29. ABM; OPR, 23.
30. TAS, 423–24, 454; ABM.
31. ABM.
32. TAS, 453; ABM.
18: THE GREAT BREAK
1. Riasanovsky and Steinberg, History, 476–85; Ball, “Building,” 184–88; Gladkov, Cement, 246–47, 275–76.
2. Brovkin, Russia, 219–22; Khlevniuk, Master, 1–38; Ball, “Building,” 188–91.
3. Riasanovsky and Steinberg, History, 484–94; Shearer, “Stalinism,” 192–99; Fitzpatrick, Everyday, 2, 41–42, 54–57; Viola, Unknown Gulag; Werth, Cannibal Island; Khlevniuk, History, 9, 57, 107, 237; Applebaum, Gulag, 4.
4. Fitzpatrick, Tear Off, 38–40, 47, 47n34; idem, Everyday, 5–12, 19.
5. Smirnova, Byvshie liudi, 71, 190.
6. Ivanov, “Byvshie liudi,” 71–72; Smirnova, Byvshie liudi, 192, 269; Fitzpatrick, Tear Off, 49; Komsomol’skaia Pravda, no. 266, September 26, 1931, 2; no. 62, March 16, 1933, 1.
7. Smirnova, Byvshie liudi, 72, 234–35; OPR, 10; Khlevniuk, History, 55; Shearer, Policing, 57–58, 188, 243, 253.
8. Lyons, Assignment, 174–76.
9. Duranty Reports, 209–11.
10. Channon, “Tsarist Landowners”; Komsomol’skaia Pravda, no. 1, May 24, 1925, 3; no. 13, June 10, 3; no. 14, June 11, 2; no. 24, June 23, 2; Chuikina, Dvorianskaia pamiat’, 33–34.
11. Tolstoy, I Worked; Croskey, Legacy; OPR, 153; Dektrety, 8:12, 16:70.
19: THE DEATH OF PARNASSUS
1. OGSh, 121–22.
2. ABM; Krasko, Tri veka, 380.
3. GARF, 2307.10.218, 31; ABM; Kiriushina, “Stranitsy,” 190–93; Krasko, Tri veka, 379; SH, 2:147.
4. Komsomol’skaia pravda, no. 58, March 10, 1929, 1.
5. ABM; SH, 2:147; Kiriushina, “Stranitsy,” 194.
6. Shumikhin, “Konets.”
7. Krasko, Tri veka, 380; ABM; Kiriushina, “Stranitsy,” 198–201; RGALI, 612.1.2853, 190–92.
8. Krasko, Tri veka, 298–332; Mishkevich, Doktor, chap. 8.
9. TsGAMO, 66.11.7906, 2.
10. KNA, 29, 1–7; 34; 47, 9; 129; TsGAMO, 66.1.7906, 1–6; 2157.1.522, 15, 93, 94, 99; 4341.1.259, 159–59ob; SVS, 397.
11. Okhrana i restavratsiia, 24; “Russkaia usad’ba,” 145, 155; Poliakova, “Usadebnaia kul’tura,” 119.
12. Shumikhin, “Konets.”
13. Alekseeva, “Velikii terpelivets,” 26–27.
14. Hughes, Sophia, 242–59.
15. ABM; author interview with Yevdokia Sheremeteva, March 14, 2009.
16. SH, 2:147; Krasko, Tri veka, 380.
17. ABM; NIOR RGB, 369.367.19, 1–6; 369.367.20, 1–3; 369.367.21, 1–2; 369.224.59, 1–9; 667.7.14, 1–1ob, 41–41ob; 667.4.5, 40; 369.328.5, 1; Smith, The Pearl; Krasko, Tri veka, 380.
