Art of Betrayal

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Art of Betrayal Page 51

by Gordon Corera


  7 Suzanne St Albans, Mango and Mimosa, Virago, London, 2001, p. 318

  8Martin Herz, Understanding Austria, Wolfgang Neugebauer, Salzburg, 1984, p. 42

  9 John Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1946, p. 291

  10 MI6 officers had called for caution before taking the side of the locals straight away, reminding others that the Russians had been allies and had made great sacrifices. National Archives FO 1020/1272, Note from H. B. Hitchens

  11 National Archives FO 1007/306, Secret Field Security Report for 17–23 August 1945

  12 National Archives FO 1007/309, Field Security Reports for Vienna for the first months of 1948

  13 Ian Fleming, Thrilling Cities, Jonathan Cape, London, 1963

  14 Norman Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene, vol. 2, Jonathan Cape, London, 1994, p. 252

  15 Ibid., p. 250

  16 Ibid., p. 84

  17 Graham Greene, Ways of Escape, Penguin, Middlesex, 1982, p. 227; Sherry, Life of Graham Greene, vol. 2, p. 127

  18 Smollett may have been the source for this part of the story as well as others, but his full role may have been masked by Greene and the film-makers in a deal

  19 Reference to Philby’s visit is made in passing on a tape by John Bruce Lockhart who was very briefly based in Vienna after the war. The tape has since been withdrawn from the Imperial War Museum

  20 Barbara Honigmann, Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben, Hanser, Munich, 2004, p. 59

  21 E. H. Cookridge, The Third Man, Arthur Barker, London, 1968, p. 21

  22 Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1973, p. 64; Cookridge, Third Man, p. 28

  23 National Archives KV 2/1012–4, Edith Tudor-Hart’s MI5 file; KV2/1604–5, Alex Tudor-Hart’s file

  24 John Bruce Lockhart in Nigel West (ed.), The Faber Book of Espionage, Faber & Faber, London, 1993, p. 238

  25 Quoted in Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 153

  26 Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files, Little, Brown, London, 1994, pp. 55 and 38–9

  27 Honigmann, Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben, p. 62

  28 Borovik, Philby Files, pp. 55 and 137

  29 Borovik in ibid., p. 251, claims that Philby saw Litzi in Vienna. Other accounts talk of Paris or say the end of the marriage was agreed through letters. Litzi at the time was living in Berlin

  30 Honigmann, Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben

  31 Marie-Françoise Allain, The Other Man: Conversations with Graham Greene, The Bodley Head, London, 1983, pp. 18–19

  32 Rufina Philby, Mikhail Lyubimov and Hayden Peake, The Private Life of Kim Philby, St Ermin’s Press, London, 1999, p. 174

  33 The similarities have been commented on, for instance, in Michael Shelden, Graham Greene: The Man Within, Heinemann, London, 1994, pp. 322–3; Siegfried Beer, ‘The Third Man’, History Today, 1 May 2001, vol. 51, p. 45

  34 John H. Richardson, My Father the Spy, Harper Perennial, New York, 2005, p. 92

  35 John le Carré, ‘We still need spies’, Guardian, 2 March 1999

  36 John le Carré, A Perfect Spy, Coronet, London, 1987, p. 447

  37 John le Carré, ‘The Madness of Spies’, New Yorker, 29 September 2008; John le Carré, ‘A service known only by its failures’, Toronto Star, 3 May 1986

  38 Le Carré, ‘Madness of Spies’

  39 Le Carré, ‘A service known only by its failures’; Graham Greene, Our Man in Havana, Vintage, London, 2001, p. 79

  40 Peer de Silva, Sub Rosa, Times Books, New York, 1978, pp. 42–52

  41 Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, HarperCollins, London, 1997, p. 64. This may also be the incident referred to in Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, p. 206

  42 Interview with Anthony Cavendish

  43 National Archives FO 1007/309

  44 National Archives FO 1020/1272, Secret Field Security Report

  45 National Archives FO 1020/8 (72), Importance of Vienna for the exploitation of intelligence regarding the countries adjacent to Austria and especially the Russians, Top Secret, 10 November 1945

