Duryodhanization

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by Nishant Uppal


  2 Narcissism

  1. James M. LeBreton, Levi K. Shiverdecker and Elizabeth M. Grimaldi, ‘The Dark Triad and Workplace Behavior’, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior (2017).

  2. Aaron L. Pincus, Initial Construction and Validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (US Library of Medicine National Institute of Health, 2009), p. 367.

  3. Cynthia Mathieu, ‘Personality and Job Satisfaction: the Role of Narcissism’, Personality and Individual Differences 55 (2013): 650–55.

  4. Emily A. Dowgwillo and Aaron L. Pincus, ‘Differentiating Dark Triad Traits within and across Interpersonal Circumplex Surfaces’, Journal of Sage Publications 24(1) (2017): 24–44.

  3 Psychopathy

  1. James M. LeBreton, Levi K. Shiverdecker and Elizabeth M. Grimaldi, ‘The Dark Triad and Workplace Behavior’, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior (2017).

  2. Peter Muris, Harald Merckelbach, Henry Otgaar and Ewout Meijer, ‘The Malevolent Side of Human Nature: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review of the Literature on the Dark Triad’, Perspectives on Psychological Science 12(2) (2017): 183–204.

  3. Falkenbach, Poythress, Falki, and Manchak, 2007; Hicks, Markon, Patrick, Krueger, and Newman, 2004; Lykken, 2006

  4. Henrik Andershed, Sheilagh Hodgins and Anders Tengström, ‘Convergent Validity of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) Association with the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV)’, Journal of Sage Publications 14(2) (2007): 144–54.

  5. John F. Rauthmann, ‘The Dark Triad and Interpersonal Perception: Similarities and Differences in the Social Consequences of Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy’, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(4) (2012): 487–96.

  6. Matt DeLisi, David J. Peters, Tamerria Dansby, Michael G. Vaughn, Jeffrey J. Shook and Andy Hochstetler, ‘Dynamics of Psychopathy and Moral Disengagement in the Etiology of Crime’, Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 12(4) (2014): 295–314.

  4 Neuroticism

  1. John Ormel, Harriëtte Riese and Judith G.M. Rosmalen, ‘Interpreting Neuroticism Scores across the Adult Life Course: Immutable or Experience-Dependent Set Points of Negative Affect?’, Clinical Psychology Review 32(1) (2012): 71–79.

  2. Paul T. Costa and Robert R. McCrae, ‘Domains and Facets: Hierarchical Personality Assessment Using the Revised Neo Personality Inventory’, Journal of Personality Assessment 64(1) (1995): 21–50.

  3. Michael W. Passer and Ronald E. Smith, Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour (McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009).

  4. Kristina De Neve and Harris Cooper, ‘The Happy Personality: A Meta-Analysis of 137 Personality Traits and Subjective Well-Being’, Psychological Bulletin 124 (2) (1998): 197–229.

  5. Alec Roy, ‘Childhood Trauma and Neuroticism as an Adult: Possible Implication for the Development of the Common Psychiatric Disorders and Suicidal Behaviour’, Psychological Medicine 32(8) (2002): 1471–74. doi:10.1017/S0033291702006566

  5 Everyday Sadists

  1. John Reid Meloy, ‘The Psychology of Wickedness: Psychopathy and Sadism’, Psychiatric Annals 27 (1997): 630–33.

  2. Vernon J. Gerberth and Ronald N. Turco, ‘Antisocial Personality Disorder, Sexual Sadism, Malignant Narcissism, and Serial Murder’, Journal of Forensic Science 42 (1997): 49–60.

  3. Erin E. Buckels, Daniel N. Jones and Delroy L. Paulhus, ‘Behavioral Confirmation of Everyday Sadism’, Psychological Science 24(11) (2013): 2201–09.

  4. Aisling O’Meara, Jason Davies and Sean Hammond, ‘The Psychometric Properties and Utility of the Short Sadistic Impulse Scale (SSIS)’, Psychological Assessment 23(2) (2011): 523–31.