18. SVS, 353; MVG/M, 65; Alekseeva, “Velikii terpelivets,” 27.
19. OGSh, 130–31; SH, 3:382.
20. SVS, 347–52; SH, 2:152; RGALI, 195.1.6552a, 6.
20: OUTCASTS
1. ZU, 459–63.
2. Ibid., 451–56; PG, 423–25; OPR, 71; KhiG 11, pt. 1 (2004): 138. Not all sources agree on the date of his firing.
3. ZU, 390, 459–65, 507.
4. Ibid., 498–501.
5. Ibid., 511–19.
6. Ibid., 470–94; OPR, 401.
7. ZU, 520–29; Raevskii, Piat’ vekov, 388.
8. AVT/V, 1:21–22.
9. Komsomol’skaia pravda, no. 111, May 15, 1928, 4; Smirnova, “. . . pod,” 73, 254; Prishvin, Dnevniki, 1936–37, 565.
10. Komsomol’skaia pravda, no. 113, May 17, 1928, 6. Uppercase letters as in the original.
11. Smirnova, “. . . pod,” 73–75, 142–43, 180–87; ZU, 578–79.
12. Smirnova, “. . . pod,” 247–49, 258–59; ZU, 558; letter of January 19, 1933, Golitsyn Family Papers, box 1, HIA; Rowan-Hamilton, Under, 63; Osokina, Our Daily, 123–24; idem, Zoloto; Fitzpatrick, Everyday, 57–58.
13. Smirnova, “. . . pod,” 258–59; AVT/V, 1:120, 122n.6.
14. AVT/V, 1:52.
15. Prishvin, Dnevniki, 1930–31, 68, 71.
16. Varlamov, Prishvin, 307, and photo caption between pp. 192–93.
17. AVT/V, 1:13–14, 16, 22–23.
18. ZU, 529–39; Schmemann, Echoes, 258–66; Likachev, Vospominaniia, 153, 200, 262–63; Solzhenitsyn, Gulag, 2:44–45; TAS, 480–81; OPR, 302.
19. ZU, 531–32, 599; Kuz’mina, Kniaz’ Shakhovskoi, 273, 313, 331–32; KhiG 5 (1999): 104–106.
21: THE MOUSE, THE KEROSENE, AND THE MATCH
1. See the articles by N. Fedorov in BP, 2:32–42; 8:219–60; 4:12–21. Shalamov, Vishera, 37.
2. Khlevniuk, History, 102, 114–16.
3. BP, 2:32–42; 7:45–52.
4. Von Meck, As I, 398–404.
5. Solzhenitsyn, Gulag, 2:293–303.
6. ZVG, 3:99; MVG/M, 106.
7. ZVG, 5:84; MVG/M, 105, 110.
8. ZVG, 3:99; MVG/M, 184; OPR, 406; ABM.
9. BP, 7:53–59.
10. PG, 396; ZU, 659–60; MVG/M, 24; VMG/D, 355–56.
11. MVG/M, 129, 134; KhiG 4, pt. 1 (1997): 97–98; KhiG 1 (1996): 147; letter, June 4, 1939, in Golitsyn Family Papers, box 1, HIA.
12. AVG/M: I. M. Barnes epilogue, 67, and M. Dakserhoff and I. M. Barnes, “Natasha Goes to Hollywood”; PG, 451–55; Muratov, Rod, 87; obituaries for Alexander Golitzen: Guardian, August 22, 2005, New York Times, August 20, 2005.
13. MVG/M, 87, 138–42.
14. Ibid., 69–72; Kaufman, Pervaia Turandot, 115, 219–20, 393; Elagin, Ukroshchenie, 48–54, 157, 175, 182; DS 2 (1995): 273; ABM; Krasko, Tri veka, 394.
15. KhiG 11, pt. 1 (2004): 138–39; KhiG 1 (1996): 152–53; ZU, 689–91; AVT/V, 1:42–43; Taylor, Stalin’s Apologist, 177–79; ZVG, 3:96; Khlevniuk, History, 37–39. On the Urusovs, see Urusova, Materinskii plach.
16. AVT/V, 1:40–41.
17. Ashnin, Delo; AVT/V, 1:32–43.
18. AVT/V, 2:1–2, 4–9, 11; V. S. Trubetskoi, “Pis’ma.”
19. AVT/V, 2:1–5, 16–25, 39–40; V. S. Trubetskoi, “Pis’ma”; Fusso, Russian Prince, xv–xviii, 107–43. Prishvin, Dnevniki, 1938–39, 264.
