207That DNA can confirm self-reports of racial and ethnic identity was neatly demonstrated by “Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies,” Hua Tang et al., American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 76, 2005, pp. 268–75.
208The research published by the Ostrer team on the ancestry of Hispanic groups was: Bryc et al., op. cit.
210For the Pueblo Chieftain’s coverage of the DNA session, see the article by Matt Hildner posted online on February 22, 2009, at http://bit.ly/9VA99V.
215For descriptions of Laron syndrome, see: “Diverse Growth Hormone Receptor Gene Mutations in Laron Syndrome,” Mary Anne Berg et al., American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 52, 1993, pp. 998–1005, and “Growth Hormone Receptor Deficiency in Ecuador,” Arlan Rosenbloom et al., Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vol. 84, 1999, pp. 4436–43.
On the history of crypto-Judaism in Peru and Ecuador: La Herencia Sefardita en la Provincia de Loja, Ricardo Ordóñez-Chiriboga, Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana “Benjamin Carrión,” Quito, Ecuador, 2005 (translated by Christopher Velez, personal communication).
216Harry Ostrer’s study of the Jewishness of Hispano (and Ecuadorian) DNA is “The impact of Converso Jews on the Genomes of Modern Latin Americans,” C. Velez et al., Human Genetics, DOI 10.1007/s00439-011-1072-z (online publication), July 26, 2011.
CHAPTER 10: THE OBLIGATE CARRIER
PHOTO: Joseph descending, San Luis Valley, Colorado.
222The Cather quote is from Death Comes for the Archbishop, op. cit.
223My account of the litigation over access to la sierra is drawn largely from an interview with attorney Jeffrey Goldstein. See also: “A Little Cloud on the Title,” Calvin Trillin, The New Yorker, April 26, 1976, pp. 122–32; Teeuwen, ed., op. cit., pp.
INDEX
* * *
Aaron (biblical), 194, 196, 219
Abraham (biblical), 37, 42
acequias (canals), 14, 111, 117
Acoma (pueblo), 93
acupuncture, 171, 173
Adam (biblical), 73–74, 151
Adventists, 113, 122–23, 192
Adventures in the Apache Country: A Tour Through Arizona and Sonora (Browne), 115
African Americans, 206
AIM (American Indian Movement), 87
Alamosa Family Medical Center, 166
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 216
albinos, 103
Albright, Madeleine, 200
Allen, George, 200
allopathy, 170
amaurotic family idiocy, see Tay-Sachs disease
American Indian Movement (AIM), 87
American Journal of Human Genetics, 47
ancestry-informative markers (AIMs), 206–7
Anza, Juan Bautista de, 101
Apache Indians, 85–86, 88, 97, 99
Jicarilla, 86, 93, 101, 116
Aqua-Chi machines, 75
Aqua Detox, 75
Archuleta, Ruben, 212–13
Armageddon, 122–23
see also Millennium; Second Coming
asceticism, 77–78, 119
Ashkenazi Jews, 103, 138, 148, 197, 207, 233n, 234n, 242n, 243n
Crusades and, 48
emergence of, 46
genetic bottlenecks and, 47, 49, 57–58
genetic disorders of, 142–43
genetic screening of, 139, 145, 151–52, 154–55
Holocaust and, 57–58
idea of race and, 51
Khazars and origins of, 46–47
of Lithuania, 58
mutation carrier rate of, 149
in Pale of Settlement, 48–49
pemphigus vulgaris and, 193–94
of Romania, 58
shtetl life of, 48
U.S. population of, 46, 49