  5. Delroy L. Paulhus, ‘Toward a Taxonomy of Dark Personalities’, Current Directions in Psychological Science 23 (2014): 421–26.

  II The Kurus: Personality Assessments of Common Lineage

  1 The Dyde: Satyavati And Shantanu

  1. Pradip Bhattacharya, ‘Of Kunti and Satyawati: Sexually Assertive Women of the Mahabharata’, Manushi 142 (2004): 21–25.

  2. It is believed that Satyavati’s fish like smell (Matsygandha) ameliorated to become like deer musk. And with this she got rid of her curse as mentioned before.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Indrajeet Bandhyopadhyay, Evolutionary Psychology of Mahabharata (Calcutta: Lulu Press, Inc., 2013).

  5. Kisari Mohan Ganguli, The Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa (1896).

  6. Ibid.

  7. Narendra Kohli, Mahasamar (1988), p. 83.

  8. Dhanalakshmi Ayyer, ‘Women of substance: Satyavati: Blind ambition’, The Week 24(48) (2006): 50.

  9. Kisari Mohan Ganguli, The Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa (1896), p. 209-10.

  10. Ibid. p. 210.

  11. Kisari Mohan Ganguli, The Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa (1896).

  12. Ibid. p. 218.

  13. Robert E. Emery, ‘Inter-parental Conflict and the Children of Discord and Divorce’, Psychological Bulletin 92(2) (1982): 310–30; John H. Grych and Frank D. Fincham, ‘Marital Conflict and Children’s Adjustment: A Cognitive-Contextual Framework’, Psychological Bulletin 108 (1990): 267–90; Patrick T. Davies and Mark E. Cummings, ‘Marital Conflict and Child Adjustment: An Emotional Security Hypothesis’, Psychological Bulletin 116 (1994): 387–411; Gordon T. Harold and Rand D. Conger, ‘Marital Conflict and Adolescent Distress: The Role of Adolescent Awareness’, Child Development 68 (1997): 330–50; Philip A. Cowan and Carolyn Pape Cowan, ‘Interventions as Tests of Family Systems Theories: Marital and Family Relationships in Children’s Development and Psychopathology’, Development and Psychopathology 14 (2002): 731–59.

  14. Charlotte Towle, ‘The Evaluation and Management of Marital Status in Foster Homes’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1 (1931): 271–84.

  15. Osnat Erel and Bonnie Burman, ‘Interrelatedness of Marital Relationship and Parent-Child Relations: A Meta-Analytic Review’, Psychological Bulletin 118(1) (1995): 108–32.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Supra note 1.

  18. Mark E. Cummings and Patrick T. Davies, Marital Conflict and Children: An Emotional Security Perspective (New York: Guilford, 2010); K. A. Rhoades, ‘Children’s Responses to Inter-Parental Conflict: A Meta-Analysis of their Associations with Child Adjustment’, Child Development 79 (2008): 1942–56.

  19. Robert E. Emery, ‘Inter-parental Conflict and the Children of Discord and Divorce’, Psychological Bulletin 92(2) (1982): 310–30.

  20. Kathleen Camara and Gary Resnick. ‘Styles of Conflict Resolution and Cooperation between Divorced Parents: Effects on Child Behavior and Adjustment’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 59(4) (1989): 556–75.

  21. The Tribune online edition 27.10.2002, www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021027/herworld.htm#1

  22. Carl Gustav Jung, The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 28–29.

  23. Ibid. p. 31.

  24. Pradeep Bhattacharya, ‘Living by their Own Norms: Unique Powers of the Panchkanyas’, Manushi 145: 30–37.

  25. H. Cederman, ‘Women in Mahabharata’ (Master of Arts in Religious Studies thesis, University of Canterbury, 1987).

  26. Narendra Kohli, Mahasamar (1988), p. 53.

  27. Ibid. p. 83.

  28. Ibid. p. 89.

  29. Ibid. p. 111.

  30. Ibid.

  31. Margarete Vollrath, Franz Neyer, Eivind Ystrom, E. and Markus Landolt, ‘Dyadic Personality Effects on Family Functioning in Parents of Newly Hospitalized Children’, Personal Relationships 17(1) (2010): 27–40.