20. MVG/M, 112.
21. ZU, 683–94, 734–35; KhiG 1 (1996): 148–49; letter, March 1934, Golitsyn Family Papers, box 1, HIA; Fusso, Russian Prince, 110.
22. ZU, 665–66, 687–88; KhiG 5 (1998): 107–109.
23. ZU, 709–11; MVG/M, 92; ZVG, 5:86.
24. ZVG, 5:79.
25. MVG/M, 111–12.
26. I. V. Golitsyn, “Otets,” 89.
27. ZU, 712–13; ZVG, 5:83–84; KhiG 1 (1996): 153–54.
28. ZVG, 5:79.
22: ANNA’S FORTUNE
1. KHiG 7 (2000): 294; OPR, 23; ABM.
2. KHiG 7 (2000): 294–95.
3. OPR, 23; NIOR RGB, 369.328.4, 19–20ob; ABM.
4. OPR, 23, 405–06; ABM.
5. SH, 2:152.
6. NIOR RGB, 667.6.4, 1–7; 667.5.1, 1–7b ob; 667.4.2, 3. The dates of the letters contradict on the precise chronology of their arrests and banishment. I have tried to reconstruct as best as possible the likeliest order of events.
7. NIOR RGB, 667.5.1, 19.
8. Ibid., 667.4.1, 1, 11, 13.
9. Ibid., 667.6.4, 10–11ob.
10. Ibid., 667.5.3, 7–18ob.
11. Ibid., 667.5.3, 68–68ob.
12. Ibid., 667.5.3, 24–29.
13. Ibid., 667.5.3, 63–68ob.
14. Ibid., 667.6.9, 22–27ob.
15. Ibid., 667.4.3, 1–13ob.
16. Ibid., 667.4.2, 29–38ob.
17. Ibid., 667.5.3, 61ob.
18. Ibid., 667.5.3, 26–35ob.
19. Ibid., 38–43ob.
20. Ibid., 49–62.
21. Ibid,, 667.4.2, 2, 6, 10, 25; 667.6.9, 1; 369.328.4, 3–5ob; KhiG 7 (2000): 295–96.
22. ABM; Iudin, Zamok, 59–60; NIOR RGB, 667.6.14, 58–58ob; 667.7.3; KhiG 7 (2000): 296–97; “Dukhom ne ugasavhie,” Rossiiskie vesti (July 19–26). Accessed online, April 22, 2011.
23. ABM; NIOR RGB, 667.5.4, 27–28
ob; 667.6.9, 7–10; 667.6.10, 1–2; 667.5.5, 48, 71–73ob, 84–87ob, 118–18ob; 667.6.4, 17.
24. TAS, 502; NIOR RGB, 667.7.14.
25. KhiG 7 (2000): 297; NIOR RGB, 667.5.6, 3; 667.6.4, l. 20; Kosik, Molitva, 1–24; OPR, 481. Sources disagree on when the Saburovs were sent from Ivanovo, though those, chiefly Boris’s letters, dating it to September seem the most reliable.
