Lassenius expedition and, 80
Lepekhin and, 206
Nagai Island and, 167
Pronchishchev expedition and, 80
St. Paul and, 180, 183–185
St. Peter and, 2, 154, 159, 167–169, 173, 175, 177–179, 193, 196–198, 200–201, 206, 210–219, 223, 225–226, 228–231
symptoms, 109, 172, 175, 215
Waxell and, 210–211, 216
sea bear, 123 (fig.), 237, 245, 263
sea council, 139, 195
concerning Steller, 144
decision on a September 1741 return to Petropavlovsk, 116, 155
decision to hasten back to Avacha Bay, 128, 155
Khitrov and, 139, 155, 194–195, 221
role in Russian Imperial Navy, 113
route decisions for Pacific crossing, 113–114
on water supply situation, 157
with Waxell in charge, 124
sea cow, 3, 123 (fig.), 249–252, 254, 265
sea lion, 3, 123 (fig.), 144, 148, 157, 229, 247, 270
Sea of Okhotsk, 34–35, 42–45, 66, 98, 101, 105, 107
sea otters
depletion of, 271, 273
furs, 247–248, 255
hunting of, 226–227, 237
meat, smell and taste of, 228, 263
Steller’s observations on, 247–249
seals, on Bering Island, 189 (fig.), 237, 239–240, 245–247
Second Kamchatka Expedition. See Great Northern Expedition
Semidi Islands, 152
Senavin, Naum, 32
Shein, Alexis, 11
shipbuilding
Archangel Gabriel, 47, 98
for Great Northern Expedition, 98, 102–103
in Kamchatka, 57
of the new St. Peter on Bering Island, 242–245, 250, 253
at Okhotsk, 43–44, 98, 102–103, 244
Peter the Great and, 15–17, 19–22
Tobol, 79
Shumagin, Nikita, 167
Shumagin Islands, 122 (fig.), 158, 166–167, 175, 177–178, 199
Siberia
Bering’s map of, 56
Cossacks in, 73
exile to, 13, 33, 55, 61, 73
exploration of, 30–32
First Kamchatka Expedition and, 33–36
flora and fauna of, 90
Great Northern Expedition and, 4, 56–57, 60–63
lawlessness in, 73
political history, 33–34
population, 33, 65, 89
size, 33
terrain of, 33, 34, 65, 97
Sievers, Peter von, 32
Sitkalidak Island, 144
Skavronskaya, Martha. See Catherine I (Empress of Russia)
Skornyakov-Pisarev, Grigory
as administrator in Okhotsk, 61–62, 65, 78, 82–84
Bering’s dislike of, 78, 84
derogatory reports on Bering, 94
exile to Siberia, 61
personal traits of, 61–62, 84
replacement of, 101
report denouncing Spangberg, 100
slatkaya trava, 47
Smeeton, Miles, 154
Sophia (electress of Hanover), 13–14
Sophia (half-sister of Peter the Great), 12, 22
Spain
American coast claimed by, 147
colonies and explorations of, 30
Spangberg, Martin
addition to First Kamchatka Expedition, 36–37
arrival in Okhotsk on Great Northern Expedition, 82–84, 98
crossing of Kamchatka peninsula, 45
crossing Sea of Okhotsk, 44
dissatisfaction with Bering, 94, 96
expeditions to Japan, 98–100, 103
Great Northern Expedition, 56, 58, 62, 64, 98–100
on halting the First Kamchatka Expedition, 49
phantom islands and, 114–115
promotions, 51, 59
relationship with Chirikov, 93–95
shipbuilding on First Kamchatka Expedition, 47
shipbuilding on Great Northern Expedition, 98
St. Petersburg to Siberia, 74
travel from Yakutsk to Okhotsk, 40–43
spectacled cormorant, 247, 249, 265
St. Julien Island, 262
St. Paul
arrival in America, 147–152
condition after return, 185
construction and outfitting of, 4, 102–103
contact with Americans, 150–151
crew, 116–117
departure from Kamchatka (June 1741), 4–5
homeward voyage, 152
loss of shore excursion boats and men (July 1741), 148–152
Okhotsk to Avacha Bay, 105–107
Pacific voyage to America, 115–120, 146–152
scurvy, 180, 183–185
separation from St. Peter (June 4, 1741), 120
St. Peter sighted by (June 20,1741), 116–117
St. Peter
arrival and beaching on Bering Island, 1–2, 188 (fig.), 199–213, 222
assessment of condition (Jan 1742), 231–233
building of new (1742), 242–245, 250
construction and outfitting of, 4, 102–103
contact with Americans, 162–166
crew, 116–117
decision to return home, 155
departure from Kamchatka (June 1741), 4–5
dismantling of, 234–235, 241–243
internal conflicts, 116–117, 244
launch of new St. Peter, 255
loading of new St. Peter, 256
at Nagai Island, 158, 161–162, 167
Okhotsk to Avacha Bay, 105–107
Pacific crossing to America, 115–120, 124–145
return of new St. Peter to Petropavlovsk, 257–259
return voyage, 173–179, 179–185, 192–198
scurvy, 2, 154, 159, 167–169, 173, 175, 177–179, 193, 196–198, 200–201, 206, 210–219, 223, 225–226, 228–231
separation from St. Paul (June 4, 1741), 120
St. Petersburg
Anna Bering’s return to, 103–104
founding, 9 (fig.), 24
Great Northern Expedition trip from to Siberia, 72–84
stamp, 189 (fig.)
