by Cicero
Some authors, particularly poets, are simply untranslatable: a translation cannot provide an experience which is close enough to that of reading the original to be satisfactory. Cicero is not one of these authors; and it is my hope that these translations will indeed convey some impression of his extraordinary mastery of language, his intelligence, his persuasive power, his lively sense of humour, and the fluency, vividness, and beauty of his writing. But reading the original, of course, is an experience of a different order from that of reading a translation. Many people who are reading this book will be doing so at a point in their lives when they have an opportunity to learn some Latin. If you are one of them, I hope that this book will encourage you to seize that opportunity.
NOTE ON THE LATIN TEXT
FOR each speech I have translated the most satisfactory existing edition of the Latin text, with occasional departures from it. These editions, and my departures from them, are listed below. The numerous differences of paragraphing and punctuation are not recorded (such features have no ancient authority, but are added by editors according to their understanding of the sense).
In Verrem I
Text: A. Klotz, Teubner (Leipzig, 1923).
1 apud populum Romanum sed etiam: I translate apud nos sed.
4 praetori: I translate praetori populo Romano.
39 quod in C. Herennio … factum sit … inventi sint … inventus sit: I translate
48 hominum: I omit.
55 ut crimen totum: I translate ut
In Verrem II.5
Text: A. Klotz, Teubner (Leipzig, 1949).
31 parique: I translate talarique.
55 iste dedit ut: I translate isti dedit ut.
83 ubi ternis denariis … permissa et data: I omit.
133 [ hoc Hennenses]: I retain.
143 quae lautumiae vocantur: I omit.
181 Caelium: I translate Coelium
De imperio Cn. Pompei
Text: A. C. Clark, Oxford Classical Text (Oxford, 1905).
7 omnis: I omit.
21 inflammata: I translate inflata.
24 se et suam manum iam confirmarat eorum opera qui ad eum ex ipsius regno concesserant: I translate et suam manum iam confirmarat.
56 et ea: I translate ea.
58 Caelius: I translate Coelius.
62 alium: I translate curulem.
In Catilinam I–IV
Text: T. Maslowski, Teubner (Munich and Leipzig, 2003).
1.22 tua ista: I translate ista.
2.3 non putarent: I translate
2.10 fortunatum: I translate fortunatam.
3.4 eodemque itinere cum litteris mandatisque: I translate cum litteris mandatisque eodemque itinere.
3.24 eiecit ex urbe: I omit.
4.11 a crudelitatis vituperatione prohibebo: I translate crudelitatis vituperatione populus Romanus exsolvet.
4.13
Pro Marcello
Text: A. C. Clark, Oxford Classical Text (Oxford, 19182).
26 civis: I omit.
Philippic II
Text: J. T. Ramsey, Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics (Cambridge, 2003).
21 opportebat: I translate oportebat.
58 comites nequissimi: I omit.
91 propter proximum dictatorem: I omit.
103 quo ore: I translate quo more.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Articles (but not books) in foreign languages are excluded.
General
Albrecht, M. von, Cicero’s Style: A Synopsis (Mnemosyne, Suppl. 245; Leiden and Boston, 2003) (Ver. II.5, Marc.).
Alexander, M. C., Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC (Phoenix, Suppl. 26; Toronto etc., 1990).
——— The Case for the Prosecution in the Ciceronian Era (Ann Arbor, 2002) (Ver.).
Atkinson, J. M., Our Masters’ Voices: The Language and Body Language of Politics (London and New York, 1984).
Berry, D. H., ‘Equester Ordo Tuus Est: Did Cicero Win his Cases because of his Support for the Equites?’, CQ, NS 53 (2003), 222–34.
——— ‘Oratory’, in S. J. Harrison (ed.), A Companion to Latin Literature (Oxford, 2005), 257–69.
——— and Heath, M., ‘Oratory and Declamation’, in S. E. Porter (ed.), Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period 330 BC–AD400 (Leiden, 1997), 393–420.
Broughton, T. R. S., The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, i (New York, 1951), ii (New York, 1952), iii (Atlanta, 1986).
Butler, S., The Hand of Cicero (London and New York, 2002) (Ver., Cat. 3, Phil. 2).
Clarke, M. L., rev. D. H. Berry, Rhetoric at Rome: A Historical Survey3 (London, 1996).