  32. John Sirjamaki, ‘Cultural Configurations in the American Family’, American Journal of Sociology 53 (1948): 464–70.

  33. Joan B. Kelly, ‘Children’s Adjustment in Conflicted Marriage and Divorce: A Decade Review of Research’, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 39(8) (2000): 963–73.

  34. Osnat Erel and Bonnie Burman, ‘Interrelatedness of Marital Relationship
and Parent-Child Relations: A Meta-Analytic Review’, Psychological Bulletin 118(1) (1995): 108–32.

  35. Gordon T. Harold and Rand D. Conger, ‘Marital Conflict and Adolescent Distress: The Role of Adolescent Awareness’, Child Development 68(2) (1997): 333–50.

  2 Ambika and Ambalika: The Reluctant Wives and Mothers

  1. Sambhava Parva (The Chapter of Possibilities) is the fifth chapter of Book 1. In this chapter, the birth story of Pandu and Dhritarashtra and their marriages are narrated.

  2. Kaustav Chakraborty and Rajarshi Guha Thakurata, ‘Indian Concepts on Sexuality’, Indian J Psychiatry 55 (Suppl. 2) (2013): S250–S255.

  3. Ibid.

  III Kauravas: DNA Preservers

  1 The Dyad: Gandhari and Dhritrashtra

  1. Praggnaparamita Biswas, ‘Interconnectivity of Marriage, Sexuality and Streedharma: Reflections through the Minor Female Characters of the Mahabharata’, Bharatiya Pragna: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Indian Studies Vol. 1, No. 3 (2016).

  2. Dhritarashtra had fourteen sons and one daughter Dusshala, from Gandhari. The names of his sons are: 1) Duryodhana 2) Dushasana 3) Dussaha 4) Dusshala 5) Durdarsha 6) Duspradarshana 7) Durmarshana 8) Durmukha 9) Duskarna 10) Durmada 11) Durvigaha 12) Durvimochana 13) Dusprajya, and 14) Duradhara.

  Dusshala was married to Jayadharata, the king of Sindhu Sauvira. Duryodhana was married to Bhanumati, the princess of Kashi. He had a son and a daughter from her called Lakshman and Lakshamana respectively.

  Dhritarashtra had eighty-seven sons from ten maidservants. The names of four maidservants are known- Vishakha, Sunabhi, Deerghakegi and Vibhavari. The names of their sons are : 1) Yuyutsu 2) Jalsandha 3) Sama 4) Saha 5) Vinda 6) Anuvinda 7) Subhau 8) Karna 9) Vivinsati 10) Vikarna 11) Shull 12) Satva 13) Sulochana 14) Chitra 15) Upchitra 16) Chitraksa 17) Charuchitra 18) Shrasna 19) Vivitsu 20) Viktanana 21) Urnanabha 22) Sunabha 23) Nanda 24) Upnanda 25) Chitrabana 26) Chitravarma 27) Suvarma 28) Ayobahu 29) Mahabahu 30) Chitranga 31) Chitrakundala 32) Bhimvega 33) Bimbala 34) Balaki 35) Balvardhana 36) Ugrayudha 37) Sushena 38) Kundhara 39) Mahodara 40) Chitrayudha 41) Nishangi 42) Pashi 43) Vrndaraka 44) Dradhvarma 45) Dradhksetra 46) Somkirti 47) Anudara 48) Dradhsandha 49) Jarasandha 50) Satyasandha 51) Sadsuvaka 52) Ugrasarva 53) Ugrasena 54) Senani 55) Aprajit 56) Kundshayi 57) Vishalaksa 58) Dradhasta 59) Suhasta 60) Vatvega 61) Suvarcha 62) Adityaketu 63) Bahvashi 64) Nagdatta 65) Agrayayi 66) Kavchi 67) Krthana 68) Kundi 69) Ugra 70) Bhimratha 71) Virbahu 72) Alolupa 73) Abhya 74) Rodarkarma 75) Dradhrathasrya 76) Anadhrasya 77) Kundbhedi 78) Viravi 79) Pramatha 80) Pramathi 81) Dirghroma 82) Dirghabahu 83) Mahabhudhi 84) Yudhoraksa 85) Kanakdhawaja 86) Kundashi, and 87) Virja