  46 John Whitwell, British Agent, John Kimber, London, 1966, p. 26

  47 Interview with Anthony Cavendish

  48 Bob Steers, ‘There were Two in this Squad’, Intelligence Corps Journal, February 2007

  49 Keith Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949, Bloomsbury, London, 2010, pp. 670–3

  50 Percy Cradock, Know your Enemy, John Murray, 2002, London, p. 50

  51 Peter Hennessy, The Secret State, Penguin, 2002, London, p. 13

  52 Jeffery, MI6, pp. 705–6

  53 Cradock, Know your Enemy, p. 52

  54 The Heart of the Matter, BBC TV, 22 September 1985

  55 Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p. 189

  56 George Kennedy Young, Who is my Liege? Gentry Books, London, 1972, p. 31

  57 George Kennedy Young, Masters of Indecision, Methuen, London, 1962, p. 26

  58 National Archives FO 1007/327, Allied Control Commission Austria – Joint Intelligence Committee Report, 18 April 1946, Russia’s Intentions in Austria

  59 Richardson, My Father the Spy, p. 98

  60 National Archives FO 1020/3464, Top Secret memo 23 March 1950

  61 National Archives DEFE 28/31

  62 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 186; Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p. 188

  63 Jeffery, MI6, p. 671

  64 Ibid., pp. 669–71

  65 National Archives DEFE 21/33 contains the list of JIC priorities for Austria and also reflects frustrations in London in some areas. The extra resources are mentioned in Jeffery, MI6, pp. 669–71

  66 National Archives DEFE 21/33

  67 James Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 64

  68 James V. Milano and Patrick Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, Brassey’s, Washington DC, 1995, pp. 1–2 and 46

  69 Ibid., p. 201

  70 Asher Ben Natan, The Audacity to Live, Mazo Publishers, Jerusalem, 2007, p. 34

  71 National Archives FO 1007/309

  72 National Archives FO 1020/99; Robin Steers, FSS: Field Security Section, published by Robin Steers, 1996, p. 23

  73 The Soviet intelligence services used a number of different names until being reorganised as the KGB in 1953. For ease of understanding, the KGB is used for the organisation throughout this period

  74 Jeffery, MI6, pp. 690–3

  75 Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, p. 69; Ben Natan, Audacity to Live, pp. 37 and 55

  76 Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, p. 69; Milano and Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, pp. 1–2 and 73

  77 Ian Black and Benny Morris, Israel’s Secret Wars, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1991, p. 188

  78 All material about Daphne Park from an interview conducted by the author unless otherwise noted

  79 National Archives ADM 223/500

  80 National Archives FO 1020/1272 and FO 1020/14

  81 National Archives FO 1007/307

  82 National Archives FO 1032/1459

  83 National Archives WO 232/92; Tony Geraghty, Brixmis, HarperCollins, London, 1997; Iain Cobain, ‘How the T-Force abducted Germany’s best brains for Britain’, Guardian, 29 August 2007

  84 National Archives DEFE 21/33

  85 Interview with Daphne Park

  86 Daphne Park, ‘Licensed to Kill?’, Ian Fleming Centenary Lecture, Royal Society of Literature, London, 12 May 2009

  87 Tom Bower, The Paperclip Conspiracy, Michael Joseph, London 1987

  88 Daphne Park, ‘Licensed to Kill?’

  89 Details of kidnapping are scattered through Martin Herz, Understanding Austria

  90 National Archives FO 1020/99 34

  91 Herz, Understanding Austria, pp. 401–3

  92 Milano and Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, p. 173

  93 De Silva, Sub Rosa, pp. 4–5

  94 Allen Dulles, The Cr
aft of Intelligence, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1963, p. 213

  95 Pontecorvo fled Britain to the USSR. In 1953, when he was supposed to attend a scientific congress there was an attempt to lure him back, offering forgiveness in return for information about the Soviet programme. A meeting was offered in Vienna with Field Security men waiting, guns at the ready, in the British district, but he never showed up. Steers, FSS: Field Security Section, pp. 157–8

  96 Caroline Alexander, ‘Vital Powers’, New Yorker, 30 January 1989

  97 Interview with Daphne Park

  98 National Archives FO 945/376

  99 Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, Allen Lane, London, 1999, pp. 177–9