26. NIOR RGB, 667.6.1, 3–4ob; ABM; OPR, 481.
27. NIOR RGB, 667.5.6, 4–5ob.
28. Ibid., 667.6.4, 43–44ob.
29. KhiG 7 (2000), 297–98; NIOR RGB, 667.6.13, l. 32–32ob; 667.4.6, 41.
30. NIOR RGB, 667.5.6, 34–62ob; 667.7.10, 1; ABM.
31. NIOR RGB, 667.7.9, 1–2ob.
32. Ibid., 667.5.7, 4–44ob; 667.5.8, 1–17; OPR, 481; KhiG 7 (2000): 298–99.
33. Ibid., 667.6.9, 13–16ob.
34. Ibid., 667.4.4, 5–6ob.
35. Ibid., 19–26ob.
36. Kosik, Molitva, 274n61.
37. ABM; NIOR RGB, 667.6.13, 49–50ob; 667.6.17, 37–37ob; KhiG 7 (2000): 298–99.
38. NIOR RGB, 667.6.13, 1–8ob.
39. Ibid., 13–22ob, 27ob; 667.6.5, 1–5ob; ABM.
40. Ibid., 667.6.12, 1.
41. Ibid., 667.6.13, 21–27ob; 667.7.1, 69–69ob.
42. Ibid., 667.4.4, 28–29ob, 31–36ob; 667.6.5, 11ob–13.
43. Ibid., 667.6.13, 25–27ob, 30–32ob, 36–39, 49–50ob.
23: HAPPY TIMES
1. Fitzpatrick, Everyday, 90; Komsomol’skaia pravda, no. 191, August 28, 1935, 4.
2. Fitzpatrick, Everyday, 6–7, 93–95; Kamenskii, Deviatyi vek, 177–78.
3. Fitzpatrick, Everyday, 130–32; idem, Tear Off, 40–42; Smirnova, Byvshie liudi, 10, 230–37, 267; Chuikina, Dvorianskaia pamiat’, 56–58; Alexopoulos, Stalin’s Outcasts, 181–82; Stalin, Doklad, 10.
4. Paley, Memories, 195–96, 253–55; Fen, Remember, 290–93; Fitzpatrick, Everyday, 95–106; Service, Spies, 331–32.
5. Ciliberti, Backstairs, 44–45, 110, 116; Tzouliadis, Forsaken, 142; e-mail communication from Ruzica Popovitch-Krekic, June 4, 2008.
6. KNG, 360–65; Sebag Montefiore, Court, 64–66; ZU, 12, 66–67; Volkogonov, Trotsky, 213–14.
7. Fitzpatrick, Everyday, 105.
8. Rowan-Hamilton, Under, 53–44.
9. OGSh, 132–34.
10. Abbe, I Photograph, 182–83, 222–33; Tzouliadis, Forsaken, 53–54; Iudin, Zamok, 60; Kovaleva, Staraia Moskva, 76–81, 89–90.
11. OGSh, 122; ABM.
12. OGSh, 109–10.
13. Tolstoy, I Worked, 102–103.
14. Iudin, Zamok, 208.
15. P. A. Obolensky, “Semeinye zapiski,” 176: 186; Shcherbatov, Pravo, 40–41.
16. Merridale, Night, 173–75.
17. Ignat’ev, 50 let, 736–38; Ignatieff, Russian Album, 17, 80, 97, 145–46, 178; Bol’shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia, s.v. “Ignat’ev, A. A.”
18. Muggeridge, Winter, 219; idem, Like It Was, 24, 50–52, 65, 69, 273; G. Smith, D. S. Mirsky: A Russian, xiii, 18–19, 209–10, 224–27, 291–92, 316–18.
19. Terras, Handbook, s.v. “Tolstoi, A. N.”; Lyons, Assignment, 587; Elagin, Ukroshchenie, 140–44, 175. On other noble returnees, see Dubinets, Kniaz’; Zinovieff, Red Princess.
24: POISONOUS SNAKES AND THE AVENGING SWORD: OPERATION FORMER PEOPLE
1. ZVG, 4:87.
2. The most accurate investigation of the killing is Lenoe, Kirov.
3. Khlevniuk, History, 88; Boterbloem, Life, 126–27.
4. Shearer, Policing, 215–18.
5. OPR, 298.
6. Ivanov, “Operatsiia,” 118; idem, “Bvyshie liudi,” 72.
7. Rimmel, “Microcosm,” 533.
8. Ivanov, “Byvshie liudi,” 71.
9. Leningradskaia pravda, no. 33, February 8, 1935, 2; no. 45, February 22, 1935.
10. See Rimmel, “Microcosm,” 540–49; Alexopoulos, Stalin’s Outcasts, 180–81; Sarah Davies, “ ‘Us Against Them’: Social Identity in Soviet Russia, 1934–41,” in Stalinism, ed. Fitzpatrick, 51, 65.
11. Ivanov, “Operatsiia,” 121, 126–27; Rimmel, “Microcosm,” 530, 534; Boterbloem, Life, 126–27.
12. Quoted in Rimmel, “Microcosm,” 547–48n.138.
13. Leningradskaia pravda, no. 45, February 22, 1935, 3–4; no. 47, February 24, 3; no. 48, February 26, 3; no. 51, March 1, 3; no. 57, March 9, 1935, 3; Smena, no. 67, March 22, 2; no. 70, March 26, 3.
