on primates and insects, 63
sheep liver fluke (Dicroceolium dendriticum), 80
Shelomi, Matan, 200, 232–233
silkworm larvae/pupae
allergic reactions to, 258
with cassava, 259
consumption of in Asia, 66, 183
importing of, 278
on the menu, 188
nutrient levels in, 27, 32–33
silkworms
consumption of, 188
domestication of, 146, 279–282
farming of, 25
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of, 183
in literature, 140
white mulberry and, 183
Siphonaptera, 9. See also fleas
Six-Legged Livestock (FAO 2013), 160
sleeping sickness, 111–113
social capital, 157
social Darwinism, 173
social insects
ancestors of, 56
as capable of suffering, 241
eusocial insects, 25
human relationship with, 71–72, 142
language describing, 173
primates eating, 61–62
Soper, Fred, 125–126, 129
The Sound of Light in the Trees: The Acoustic Ecology of Pinyon Pines, 96–97
South America, 31, 38, 44, 63–64, 87, 89–90, 178, 276
Southeast Asia, 4, 31–32, 194
Cambodia, 108–110, 212, 278
Lao PDR, 94, 109–110, 187, 195–201, 278
Thailand, 109–110, 153–154, 160, 178–179, 194–195, 229–230, 277–278
southern pine beetles, 165–166
Souvenirs entomologiques, 92
stag beetles, 248
Starbucks, cochineal insects incident, 221–222, 238
sterile insects in pest management, 163–164
Stewart, Amy, 121–123
stick insects, 24
stink bugs. See also true bugs
citrus stink bugs, 159
consumption of, 195
as garnish, 229
as invasive, 121
preparation method for, 177, 259
storage and preservation of insects, 155–156, 201, 260, 274
suffering
in animals, 240–241, 306–307
in insects, 240–245, 249–250, 307
The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance and Strangeness of Insect Societies, 142, 249
superposition eyes, 98–99
superworms, 45–46
sushi, as once marginal food, 182–183
sustainability
of agri-food, 42, 204, 207
entomophagy and, 300
of fisheries, 210–211
of food security, 40, 48, 58, 128, 171, 219
supply-side, xviii, 202
sustainable livelihoods, 176
Suzuki, David, 211, 215
swarm/swarming, 6, 106
of bees, 93, 100
in literature, 106, 150
as moral problems, 127–128
phases of, 85, 113–114
size of, 20
Swift, Jonathan, on fleas, 20–21
symphylans, 52–53
synapsids, 55
T
Tachinid flies, 81
taxonomies, 11, 237
temple wall paintings, beehives in, 68
Tenebrionidae, 13, 86
termite mound clay, 181
termite mushroom (Termitomyces), 79
termites
decreasing habitat for, 43–44
as detritivores, 78
egg-laying habits of, 20
as eusocial insects, 25
fishing for, 62
fungi farming by, 79–80
higher termites, 79
hominids eating, 62–63
as keystone species, 78
lower termites, 79
Macrotermes spp, 181
magnetoreception in, 100
medicinal uses of, 65
nutrient levels in, 33, 35, 181
as pests, 121, 131
primates eating, 62
production of GHG by, 43–44
relationship with microbes, 78–79
Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 268
therapsids, 55
tobacco budworms, Cryptus albitarsus and, 161
toe-biters. See giant water bugs
trade-offs, 254–255
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), 262
triangulation, 29
triatomine bugs (assassin bugs), 18, 111. See also true bugs
trilobites, 52, 55
trophamnion, 81
true bugs, 9–10, 23
assassin bugs (triatomine bugs), 18, 111
giant water bugs (belostomatidaes), 184, 195
grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae), 23, 116–117
lesser water boatman (Micronecta scholtzi), 95
stink bugs (Encosternum spp), 121, 159, 177, 195, 229, 259
Trypanosoma cruzi, 111–113
tsetse flies, 20, 37, 165
Tucanoan people, 38, 64–65, 276
typhus, 75, 122, 129
U
Uchiyama, Shoichi, 184–185
universe, theories of, 307–309
Unspun Honey, 93, 255, 284–285
Uukwaluudhi Conservancy, 275
V
Veterinarians without Borders/Vétérinaires sans Frontières-Canada (VWB/VSF), x, xv, 195, 197–199
Vij’s (restaurant), 222
vinegar and pomace flies, 72. See also fruit flies
virgin-birth, 56. See also parthogenesis
volatile compounds, and insect communication, 83–84
W
Waldbauer, Gilbert, 10, 280
walking flower mantis, 24
walking leaf mantis, 24
Waltner-Toews, Matthew, 93–94, 255, 284–285
war metaphors
and insecticide use, 129–130, 158
and Integrated Pest Management (IPM), 161
natural history and, 305
Warré hives, 255, 284–285. See also beehives
wasps
ancestors of, 56
Aphyrus, 13
consumption of in Japan, 189–190
in Cretaceous period, 57
Cryptus albitarsus, 161
Darwin on, 304
Diapetimorpha introita, 161
fairyflies/fairy wasps, 12, 21, 80–81
fig wasps, 89
and figs, 88–89
Heerz Lukenatcha, 12
Ichneumonidae, 22, 56, 161, 304–305
in literature, 150
Microplitis croceipes, 261
nest-provisioning wasps, 58
parasitic wasps, 12–13, 161, 261, 304
in pest management, 161
primates eating, 61
Tinkerbella nana, 12
as tool users and disease managers, 58
Vespidae, 57–58
Vespula flaviceps, 189–190
Vespula shidai, 189–190
wood wasps, 80–81
yellow jackets, 57–58
water scavenger beetles, 195
water scorpions, 195
wax moths, 67
waxworms, 67, 202
weaver ants
nutrient levels in, 33
in orchard pest control, 159–160
primates eating, 61–62
in song and dance, 160
Webb, Jena, 64
weevils. See also beetles
palm weevils (Rhynch
ophorus phoenicius), xv, 33, 83–84, 178, 180, 274, 276
Rhinostomus barbirostris, 178
Rhynchophorus palmarum, 178
western honey bees. See European/Western honey bees
western pine beetles, 165–166
What Good Are Bugs? 10
white crickets, 196
whole-hive mead, 70, 71
Wicked Bugs: The Louse That Conquered Napoleon’s Army and Other Diabolical Insects, 121
wicked problems
around insect-eating, 280–281
defined, 170
strategies for solving, 171
Wilson, E. O.