  100 This account taken from Paul Gorka, Budapest Betrayed, Oak Tree Books, Wembley, 1986, p. 78

  101 Márta Pellérdi, ‘Their Man in Budapest: James McCargar and the 1947 Road to Freedom’, Hungarian Quarterly, vol. XLII, no. 161, Spring 2001

  102 William Hood, Mole, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1982, p. 115

  103 Jeffery, MI6, p. 671

  104 Christopher Felix, The Spy and his Masters, Secker & Warburg, London, 1963, p. 132

  105 Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, pp. 9, 17

  106 Richardson, My Father the Spy, p. 106

  107 Hood, Mole, p. 28

  108 Clarence Ashley, CIA Spymaster, Pelican, Gretna, 2004, p. 82

  109 John Limond Hart, The CIA’s Russians, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 178; David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kondrashev and George Bailey, Battleground Berlin, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1997, p. 268

  110 Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 38

  111 Hood, Mole, p. 74

  112 Richardson, My Father the Spy, p. 111

  113 All details of Golitsyn taken from Volume One of his unpublished memoir, a copy of which was provided to the author. A further copy is lodged with the Library of Congress, Washington DC.

  114 Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, Battleground Berlin, p. 25

  115 Peter Deriabin and Frank Gibney, The Secret World, Ballantine Books, New York, 1982, pp. 286–9

  116 Reference to the kidnap plan is also made in Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 346

  117 Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 102

  118 Ibid., p. 103; Hood, Mole, p. 152. Deriabin’s intelligence was also passed on to the British and is referred to in National Archives KV 5/107

  119 National Archives KV 5/107, Effects of recent Soviet defections and desertions, 8 May 1954. The Chief of MI6 asked for the memo to be shown to the head of MI5

  120 Hood, Mole, p. 73

  121 National Archives FO 1020/99

  122 Milano and Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, pp. 101–3

  123 Ibid., pp. 111–12

  124 Nicholas Elliott, With my Little Eye, Michael Russell, Norwich, 1993, p. 49

  125 David Stafford, Spies beneath Berlin, Overlook Press, New York, 2003, p. 16

  126 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 180

  127 Tape recording provided by Bob Steers

  128 Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite

  129 Stafford, Spies beneath Berlin, p. 23; interview with Anthony Cavendish

  130 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 84

  131 George Blake, No Other Choice, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990, pp. 17–18; Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 84; Blake – the Confession, BBC Radio 4, 1 August 2009; private information from a CIA officer serving with Blake and from British sources

  132 Golitsyn memoir

  133 De Silva, Sub Rosa, p. 93

  134 Hood, Mole, p. 116

  135 National Archives KV 5/107 includes Kholkov’s intelligence on these networks in Austria

  136 Andrew and Mitrokhin, Mitrokhin Archive, p. 467

  137 Michael Smith, The Spying Game, Politico’s, London, 2003, p. 192

  CHAPTER 2: THE COST OF BETRAYAL

  1 Interview with Anthony Cavendish; Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, HarperCollins, London, 1997, pp. 54–9

  2 Anthony Courtney, Sailor in a Russian Frame, Johnson, London, 1968, pp. 1–55

  3 Liddell Hart Archives, Papers of Anthony Courtney, GB99 KCLMA Courtney

  4 Ibid.

  5 Tom Bower, The Red Web, Aurum Press, London, 1989, p. 101

  6 Ibid., p. 113

  7 National Archives KV 5/106 includes detailed British intelligence reports on the Baltic coast and its security

  8 Bower, Red Web, p. 115

  9 Ibid., p. 2

  10 Interview with former SIS officer

  11 Keith Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949, Bloomsbury, London, 2010, pp. 705–6

  12 Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 317; Bower, Red Web, p. 60

  13 ‘Latvian former counter-intelligence officers recall interaction with Britain’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 11 March 1988

  14 Bower, Red Web, pp. 131 and 139

  15 David Smiley, Irregular Regular, Michael Russell, Norwich, 1994, p. 191

  16 The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV 30 October 1984

  17 National Archives HW 75/60–3 includes intercepted Albanian security communications discussing the arrival of British teams

  18 David Smiley, Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 10340

  19 James McCargar interview, ‘Frontline Diplomacy’, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington DC; Peter Grose, Operation Rollback, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2000, p.159