Classen, C. J., Recht-Rhetorik-Politik: Untersuchungen zu Ciceros rhetorischer Strategie (Darmstadt, 1985) (Imp.).
Corbeill, A., Controlling Laughter: Political Humor in the Late Roman Republic (Princeton, 1996).
Craig, C. P., Form as Argument in Cicero’s Speeches: A Study of Dilemma (APA American Classical Studies, 31; Atlanta, 1993) (Phil. 2).
Crook, J. A., Lintott, A. W., and Rawson, E. D., The Cambridge Ancient History2, ix: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC (Cambridge, 1994).
Dorey, T. A. (ed.), Cicero (London, 1964), esp. ch. 3 by R. G. M. Nisbet (Ver., Cat., Marc., Phil.).
Douglas, A. E., Cicero2 (Oxford, 1979).
Fuhrmann, M., Cicero and the Roman Republic, trans. W. E. Yuill (Oxford, 1992).
Greenidge, A. H. J., The Legal Procedure of Cicero’s Time (Oxford, 1901).
Gruen, E. S., Roman Politics and the Criminal Courts, 149–78 BC (Cambridge, Mass., 1968).
——— The Last Generation of the Roman Republic (London, 1974).
Habicht, C., Cicero the Politician (Baltimore and London, 1990).
Jones, A. H. M., The Criminal Courts of the Roman Republic and Principate (Oxford, 1972).
Kennedy, G. A., ‘The Rhetoric of Advocacy in Greece and Rome’, AJP 89 (1968), 419–36.
——— The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World, 300 BC–AD300 (Princeton, 1972).
Laurand, L., Études sur le style des discours de Cicéron4, 3 vols. (Paris, 1936–8).
Ludwig, W., and Stroh, W. (eds.), Éloquence et rhétorique chez Cicéron (Entretiens sur l’antiquité classique, 28; Geneva, 1982) (W. Stroh: Phil.).
MacKendrick, P., The Speeches of Cicero: Context, Law, Rhetoric (London, 1995) (Imp., Cat., Marc.).
May, J. M., Trials of Character: The Eloquence of Ciceronian Ethos (Chapel Hill, NC, and London, 1988) (Ver. I, Cat. 2).
——— (ed.), Brill’s Companion to Cicero: Oratory and Rhetoric (Leiden etc., 2002).
Millar, F., The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (Ann Arbor, 1998).
Mitchell, T. N., Cicero: The Ascending Years (New Haven and London, 1979).
——— Cicero: The Senior Statesman (New Haven and London, 1991).
Morstein-Marx, R., Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge, 2004).
Neumeister, C., Grundsätze der forensischen Rhetorik gezeigt an Gerichtsreden Ciceros (Munich, 1964).
Powell, J. G. F., and Paterson, J. J. (eds.), Cicero the Advocate (Oxford, 2004).
Rawson, E. D., Cicero: A Portrait (London, 1975).
Riggsby, A. M., Crime and Community in Ciceronian Rome (Austin, 1999), ch. 5 (Ver.).
Shackleton Bailey, D. R., Onomasticon to Cicero’s Speeches2 (Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1992).
Steel, C. E. W., Cicero, Rhetoric, and Empire (Oxford, 2001) (Ver., Imp.).
——— Reading Cicero: Genre and Performance in Late Republican Rome (London, 2005).
Stockton, D. L., Cicero: A Political Biography (Oxford, 1971).
Stroh, W., Taxis und Taktik: Die advokatische Dispositionskunst in Ciceros Gerichtsreden (Stuttgart, 1975).
Vasaly, A., Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory (Berkeley etc., 1993) (Ver., Cat.
1, 3).
Wiedemann, T. E. J., Cicero and the End of the Roman Republic (London, 1994).
Winterbottom, M., ‘Schoolroom and Courtroom’, in B. Vickers (ed.), Rhetoric Revalued (Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 19; New York, 1982), 59–70.
In Verrem I, II.5
Alexander, M. C., ‘Hortensius’ Speech in Defense of Verres’, Phoenix, 30 (1976), 46–53.
Brunt, P. A., ‘Patronage and Politics in the Verrines’, Chiron, 10 (1980), 273–89.
Canter, H. V., ‘The Impeachments of Verres and Hastings: Cicero and Burke’, CJ 9 (1914), 199–211.