14. Smena, no. 70, March 26, 1935, 3.
15. Leningradskaia pravda, no. 57, March 9, 3; Smena, no. 67, March 22, 2; no. 70, March 26, 3.
16. Leningradskaia pravda, no. 68, March 22, 1935, 2; no. 69, March 23, 2; no. 70, March 24, 2.
17. ZU, 698–99.
18. OGSh, 140–43.
19. TAS, 511–13, 533–41.
20. Ivanov, “Operatsiia,” 122–29; idem, “Byvshie liudi,” 72–73; Livshin, Pis’ma, 261.
21. Vospominaniia, 291–92, 299–301.
22. OPR, 311, 321–23, 326, 329; Ivanov, “Operatsiia,” 129.
23. PG, 61–62; OPR, 402; Khlevniuk, History, 97–98.
24. TAS, 543–45, 563–68, 577, 617–18.
25. Khlevniuk, History, 88; Ivanov, “Operatsiia,” 118–19, 126–27; idem, “By vshie liudi,” 72.
26. Chuikina, Dvorianskaia pamiat’, 172.
27. Komsomol’skaia pravda, no. 172, July 28, 1935, 5.
25: THE GREAT TERROR
1. See Khlevniuk, Master, intro. and chap. 5; Getty and Naumov, Road; Jansen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner; and McLoughlin and McDermott, Stalin’s Terror.
2. Jansen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, 195.
3. Khlevniuk, Master, 194; Getty and Naumov, Yezhov.
4. Shearer, “Stalinism,” 212–14; Jansen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, 139–91; Khlevniuk, Master, 180–201.
5. Khlevniuk, History, 165–66. Getty and Naumov, Road, 591.
6. Urusova, Materinskii plach, 351–59, 419–34; PG, 66–68; Muratov, Rod, 98–99; KhiG 11, pt. 1 (2004): 134–35.
7. Khaustov et al., Stalin, 332–35.
8. 1936–37 gg. Konveier, 24, 164–66, 269–72, 282–89, 335–36, 341n.1, 401–402.
9. KHiG 11, pt. 1 (2004): 134–35, 142; PG, 66–67; Muratov, Rod, 99; Urusova, Materinskii plach.
10. V. S. Trubetskoi, “Pis’ma,” 18–20.
11. Fusso, Russian Prince, 136–37.
12. A. V. Trubetskoi, Puti, 6, 9; AVT/V, 2:40–41.
13. “Sudebnoe delo sem’i Vladimira Sergeevicha Trubetskogo,” Golitsyn Family Papers, box 3, pt. 2:19, HIA. [Hereafter cited as “Sudebnoe delo.”]
14. Ibid., box 3, pt. 3:3.
15. AVT/V, 2:42–50.
16. “Sudebnoe delo,” box 3, pt. 3:14–15; OPR, 316, 318, 352.
17. AVT/V, 2:49.
18. “Sudebnoe delo,” box 3, pt. 2:1–4; pt. 3:21–23; Fusso, Russian Prince, xv.
19. AVT/V, 2:49, 59–64; idem, Puti, 6, 9; V. S. Trubetskoi, “Pis’ma”; Fusso, Russian Prince, xiv.
20. ZU, 740–43.
21. BP, 2:40; 4:13–14; 7:51.
22. OPR, 23n.2; SH, 2:152.
23. BP, 3:123; 7:302.
24. NIOR RGB, 667.7.14, 20–21.
25. Ibid., 57–58; 667.4.5, 71–72ob.
26. ABM; OPR, 23; e-mail communications with Varvara Pavlinova, November 23–25, 2009; NIOR RGB, 667.4.6, 17ob, 22–23.
26: WAR: THE END
1. MVG/M, 93–94, 178, 182–83; PG, 82–91.
2. Barber and Harrison, “Patriotic War;” Riasanovsky and Steinberg, History, 508–19.
3. Khlevniuk, History, 237.
4. KNG, 257–77, 375, 381.
5. PG, 58–59, 73–74, 399; OPR, 152.
6. MVG/M, 95–96; I. V. Golitsyn, “Otets,” 2:89.
7. NIOR RGB, 667.7.14, 63–65ob; 667.7.15, 1–2ob; 667.4.7, 35, 36; 667.6.17, 62ob; SH, 2:160; Alekseeva, “Velikii terpelivets,” 27–28; ABM; MVG/M, 65.