  [See J.P. Mittal, History of Ancient India (A New Version) From 4250 BC to 637 AD. (Atlantic Publishers and Dist., 2006) pp. 465–66] These propositions by the author negates the possibility of Gandhari giving birth to a ball of flesh which was then divided and preserved in 101 pots filled with ghee to produce 100 sons and one daughter as per her boon.

  3. Sambhava Parva (The Chapter of Possibilities) is the fifth chapter of Book 1. In this chapter, the birth story of Pandu and Dhritarashtra and their marriages are narrated.

  4. In Vyasa’s Mahabharata no particular motive is given for the evil mechanism of Shakuni’s mind except his physical deformity, and his hatred for order and harmony as a villainous trait for morbidity. But in Sarala’s Mahabharata, a fifteenth-century pioneering work in Oriya, Shakuni is given a motive, a cause to uphold, which gloss over his villainy to give him a heroic stature. Duryodhana in his psychic disturbance, at a blind father and a blindfolded mother, had imprisoned the entire royal family of Gandhar, including the king and his hundred children. He used to send one meal a day for the entire family. In a meeting, the Gandhar clan decided that if they shared the one meal sent to them they would all die in a week or two; they should therefore allow one member of the family to eat that meal and survive to take revenge on Duryodhana. Shakuni was the fateful person selected by the family to survive as the revenge hero. The agony of Shakuni, watching the shriveled death of his entire family in front of his eyes, was suppressed by a simulated grin as a veritable mask. He was intelligent, well-read, good with a sword, and he limped his way across Aryavarta to destroy Duryodhana and the entire Kuru clan. He developed a set of dice with the bones of his dear ones and made it the most potent weapon to manipulate the reality of his times. He entered Duryodhana’s household to control the destiny of the heartland of Aryavarta with his crooked pair of dice and became an intellectual, political and strategic counterpoint to the genius of Krishna. [See P.K. Mohanty, ‘The “Mahabharata”: A Reading in Political Structuring’, Indian Literature–Sahitya Academy, Vol. 49, No. 1 (225) (2005): 146–51.]

  5. Manita Kahlon, ‘Women in Mahabharata: Fighting Patriarchy’. https://www.academia.edu/1479293/_Women_in_Mahabharata_Fighting_Patriarchy (accessed December 30, 2017). Web. 532

  6. Ibid.

  7. The name of the article is ‘Mahabharata through the Eyes of Women’.

  8. Sons of Pandu, and legal heirs to the throne of Hastinapur (ref. Figure 1).

  9. The Adiparva of Mahabharata has references to conflicts about whether the throne should go to the deserving man, or according to genealogical order. Even if an heir is declared on the basis of birth, there are instances of the eldest legitimate son not getting the throne due to lack of physical fitness or the king’s decision. The Shatapatha Brahmana does not talk about the regular practice of passing on the throne to the eldest son. ‘The genealogical right became entrenched in India because of the varna system.’ [See Ram Sharan Sharma, Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India (Motilal Banarsidass, 1996).] The concept of hereditary succession and primogeniture became prominent. By the end of the Vedic period, widespread heredity is evident in a ten-generation kingship mentioned in the Shatapatha Brahmana.