Dilke, O. A. W., ‘Divided Loyalties in Eastern Sicily under Verres’, Ciceroniana, 4 (1980), 43–51.
Frazel, T. D., ‘The Composition and Circulation of Cicero’s In Verrem’, CQ, NS 54 (2004), 128–42.
Levens, R. G. C., Cicero: Verrine 5 (London, 1946).
McDermott, W. C., ‘The Verrine Jury’, Rheinisches Museum, 120 (1977), 64–75.
Mitchell, T. N., Cicero: Verrines II.1 (Warminster, 1986).
Nisbet, R. G. M., ‘The Orator and the Reader: Manipulation and Response in Cicero’s Fifth Verrine’, in A. J. Woodman and J. G. F. Powell (eds.), Author and Audience in Latin Literature (Cambridge, 1992), 1–17.
Pritchard, R. T., ‘Gaius Verres and the Sicilian Farmers’, Historia, 20 (1971), 224–38.
De imperio Cn. Pompei
Jonkers, E. J., Social and Economic Commentary on Cicero’s De imperio Cn. Pompei (Leiden, 1959).
Keaveney, A., Lucullus: A Life (London, 1992).
King, J. R., Cicero: Pro lege Manilia (Oxford, 1917).
Macdonald, C., Cicero: De imperio Cn. Pompei (London, 1966).
McGing, B. C., The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator King of Pontus (Mnemosyne, Suppl. 89; Leiden, 1986).
Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century after Christ, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1950).
Nicol, J. C., Cicero: De imperio Cn. Pompei (Cambridge, 1899).
Rose, P., ‘Cicero and the Rhetoric of Imperialism: Putting the Politics
Back into Political Rhetoric’, Rhetorica, 13 (1995), 359–99.
Seager, R. J., Pompey the Great: A Political Biography2 (Oxford, 2002).
Sherwin-White, A. N., Roman Foreign Policy in the East, 168 BC–AD1 (London, 1984).
Wilkins, A. S. (after K. Halm), Cicero: De imperio Cn. Pompei (London, 1879).
In Catilinam I–IV
Batstone, W. W., ‘Cicero’s Construction of Consular Ethos in the First Catilinarian’, TAPA 124 (1994), 211–66.
Cape, R. W., ‘The Rhetoric of Politics in Cicero’s Fourth Catilinarian’, AJP 116 (1995), 255–77.
Drummond, A., Law, Politics and Power: Sallust and the Execution of the Catilinarian Conspirators (Historia Einzelschriften 93; Stuttgart, 1995).
Dyck, A. R., Cicero: Catilinarian Speeches (Cambridge, forthcoming). Hardy, E. G., The Catilinarian Conspiracy: A Re-Study of the Evidence (Oxford, 1924; = JRS 7 (1917), 153–228). Lintott, A. W., Violence in Republican Rome2 (Oxford, 1999), ch. 11. March, D. A., ‘Cicero and the “Gang of Five”’, Classical World, 82(1988–9), 225–34.
Phillips, E. J., ‘Catiline’s Conspiracy’, Historia, 25 (1976), 441–8.
Price, J. J., ‘The Failure of Cicero’s First Catilinarian’, in C. Deroux (ed.), Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History, 9 (Brussels, 1998), 106–28.
Seager, R. J., ‘Iusta Catilinae’, Historia, 22 (1973), 240–8.
Stewart, R., ‘Catiline and the Crisis of 63–60 BC: The Italian Perspective’, Latomus, 54 (1995), 62–78.
Waters, K. H., ‘Cicero, Sallust and Catiline’, Historia, 19 (1970), 195–215.
Wilkins, A. S. (after K. Halm), The Orations of Cicero against Catilina2 (London, 1894).
Yavetz, Z., ‘The Failure of Catiline’s Conspiracy’, Historia, 12 (1963), 485–99.
Pro Marcello
Dyer, R. R., ‘Rhetoric and Intention in Cicero’s Pro Marcello’, JRS 80 (1990), 17–30.
Fausset, W. Y., Cicero: Orationes Caesarianae2 (Oxford, 1906).
Gotoff, H. C., Cicero’s Caesarian Speeches: A Stylistic Commentary (Chapel Hill, NC, and London, 1993).
Levene, D. S., ‘God and Man in the Classical Latin Panegyric’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, 43 (1997), 66–103.
