19. Walter W. Woodward, Prospero’s America: John Winthrop, Jr., Alchemy, and the Creation of New England Culture, 1606–1676 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2010), 261, 269, 293, 274, 279, 302, quotation at 265; Robert C. Black, The Younger John Winthrop (New York, 1966), 312, 313; Richard S. Dunn, Puritans and Yankees: The Winthrop Dynasty of New England, 1630–1717 (Princeton, N.J., 1962), Part III, quotation at 191.
20. Daniel Scott Smith, “The Demographic History of Colonial New England,” Journal of Economic History, 32 (1972), 165–83. Township figures are derived from the working papers of A New England Settlement Map Series, compiled by Lee Shai Weissbach, Harvard University, 1977, based on individual town records; Secretary of the Commonwealth, Historical Data Relating to Counties, Cities, and Towns in Massachusetts (Boston, 1920); Lois K. Mathews, The Expansion of New England (Boston, 1909); and Joseph B. Felt, “Statistics of Towns in Massachusetts,” Collections of the American Statistical Association, I (1843).
21. For a meticulous study of the limits of the morcellation of landholdings in New England, see Philip J. Greven, Jr., Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, N.Y., 1970) chaps. 5–8. On the dispersal of New England villages: Joseph S. Wood, “Village and Community in Early Colonial New England,” Journal of Historical Geography, 8 (1982), 340, 343. Cf. Sumner C. Powell, Puritan Village (Middletown, Conn., 1963), 160.
22. R. Cole Harris, “The Simplification of Europe Overseas,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 67 (1977), 474, 479–80.
23. Joyce D. Goodfriend, Before the Melting Pot: Society and Culture in Colonial New York City, 1664–1730 (Princeton, N.J., 1992), 40, 58, 219.
24. Ibid., chaps. 3, 6. For an argument that the blacks in New Netherland formed, remarkably, “a new and vibrant community” by 1660, despite the fact that “they may have spoken different languages, belonged to several distinct ethnic groups, and come from diverse places in Africa and the Atlantic littoral,” see Cynthia Van Zandt, Brothers Among Nations: The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America, 1580–1660 (Oxford, England, 2008), 144, 138, and chap. 6 generally.
25. Robert C. Ritchie, The Duke’s Province: A Study of New York Politics and Society, 1664–1691 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1977), 78–81, 114–16; Cathy Matson, Merchants and Enterprise: Trading in Colonial New York (Baltimore, Md., 1998), 55.
26. Ritchie, Duke’s Province, 131, 136, 98, 100, 107, 125, 140, 57; Donna Merwick, Possessing Albany, 1630–1710 (Cambridge, England, 1990), 235–40.
27. Ritchie, Duke’s Province, 68, 71–73.
28. Claudia Schnurmann, “Merchants, Ministers, and the Van Rensselaer-Leisler Controversy of 1676 as a Dress Rehearsal for 1689,” in Hermann Wellenreuther, ed., Jacob Leisler’s Atlantic World in the Later Seventeenth Century (Piscataway, N.J., 2009), 77–88; David W. Voorhees, “The ‘fervent Zeale’ of Jacob Leisler,” WMQ, 51 (July 1994), 447–72; Lawrence H. Leder, “The Unorthodox Dominie: Nicholas Van Rensselaer,” New York History 35 (1954), 166–76.
29. Ritchie, Duke’s Province, 148, 140–43.
30. Philipsburg Manor (Tarrytown, N.Y., 1969), 13–21, 23.
31. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom, chap. 11, quotations at 225, 244–45; Lorena S. Walsh, Motives of Honor, Pleasure, and Profit (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2010), 109.
32. On the Green Spring faction and the networks of officials connected to Governor Berkeley and his wife, Frances Culpeper, see Mary Beth Norton, Separated by Their Sex: Women in Public and Private in the Colonial Atlantic World (Ithaca, N.Y., 2011), 9–34. On the Northern Neck: Douglas S. Freeman, George Washington: A Biography (New York, 1948), I, App. I, p. 1.
33. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom, 219–20.
34. Walsh, Motives of Honor, 140–43. For a study of Virginia’s black population: Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom, 420–32.
35. David Eltis, “Free and Coerced Migration from the Old World to the New,” in Eltis, ed., Coerced and Free Migration (Stanford, Calif., 2002), [33]: “Community in the sense … that everyone living in it had values that if they were not shared around the Atlantic were certainly reshaped in some way by others living in the Atlantic basin, and, as this suggests, where events in one geographic area had the potential to stimulate a reaction—and not necessarily just economic—thousands of miles away.”