  20 Obituary of Johnnie Longrigg, The Times, 14 March 2007

  21 Percy Cradock, Know your Enemy, John Murray, London, 2002, pp. 26–9

  22 Grose, Operation Rollback, pp. 124–5

  23 Anthony Verrier, Through the Looking Glass, Jonathan Cape, London, 1983, p. 67

  24 Christopher Felix, The Spy and his Masters, Secker & Warburg, London, 1963, p. 140

  25 Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, p. 53

  26 The Hoover Commission quoted in ibid., p. 252

  27 Grose, Operation Rollback, p. 117

  28 Ian Fleming, Casino Royale, Penguin, London, 2006, pp. 54 and 91–2; Simon Winder, The Man Who Saved Britain, Picador, London, 2006, p. 84

  29 Kim Philby, My Silent War, MacGibbon & Kee, London, 1968, p. 117

  30 Felix, The Spy and his Masters, p. 51

  31 Quoted in Roderick Bailey, The Wildest Province, Jonathan Cape, London, 2008, p. 318

  32 Ibid., p. 328

  33 Jeffery, MI6, pp. 712–14; Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1973, p. 202

  34 Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 10340; and Smiley, Irregular Regular, p. 4

  35 David Smiley, The Albanian Assignment, Chatto & Windus, London, 1984

  36 Obituary of Colonel David Smiley, Daily Telegraph, 12 January 2009

  37 Eric Walton, Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 13626

  38 Ibid.

  39 Obituary of Tony Northrop, ‘Covert Cold Warrior made it hot for Hoxha’, The Australian, 6 September 2000

  40 The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV, 30 October 1984

  41 Quoted in Stephen Dorril, MI6: Fifty Years of Special Operations, Fourth Estate, London, 2000, p. 401

  42 Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p. 191

  43 Peer de Silva, Sub Rosa, Times Books, New York, 1978, p. 55

  44 Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files, Little, Brown, London, 1994, p. 265

  45 The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV, 30 October 1984

  46 Tom Mangold, Cold Warrior, Simon & Schuster, London, 1991, p. 50; Philby, My Silent War, pp. 112–17

  47 The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV, 30 October 1984

  48 Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation, Sphere, London, 1977, p. 211

  49 Yossi Melma
n and Dan Raviv, The Imperfect Spies, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1989, p. 82

  50 Philby, My Silent War, p. 120

  51 Bower, Red Web, p. 127

  52 Verrier, Through the Looking Glass, p. 77

  53 John Limond Hart, The CIA’s Russians, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 6. Hart worked on the Albanian operation

  54 David Smiley, Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 10340

  55 Miles Copeland to Bruce Page, quoted in Phillip Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, André Deutsch, London, 1988, p. 1

  56 Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 6

  57 National Archives KV 3/301

  58 Borovik, Philby Files, p. 369

  59 Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 128

  60 The re-use of Albanian drop points from the war was also clearly madness since they were compromised: Bailey, Wildest Province, p. 328

  61 Philby’s reluctance is recounted in Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 161

  62 Philby, My Silent War, p. 131

  63 Ibid., p. 138

  64 Private information. Harvey’s memo has not been found in the CIA archives despite repeated attempts

  65 Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Allen Lane, London, 2009, p. 504

  66 A copy of an interview note written by Arthur Martin is located in National Archives KV 2/1014, which is Edith Tudor-Hart’s MI5 file

  67 Ibid.

  68 Ibid.; Chapman Pincher, Treachery, Random House, New York, 2009, p. 398

  69 A spy talking to Phillip Knightley recounted in The Heart of the Matter, BBC TV, 22 September 1985

  70 Page et al., Philby: The Spy who Betrayed a Generation, p. 148

  71 Interview with a former SIS officer

  72 Nicholas Elliott, With my Little Eye, Michael Russell, Norwich, 1993, p. 16

  73 Seale and McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow, p. 135

  74 Ibid.

  75 Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, Allen Lane, London, 1999

  76 Philby, My Silent War, p. xviii; Graham Greene, The Confidential Agent, Vintage, London, 2002, pp. 67–71

  77 Philby, My Silent War, p. xvi

  78 Quoted in Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 148

  79 James McCargar interview, Foreign Affairs Oral History Program, Georgetown University

  80 Philby, My Silent War, p. 148

  81 Peter Wright, Spycatcher, Heinemann, Melbourne, 1987, p. 44

 

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