Ruch, M., Cicero: Pro Marcello (Paris, 1965).
Winterbottom, M., ‘Believing the Pro Marcello’, in J. F. Miller et al. (eds.), Vertis in Usum: Studies in Honor of Edward Courtney (Munich, 2002), 24–38.
Philippic II
Denniston, J. D., Cicero: Philippics I–II (Oxford, 1926).
Frisch, H., Cicero’s Fight for the Republic: The Historical Background of Cicero’s Philippics (Copenhagen, 1946).
Johnson, W. R., Luxuriance and Economy: Cicero and the Alien Style (Berkeley, 1971).
Lacey, W. K., Cicero: Second Philippic Oration (Warminster, 1986).
Ramsey, J. T., Cicero: Philippics I–II (Cambridge, 2003).
Shackleton Bailey, D. R., Cicero: Philippics (Chapel Hill, NC, and London, 1986).
Wooten, C. W., Cicero’s Philippics and their Demosthenic Model: The Rhetoric of Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, and London, 1983).
Further Reading in Oxford World’s Classics
Caesar, The Civil War, trans. and ed. John Carter.
——— The Gallic War, trans. and ed. Carolyn Hammond.
Catullus, The Poems of Catullus, trans. and ed. Guy Lee.
Cicero, Defence Speeches, trans. and ed. D. H. Berry.
——— The Nature of the Gods, trans. and ed. P. G. Walsh.
——— On Obligations, trans. and ed. P. G. Walsh.
——— The Republic and The Laws, trans. Niall Rudd, ed. Jonathan Powell.
Plutarch, Roman Lives: A Selection of Eight Roman Lives, trans. Robin Waterfield, ed. Philip A. Stadter.
CHRONOLOGY
The dates are BC.
106
Cicero born (3 January).
104–100
Second Sicilian Slave War.
91–87
Social War; Cicero serves under Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo (89) and Sulla (88); Italians win Roman citizenship (90, 89).
88
Sulla occupies Rome.
88–85
First Mithridatic War.
87
Marius and Cinna occupy Rome; domination of Cinna (87–84).
86
Marius dies.
83–81
Second Mithridatic War.
82
Sulla occupies Rome and is made dictator (82–81); proscriptions (82 to 1 June 81).
81
Sulla’s reforms, including establishment of seven permanent crim inal courts with senatorial juries; Pro Quinctio.
80
Pro Roscio Amerino; Cicero defends the freedom of a woman from Arretium (80 or 79).
79–77
Travels abroad; visits Molon of Rhodes.
78
Sulla dies.
75
Cicero quaestor in western Sicily; henceforward a senator.
73–71
Spartacus’ slave revolt; Verres governor of Sicily.
73–63
Third Mithridatic War.
70
Pompey and Crassus consuls; In Verrem; lex Aurelia makes juries two-thirds equestrian.
69
Cicero plebeian aedile; Pro Fonteio.
67
Lucullus relieved of Mithridatic command; lex Gabinia gives Pompey command against pirates.
66
Cicero praetor in charge of extortion court; De imperio Cn. Pompei; lex Manilia gives Pompey Mithridatic command; Pro Cluentio.
63
Cicero consul; De lege agraria; Pro Rabirio perduellionis reo; Catilinarian conspiracy; Pro Murena; execution of the conspirators (5 December).
62
Catiline defeated and killed; Pro Sulla; Pro Archia; Bona Dea scandal; Pompey returns to Italy.
6
1
Clodius acquitted of sacrilege.
60
Publication of In Catilinam; formation of ‘first triumvirate’.
59
Caesar consul; Clodius adopted into a plebeian family; Pro Flacco.
58
Clodius tribune; Cicero exiled; Caesar conquers Gaul (58–50).
57
Cicero recalled; returns to Rome (4 September); Post reditum in senatu; Post reditum ad quirites; De domo sua.
56
Pro Sestio; In Vatinium; Pro Caelio; ‘first triumvirate’ reaffirmed; De haruspicum responsis; De provinciis consularibus; Pro Balbo.
55
Pompey and Crassus consuls; In Pisonem; Cicero begins philosophical and rhetorical works.
54
Defends Vatinius; Pro Plancio; Pro Scauro; defends Gabinius (54 or 53).
53
Crassus killed at Carrhae; Cicero is made augur (53 or 52); Pro Rabirio Postumo (53–52).