36. Walsh, Motives of Honor, 149; Jacob M. Price, The Tobacco Adventure to Russia … 1676–1722 (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, NS 51, 1961), pt. 1; Price, France and the Chesapeake (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1973), I, pt. 2; Jacob Price and Paul G. E. Clemens, “A Revolution of Scale in Overseas Trade: British Firms in the Chesapeake Trade, 1675–1725,” Journal of Economic History, 47 (1987), 37, 3–4; Price, “Merchants and Planters: The Market Structure of the Colonial Chesapeake Reconsidered,” in Tobacco in the Atlantic Trade (Aldershot, England, 1995), IV, 11; April L. Hatfield, Atlantic Virginia: Intercolonial Relations in the Seventeenth Century (Philadelphia, 2004), chap. 3, quotations at 181, 80.
37. Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson, “The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth,” Centre for Economic Policy Research, Papers, no. DP3712 (2003), 550, 552, 562: “West European growth after 1500 was due primarily to growth in countries involved in Atlantic trade or with a high potential for Atlantic trade.… The rise of Europe reflects not only the direct effects of Atlantic trade and colonialism but also a major social transformation induced by these opportunities.” Bailyn, New England Merchants, 126–34, 143ff.; Christian J. Koot, Empire at the Periphery: British Colonists, Anglo-Dutch Trade, and the Development of the British Atlantic, 1621–1713 (New York, 2011), pts. 1, 2; Matson, Merchants and Empire, 26–29, 54, chaps. 1–4; Claudia Schnurmann, Atlantische Welten: Engländer und Niederländer im amerikanisch-atlantischen Raum, 1648–1713 (Cologne, 1998), summarized briefly in English in “Migration and Communication: Relations between Inhabitants of English and Dutch Colonies in the New World, 1648–1713,” Working Paper No. 96-03, Atlantic History Seminar, Harvard University (1996).
Index
Abenakis, the 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7
Abigail (ship), 4.1, 5.1
Act Concerning Religion (Maryland, 1649)
Actes and Monuments (Foxe), 2.1, 12.1
Adams, Henry
Adams, Thomas
Acrelius, Rev. Israel
Africans, see slavery, slaves
Åland Island, Sweden
Alba, Duke of
Albany, New York, 8.1, 15.1, 15.2, see also Fort Orange
Alden, John, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Alexander, Sir William
Algonquians, the, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 15.1, 15.2
languages of, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 15.1
Allerton, Isaac, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4
Alrichs, Jacob, 10.1, 10.2
Altham, Father John, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
“America fever,”
Amsterdam, 8.1, 8.2
Anabaptism, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1
Andriaensen, Maryn
Ångermanland, Sweden
Antinomian Controversy
and Indian demonism
and suspects disarmed
and women
Appomattocs, the, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2
Ark (ship)
Aspinwall, William, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2
Aston, Sir Arthur
Atlantic trade
in New England
in New Netherland
and tobacco, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1
see also Claiborne, Herrman, Leisler, Philipse, Steenwyck
Austerfield, England
authority
private
public
Avalon, Province of, see also Newfoundland
Bacon, Sir Francis, 2.1, 10.1
Baldridge, Thomas
Baldwin, Hugh
Baltimore, First Baron, see Calvert, George
B
altimore, Second Baron, see Calvert, Cecilius
Baltimore, Third Baron, see Calvert, Charles
Barbados, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 10.1, 12.1, 14.1
and Quakers, 14.1, 14.2
Barrett, Samuel
Barrington, Lady Joan
Basha, Giles
Beekman, Willem
Bellingham, Richard
Bennett family, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1
Bennett’s Welcome, Virginia, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2
Beothuks
Berkeley, Sir Charles
Berkeley, Lady Frances, 7.1, 7.2, 15.1
Berkeley, Sir Maurice
Berkeley, Sir William (Governor of Virginia), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, see also Green Spring faction
Berkeley Hundred, Virginia, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7.1
Bermuda, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 14.1
Bermuda City, Virginia, 3.1, 4.1, see also Charles City
Beverley family
Beverwyck, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, see also Albany, Fort Orange
Billington family, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Biggs, Richard
Bishop, Henry
Blackwell, Francis
Bland family, 7.1, 7.2, 15.1
Blom, Dominie Hermanus
Blommaert, Samuel, 8.1, 10.1
Blossom, Thomas
Blount, William
Bogardus, Everardus (Everart Bogaert), 8.1, 8.2
Bohemia Manor, Maryland, see also Herrman
Book of Martyrs, see Actes and Monuments
Boston, Lincolnshire, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 13.1
Boston, Massachusetts, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1
Boteler, John
Bout, Jan Evertsz., 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Bradford, