, retrieved July 10, 2010; USA v. David Coleman Headley, 09 CR 830-3, Plea Agreement, March 13, 2010.
66. USA v. David Coleman Headley, 09 CR 830-3, Criminal Complaint, Affidavit of FBI Special Agent Lorenzo Benedict.
67. Ginger Thompson, “A Terror Suspect with Feet in East and West,” New York Times, November 22, 2009.
68. USA v. David Coleman Headley, 09 CR 830-3, Criminal Complaint, Affidavit of FBI Special Agent Lorenzo Benedict.
69. Ibid.
70. USA v. David Coleman Headley, 09 CR 830-3, Plea Agreement, March 13, 2010.