Starodubstov, Sava, 243–244, 258
starvation, 43–44, 51
Steller, Georg
Alaska coast exploration, 140–145
at Avacha Bay, 116
Beasts of the Sea, 123 (fig.), 188 (fig.), 265, 267
Bering and, 91, 109, 111–113, 120, 125, 127, 132, 144, 158, 169, 175, 197, 218–222
Bering Island (spring 1742 ), 236–253
Bering Island (winter 1741–1742), 214–221, 223–227, 229–230, 233–235
Bering Island arrival, 199–213
in Bolsheretsk, 106, 108, 111–113
on brutality of fur seal hunt, 246
contact with Americans, 163–166
dealings with naval officers, 118–120, 125–127, 131, 139, 159, 168, 179
death, 266
on decision to return home, 155
drinking of, 119–120, 266
early life, 86–87
foxes and, 199, 203–205, 209, 215, 223, 227, 239, 247
gambling and, 224–227
Gmelin and, 88–89, 93, 265
on Hesselberg’s death, 216
on his growing foreboding, 127
Kayak Island, 132–138, 142
Khitrov and, 161–162, 198, 202, 208, 212, 221, 226
lack of discovery of minerals, 142–143
land sightings, 128–129, 156–157
on leaving Bering Island, 257
life/career after the expedition, 265–267
marriage, 88
move to Russia, 87–88
on Nagai Island, 158–160
nature studies on Bering Island, 246–252
Pacific voyage to America, 111, 116, 118–120, 125–128
personality of, 85–88, 91, 112, 114, 119, 125, 139, 160, 168, 216
–217
on punishment of Kamchadals, 110
return voyage, 167–169, 174–179, 193–195, 197–198
scientific contributions of, 3, 86, 249
scurvy and, 86, 108–109, 159, 167–169, 172–173, 175, 178, 198, 216–218, 223
“sea ape,” 153–154
sea cow study on Bering Island, 249–252
sea otter pelts, 255
Spangberg’s meeting with on way to Okhotsk, 100
style of travel, 88
tending to the sick on Bering Island, 215–219, 238, 244
tobacco use, 230, 239
on water situations, 157, 159–160
Waxell and, 133, 179, 200, 202, 210–211, 236, 240
Steller’s Creek, 134
Steller’s eider, 265
Steller’s jay, 3, 142
Steller’s sea bear, 123 (fig.)
Steller’s sea cow, 3, 123 (fig.), 249–252, 265
Steller’s sea eagle, 247
Steller’s sea lion, 3, 123 (fig.), 247, 256, 265
Stephanov, Savin, 201
storm fishes, 153
Streltsy, 12–13, 22
Sweden, 14
Great Northern War, 18, 23–24, 28
Peter the Great in Sweden, 18
Sykes, John, 122 (fig.)