on the beauty of insects, 249
on biophilia, 238, 307
on counting insects, 19
on honey bees, 142
Winston, Mark, 94, 146
witjuti grubs, 5, 63. See also cossid moths
Wood, John, 14–15
wood wasps, 80–81
woodboring beetles, 97
World Health Organization (WHO), 269
World Organisation for Animal Health (aka OIE), 108, 267–268
World Trade Organization (WTO), 272
X
xyelid sawflies, 21, 56
Y
Yanomami people, 276
Yansi people, 175
yellow jackets, 57–58
yellow mealworms. See mealworms
Yen, Alan, 2
on insect protein powders, 211
on naming of insects, 5
on traditional knowledge, 261
Ynsect, 71, 215–219, 264
Z
zinc in mopane caterpillars, 259
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
DAVID WALTNER-TOEWS is an epidemiologist, veterinarian, and writer specializing in ecosystem approaches to health and disease. A University of Guelph professor emeritus, he is the founding president of Veterinarians without Borders Canada. Previous books include The Origin of Feces, The Chickens Fight Back, and Food, Sex and Salmonella. He has also published fiction and poetry. He lives in Kitchener, Ontario.
TRY ANOTHER GREAT READ FROM ECW PRESS...
The Origin of Feces
The Origin of Feces takes an important subject out of locker-rooms, potty-training manuals, and bio-solids management boardrooms into the fresh air of everyone’s lives. With insight and wit, David Waltner-Toews explores what has been too often ignored and makes a compelling argument for a deeper understanding of human and animal waste. Approaching the subject from a variety of perspectives — evolutionary, ecological, and cultural — The Origin of Feces shows us how integral excrement is to biodiversity, agriculture, public health, food production and distribution, and global ecosystems. From the primordial ooze to dung beetles, from bug frass, cat scats, and flush toilets to global trade, pandemics, and energy, this is the awesome, troubled, unexpurgated story of feces.
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Copyright © David Waltner-Toews, 2017
Published by ECW Press
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Cover design: David A. Gee
Cover images: empty tray © Oktay Ortakcioglu / iStockPhoto; gripping © blackred / iStockPhoto; cloche © urfinguss / iStockPhoto
Interior images: frame©funkyboy2014/Vecteezy.com
Author photo: Kathy Waltner-Toews
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Waltner-Toews, David, 1948–, author
Eat the beetles! : an exploration into our conflicted relationship with insects / David Waltner-Toews.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77041-314-6 (paperback)
Also issued as: 978-1-77305-036-2 (PDF)
978-1-77305-035-5 (ePub)
1. Entomophagy. 2. Edible insects. 3. Beneficial insects. 4. Insects—Ecology. 5. Insects—Effect of human beings on. I. Title.
GN409.5.W35 2017 641.3’06 C2016-906411-5 C2016-906412-3
The publication of Eat the Beetles! has been generously supported by the Canada Council for the Arts, which last year invested $153 million to bring the arts to Canadians throughout the country, and by the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund. Nous remercions le Conseil des arts du Canada de son soutien. L’an dernier, le Conseil a investi 153 millions de dollars pour mettre de l’art dans la vie des Canadiennes et des Canadiens de tout le pays. Ce livre est financé en partie par le gouvernement du Canada. We also acknowledge the support of the Ontario Arts Council (OAC), an agency of the Government of Ontario, which last year funded 1,737 individual artists and 1,095 organizations in 223 communities across Ontario for a total of $52.1 million, and the contribution of the Government of Ontario through the Ontario Book Publishing Tax Credit and the Ontario Media Development Corporation.
Eat the Beetles!: An Exploration into Our Conflicted Relationship with Insects Page 35