8. NIOR RGB, 667.4.7, 21–22ob.
9. OGS
h, 9, 12–13; TAS, 614–15, 681.
10. MVG/M, 66–68, 72–76, 86; Kaufmann, Pervaia Turandot, 246; ABM; SH, 2:162.
11. ABM; MVG/M, 132; Krasko, Tri veka, 497; SH, 2:152; NIOR RGB, 667.4.5, 25–28ob, 33; 667.6.15, 8–9, 16–19ob.
12. NIOR RGB, 667.4.6, 9–11; 667.4.7, 1–7.
13. Ibid., 667.7.4; 667.6.14, 1–2ob, 37.
14. Ibid., 667.4.4, 1–4ob; 667.4.5, 1–4ob; 667.7.3; 667.4.6, 32–41ob; 667.6.8.
15. ABM; KhiG 7 (2000): 299–300; NIOR RGB, 667.6.15, 1–7ob.
16. NIOR RGB, 667.4.5, 71–72ob; 667.6.17, 1.
17. Ibid., 667.4.7, 25–25ob.
18. Ibid., 667.4.8, 6, 23–23ob; 667.7.1, 32–32ob; 667.7.14, 79–80; 369.328.5, 1; e-mail communication with Varvara Pavlinova, November 22, 2009.
19. ABM; Alekseeva, “Velikii terpelivets,” 28.
20. Lincoln, Red Victory, 188–91.
21. Muratov, Rod, 128; MVG/M, 99.
22. MVG/M, 65–66, 97–98; SH, 2:168; KhiG 4, pt. 1, (1997), 100–103; 13 (2006), 130–31.
23. KhiG 3 (1996): 157–64; 4 (1999): 302–309; MVG/M, 44.
24. Applebaum, Gulag, 374–76.
25. SVS, 374–75; MVG/M, 99–100; PG, 88.
26. MVG/M, 100.
27. Ibid., 101; Smirnova, “. . . pod,” 22; SH, 2:168.
28. Fusso, Russian Prince, xv; “Sudebnoe delo,” box 3, 2:1–4; Smirnova, “. . . pod,” 263–64; A. V. Trubetskoi, Puti, 6–9, 191.
29. NIOR RGB, 667.4.8, 5–6ob; 44–44ob, 53.
30. Ibid., 667.7.1, 25–25ob.
31. Ibid., 667.7.1, 32–32ob, 39–39ob, 48–59ob, 77; 667.7.4.
32. Ibid., 667.4.9, 1–8ob, 19–32ob; ABM.
33. Iudin, Zamok, 58–59.
34. ABM; SH, 2:150.
35. ABM; Kovaleva, Staraia Moskva, 18–19; MVG/M, 65; “V. P. Sheremetev v Ostaf’eve.”
36. SH, 2:157; Ignatieff, Russian Album, 178; author interview with Nikita Cheremeteff, March 8, 2009; e-mail communication with Kyra Cheremeteff, May 17, 2011; Andreyev, Vlasov; Fischer, Soviet Opposition.
37. ABM; A. V. Trubetskoi, Puti, 6–7; Smirnova, “. . . pod,” 263–66.
38. SVS, 21–22, 353–56; SH, 2:160; ABM; author interview with Yevdokia Sheremetev, Moscow, March 14, 2009.
EPILOGUE
1. MVG/M, 101–102.
2. Khlevniuk, History, 328. For a discussion of the possible numbers killed in the gulag and the impossibility of ever knowing the full truth, see Applebaum, Gulag, 515–22. Applebaum “reluctantly” cites one low estimate of those who died in the gulag and special settlements of 2,749,163 for the years 1929–53.
Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy Page 48