Systema Naturae (Linnaeus), 90
Takanis Bay, 148, 180
Tarakanov, Seliverst, 201
tax on Siberian furs, 33–34, 89
technologies, new of western Europe, 15
Tlingit, 122 (fig.), 135, 151, 184
tobacco
legalization by Peter the Great, 23
pipes made by Steller, 230
shared with American native by St. Peter crew, 164
use in trade, 99, 138, 148, 182
use on Bering Island, 230, 239, 254
Tobol (sloop), 79
Tobolsk
First Kamchatka Expedition and, 34–35, 37, 51
Great Northern Expedition, 72–75
population size, 65
Steller’s arrest, 266
Tolbuchin, 101
Treaty of Nerchinsk, 35
Treaty of Nystad, 24
Tretyakov, Andrei, 177
Trubitsin, Grigori, 148
Tunguska River, 39, 75
Turner Island, 158
Upper Kamchatka Post, 44
Ust-Kut, 39
Vancouver, George, 122 (fig.), 144
Vienna, Peter the Great in, 22
Vitamin C, 229
VOC. See Dutch East India Company
Von Fuch, Heinrich, 96–97
Vostok, 44
Voyage of Discovery (Vancouver), 122 (fig.)
A Voyage Round the World in the Years 1740–1744 (Anson), 169
walrus ivory, 270–271
Walton, William, 99
warming houses, 81–82
water
Archangel Gabriel search and trade for, 47, 50
provisions for Pacific voyage, 102, 116
retrieval from Nagai Island, 158–160
sea council on water supply situation, 157
shortage or tainted on St. Paul, 179–184
shortage or tainted on St. Peter, 124, 127–128, 131–137, 139, 145, 157–160, 167–169, 175, 177
Spangberg’s voyages to Japan and, 99–100
water sky, 202
Waxell, Laurentz, 76, 116, 211, 264
Waxell, Sven
Alaska coast and islands, 139, 143–144, 152–161
America sighting, 129
assessment of St. Peter (Jan 1742), 231–233
authority/leadership on Bering Island, 223–224, 244–245
Bering Island (spring 1742), 236–238, 240–245, 250
Bering Island (winter 1741–1742), 214–217, 220–226, 228–234
Bering Island arrival, 199–200, 202–206, 208, 210, 213
Bering’s death, 220–221
blue foxes and, 204
contact with Americans, 163–166
on crew condition on Bering Island, 213
on dangerous sea conditions, 106–107
on dead whale sighting, 117–118
death, 264
on discipline on Great Northern Expedition, 76
dismantling of the St. Peter, 234–235
eating fur seals, 240
on exploration of Arctic Coast, 80
family on Great Northern Expedition, 64, 76, 116, 211, 264
gambling and, 224–226
at Kayak Island, 137–138
Khitrov shore party and, 160–162
on laborers in Great Northern Expedition, 74, 92
landing in America, 130
launch of new St. Peter, 255
on living conditions on Bering Island, 263–264
on meals on Bering Island, 228
memoirs, 264
at Nagai Island, 158–160
on Okhotsk, 83
Ovtsin and, 224, 232–233
Pacific voyage to America, 116, 120, 124
petition for compensation for his men, 263–264
on phantom islands, 114–115
plans for St. Peter, April 1742 meeting on, 240–242
quoting Bering, 63
on return to Petropavlovsk, 258–259
return voyage, 174–179, 192–199
scurvy, 210–211, 216
sea cow hunts, 250–251
sketch of Aleuts of Shumagin Island, 122 (fig.)
Steller and, 133, 168, 179, 200, 202, 210–211, 236, 240
on supplies, 103
on tale of St. Paul’s misfortune, 151
on treatment of natives, 109–110
on Yakutsk to Okhotsk route, 81
whales, carcasses on Bering Island, 228–229, 246
White Sea, 14, 21
William (King of England), 21
Windy Bay, 148
Wingham Island, 132–134, 137
Yakobi Island, 148
Yakuts, 34, 46, 71 (fig.), 96
Yakutsk
First Kamchatka Expedition, 34, 38–39, 51
Great Northern Expedition, 75–76, 78, 80, 91–93, 95, 97–98
population size, 65
yasak (tax) collector, 89
Yelagin, Ivan, 107, 183
Yenisei River, 38, 57, 75, 78–80
Yeniseisk, 38–39, 262–263
Yezo, 114–115
Yudoma Cross, 43, 81–82
Yushin, Kharlam
beaching of the St. Peter, 211
on Bering Island, 237, 240
at Nagai Island, 158
in St. Peter command structure, 116
Zaandam, 19
Island of the Blue Foxes Page 32