“Ashkenazi Jews and Breast Cancer: The Consequences of Linking Ethnic Identity to Genetic Disease,” 152
assortive mating, 100–101
Atlantic Monthly, 192
Auschwitz, 53
Axell, Lisen, 183
Babylon captivity, 38–39, 42, 44
Bardem, Javier, 22
Beaubien, Charles (Carlos), 116–17, 223
Bible, Hebrew, 38, 45, 46, 73, 74, 80, 122, 123, 124, 131
concept of soul in, 79
Bible Students, 123
Bioactive Botanical Complex, 172
Bio-Enhancement Feedback Unit, 75, 109
bioinformatics, 145
Bio Medical Center, 176–77, 179–81
Bloom syndrome, 142, 194
Boas, Franz, 52
body:
mind and, 137
soul and, 78–79, 179–80
Spanish Catholicism’s view of, 79–80
Bordenave, Kristine, 193
Botanical Gingerplex II, 172
bottlenecks, 50
DNA and, 47
Holocaust as, 57–58
mutations and, 47, 49
BRCA1 gene, 16, 24, 28, 29, 57, 70, 146, 147–48, 152, 161, 175, 243n, 244n
5382insC mutation of, 149, 247n–48n
ancestral source of, 31–32
carrier rate of, 149
length of, 32
penetrance of, 153, 158–59
screening for, 154–55, 158–59
BRCA1 gene, 185delAG mutation of, 18, 23, 26–27, 32, 39, 42–43, 49, 74, 103, 105, 112, 117, 132, 138, 145, 146, 147–48, 156, 175, 185–87, 194, 195, 201, 203, 208, 212, 213, 216, 220, 243n, 244n, 247n
assimilation and, 58
bottlenecks and, 47
dating of, 42–43, 233n
frequency of, 148
in Hispanos, 183
Holocaust and, 58
IQ theory and, 56
Medina family tested for, 155, 161
non-Jewish carriers of 43–44, 152–53, 154, 184, 233n
origins of, 42, 43–44
penetrance of, 149–50, 242n–43n
Sephardic Jews and, 69–70
as universal Jewish mutation, 42
Yorkshire mutation of, 43–44, 233n
BRCA2 gene, 26, 28, 57, 146, 147–48, 154, 161
6174delT mutation of, 149, 247n–48n
breast cancer, 1, 103, 147
bilateral, 175
genomic technology and, 161–62
HBOC and, 28-29, 49, 74-75, 148, 151, 159
prophylactic surgery and, 130, 156–58, 244n
screening for, 30
sporadic, 27–28
breast cancer #1, early onset (gene name), 150
Brothers of Blood, 118
Brothers of Light, 118
Browne, J. Ross, 115
bultos (sculptures), 63
Bustamente, Adrian, 190
Cajetan, Saint, 64–65, 77–78
canals (acequias), 14, 111, 117
Canavan (genetic disorder), 142
cancer:
alternative medicine and, 169–70
homeopathic therapy for, 30–31
two-hit theory of, 27
see also specific cancers
Cancer, 184, 246n
Candida Albicans 200X, 172
Carmelites, 77
carrier advantage, 42, 54–57
Casias, George, 5, 85, 220
casta system, 99–102, 105, 115
Castellano, Teresa, 183
Cather, Willa, 62, 115, 222, 240n
Catholic Church, 47, 64, 77, 107, 120–22, 187
in early New Mexico, 92–94
and medieval superstition, 70–71
penitential societies and, 119
Sephardic Jews and, 67–68
cavernous angioma, 102
Census Bureau, U.S., 205
cephalic index, 51
Cervantes, Miguel de, 66, 68
chamiso (big sagebrush, tea), 106
Chapel of All Saints, 61
Chavez, Fray Angélico, 101–2, 190–91
Chicano movement, 87
Christianity, 45, 48, 122, 127, 226
in New Mexico, 90–94
supersessionism in, 133
chromosome 8 syndrome, 102
chromosome 17, 148
chromosome Y, see Y chromosome
Chula Vista Hospital, 180
Churchill, Winston, 90
Cline, Patsy, 19
cloning, 145
Close, Glenn, 162
Cochran, Gregory, 57
Cohan Modal Haplotype, 194, 196, 247n
Collins, Francis, 148
Colorado Register of Historic Properties, 120
Colorado State Historical Fund, 120