  10. Swami Rama, Perennial Psychology of the Bhagavad Gita (Himalayan Institute Press, 1985), pp. 17-18.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Iravati Karve, Yuganta–The End of an Epoch (India: Orient Longman Ltd., 1994), p. 37.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Ibid, p. 38.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Krishna Chaitanya, The Mahabharata: A Literary Study (New York: Clarion Books, 1985).

  2 Duryodhana: A Judgemental Assessment

  1. Ronald J. Deluga, ‘Relationship among American Presidential Charismatic Leadership, Narcissism, and Rated Performance’, The Leadership Quarterly 8(1) (1997): 49–65.

  2. Arijit Chatterjee and Donald C. Hambrick, ‘It’s All About Me: Narcissistic Chief Executive Officers and Their Effects on Company Strategy and Performance’, Administrative Science Quarterly 52(3) (2007): 351–86.

  3. Duryodhana is generally identified with evil, right from his birth. The Mahabharata describes his birth as bringing in evil portents which spell doom for the Kuru clan and the elders advising Dhritarashtra and Gandhari to abandon this wanton child for the benefit of their race. The wise Vidura says, ‘O King, O bull among men, when these frightful omens are noticeable at the birth of thy eldest son, it is evident that he shall be the exterminator of thy race.’ [See Adi Parva, Section CXV, Page 242.] The parents understandably ignore the advice and dote on their firstborn and the seeds of Duryodhana’s obstinate character are sown there. He grows up into a fine young boy, but along with him grows his jealousy for the Pandavas.

  4. Sabha Parva, Section LIV, p. 109.

  5. Adi Parva, Section CXXVIII, p. 267

  6. Historiometry is the historical study of human progress or individual personal characteristics, using statistical analysis.

  7. Adi Parva, Section CXXVIII, p. 267.

  8. Narendra Kohli, Mahasamar Part 6 (1988), p. 169.

  9. Narendra Kohli, Mahasamar Part 6 (1988), p. 355.

  10. Vana Parva, Section CCXXXVI, p. 481.

  11. Narendra Kohli, Mahasamar Part 6 (1988), p. 106.

  12. Narendra Kohli, Mahasamar Part 6 (1988), p
. 107.

  13. Kisari Mohan Ganguli, The Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa–Vana Parva, 363–1 (1896).

  14. Narendra Kohli, Mahasamar Part 6 (1988), p. 260.

  15. Ibid.

  16. Narendra Kohli, Mahasamar Part 6 (1988), p. 266.

  17. Narendra Kohli, Mahasamar Part 7 (1988), pp. 148–49.

  18. Narendra Kohli, Mahasamar Part 7 (1988), p. 156.

  19. There are many other such instances that are indicative of Duryodhana’s personality; I am limiting the description in order to avoid repetitions and redundancies. As per historiometry, researchers need to describe only as many number of events from the subject’s life as are sufficient to draw dispositional conclusions.

  IV Pandavas: Positive Counterparts

  1 Pandu: A Brief and Uninfluential Life

  1. [NOTE MISSING]

  2. Individuals with higher levels of narcissism are likely to (a) harbour feelings of superiority driven by an inflated or grandiose sense of self, (b) have a dysfunctional need for excessive attention and admiration, (c) have a propensity for engaging in exploitative acts or behaviours, and (d) lack empathy, tending toward callousness. (Morf and Rhodewalt, 2001; Paulhus and Williams, 2002; Raskin and Hall, 1979; Raskin and Terry, 1988; Rhodewalt and Morf, 1995; Wright et al., 2013; Wu and LeBreton, 2011).

  3. Quinta Gomes and Pedro Nobre, ‘Personality Traits and Psychopathology on Male Sexual Dysfunction: An Empirical Study’, The Journal of Sexual Medicine 8(2) (2011): 461–69. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054796

  4. Refer to the document [document or section in this book?] analyzing the personalities of Ambika and Ambalika for details.

  2 Kunti: An Inconsistent DNA to Pandavas

  1. C. Rajagopalachari, Mahabharata (New Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 2009).

 

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