Colorado Territory, 117
Columbia University, 152
Columbus, Christopher, 68
Comanche Indians, 93, 101
common sunflower (Helianthus annuus), 11–12, 92, 227
Commonwealth, The, 240n
continent of ancestry (concept), 205–6
Convento, El, 64, 75, 209, 210, 214
conversos, 67, 68–69, 78, 188, 192, 193, 202, 212, 247n
Corn Mothers, 94
Counter-Reformation, 65
Coyote (casta), 99–100
Crick, Francis, 137
Crosby, Bing, 18
Crow, Kate, 210–11
Crusades, 48
crypto-Jews, 67, 201, 208, 215, 223, 246n
Hordes’s study of Hispanos and, 187–194
kosher slaughterhouse and, 198–200
skeptics of, 190–97
Y chromosome analysis and, 194–95
“Crypto-Jewish Crucifix?” (lecture), 203–4
Cugat, Xavier, 18
Culebra (Culebra villages), 2–3, 13–14, 18, 22, 61, 63, 70, 87, 90, 94, 111, 197
Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 124–26
Ostrer’s genetic study in, 204, 207–9, 210–16
Culebra Creek, 11, 14, 111, 117, 121
Cut the B*tches Off (blog), 157–58
cystic fibrosis, 103, 142, 147, 148
Daniel, Book of, 123
Darwin, Charles, 51, 71
Davis, W. H. H., 113–16
Death Comes for the Archbishop (Cather), 115, 116, 240n
Derrida, Jacques, 66
diabetes, 105, 107, 146
type 2, 103, 245n
Disraeli, Benjamin, 66
DNA, 37, 39, 41, 43, 54–55, 112, 152, 200
admixture of, 95–96
AIMs and, 206–7
body-soul link and, 78–79
bottlenecks and, 47
crypto-Jews and, 193–95
environment and, 13
genetic determinism and, 12
genetic drift and, 40–42
gene variation and, 146, 206–8, 245n
human genome project and, 146–47
mechanisms of, 137-38
Mendelian traits and, 137–38
DNA (continued)
mitochondrial, 96, 195, 207, 211, 234n, 248n
protein manufacturing and, 137–38
risk factors for disease and, 155–56
of sunflowers, 11
technical methods and, 145–46
see also genotype; phenotype
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 66, 68
Dor Yeshorim program, 141–42, 144
Ecclesiastes, Book of, 4, 158
Ecuador, 208
Lojanos in, 215–16
Egypt, 37, 38
Ekstein, Josef, 140–45, 151–52, 158–59, 160, 163, 198
españoles, 2, 99, 100, 101, 115
ethical, legal, and social implications of genetics (ELSI), 152, 154, 243n, 244n
ethnic concordance, 43
eugenics, 51, 144
Eve (biblical), 73–74, 151
evolution, theory of, 54, 55, 71, 137
skin color and, 100
extensiones (lots), 111
Ezekiel (biblical), 38
Ezra (biblical, 38
Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered (FORCE), 157
familial dysautonomia (genetic disorder), 142, 242n
Family Tree DNA (genetic testing company), 248n
Fanconi anemia, 142
Ferdinand II, King of Spain, 68
First Temple, 66
Fishberg, Maurice, 52–53, 54, 55–56, 58, 120, 235n
flagellation, Catholic, 118–20
flat-earth lobby, 131
folk medicine, 106–7, 109
Food and Drug Administration, 162
ForeverGreen (seller of dietary supplements), 107
founder effect, 42, 50, 57
France, 45, 46, 48, 66
Francis, Saint, 33, 117, 119
Franciscan friars, 90–94, 97–99, 116, 119
Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesus Nazareno, La (The Pious Fraternity of Our Father Jesus the Nazarene), 117–18
see also penitentes
Freemasons, 118
FrequenSea, 106–7
Gaucher disease, 142
Generation of the Righteous, see Dor Yeshorim program
Genesis, Book of, 133
genetic drift, 40, 41, 47, 50, 54, 57, 102, 235n
“Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula,” 69
genízaros, 86, 99–100, 101, 114, 115
genotype, 16, 49, 51, 235n
Germany, 46, 48, 66
Gliddon, George R., 114
glycogen storage disease, 142
Gold, Bert, 236n
Goldstein, David B., 233n
Goldstein, Jeffrey, 224, 248n
Goodbye to Boobs (blog), 157–58
Graw, Sharon, 184, 246n
Great Britain, 159
Great Disappointment of 1844, 112–13
Great Mosque of Córdoba, 66
Gregg, Joseph, 93
Gross, Susan, 144
Gutiérrez, Ramon, 91
Hanukkah, 202
Hardy, Jason, 57
Harpending, Henry, 57
Hasidic Jews, 140
headship, 133–34
Helianthus annuus (common sunflower), 11–12
heritable breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), 26–27, 49, 138
HER2 (human epidermal growth receptor-2), 244n–45n
hidden Jews, see crypto-Jews
“Hidden Jews of New Mexico, The” (radio documentary), 189
High Risk Breast Clinic (at Penrose Cancer Center), 163
Hill (la sierra landowner), 223, 225, 228
Hispanos, 2, 5, 97, 111, 116, 120, 121, 138, 189, 194, 221
casta system of, 99–102, 105, 115
crypto-Jews and, 190, 192, 194
genetic disorders of, 102–3
inbreeding and, 162
Jewish ancestry of, 31, 43, 186–87, 197, 207
Ostrer DNA study of, 204, 207–9, 210–16
plaza villages of, 98–99
Spanish and Native American ancestry of, 21–22, 90–91
; as term, 231n
Hitler, Adolf, 54
Holiday, Billie, 18
Holocaust, 54, 57, 152, 154, 205
homeopathic therapy, 30–31, 170–72, 176
Hopi Indians, 98, 103
Hordes, Stanley M., 196, 197, 199, 203, 205, 208, 246n
crypto-Jews research of, 187–95
Ostrer DNA project and, 210, 213–14
Hot Smoke (horse), 14, 84
House (TV show), 215
Hoxsey, Harry, 176
Hoxsey Herbal Treatment, 176
human epidermal growth receptor-2 (HER2), 244n–45n
Human Genetics, 216
human genome project, 146–47, 152, 205
Huntington’s disease, 147
ibbur, concept of, 80–81
Iberian Peninsula, 45, 66–67, 69
see also Sephardic Jews; Spain
identical by descent, 58
“Identification of Germline 185delAG BRCA1 Mutations in Non-Jewish Americans of Spanish Ancestry from the San Luis Valley, Colorado,” 184
I’m a Mutant: The Life and Times of a BRCA1 Previvor (blog), 157
“Impact of Converso Jews on the Genomes of Modern Latin Americans” (Ostrer et al.), 216
inborn errors of metabolism, 138
inbreeding, 40–41, 43, 50, 55, 57, 102
International Fellowship of Christians and Jews, 203
ionic foot baths, 75
Isabella I, Queen of Spain, 68
Isaiah, Book of, 131
Islam, 45–46, 70
Israel, 42, 43, 54, 159, 198
Italy, 46, 64, 66
James, Thomas, 240n
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 34–35, 64, 71–74, 80, 87, 88, 107, 108, 112, 127, 228, 239n
Bible of, 124, 125
concept of soul and, 79, 179–80
in Culebra, 124–26
door-to-door service and, 129–31
education and, 131–32
headship and, 133–34
origins of, 113, 123
publications of, 241n
religious practices of, 123–24
Jerusalem, 39, 42, 44, 48, 121
Jerusalem Artichoke (Jewish potato; Helianthus tuberosus), 12
Jewish Genetic Disease Consortium, 145
Jewish HapMap Project, 53–54
Jews:
Babylon captivity and, 38–39, 42, 44
dispersion of, 37–38
HapMap Project and, 53–54
Jehovah’s Witnesses and, 132–33
kosher process of, 198–99
Middle East ancestry of, 46, 233n–34n
Orthodox, 132–33, 140, 151, 199, 200
The Wandering Gene and the Indian Princess Page 28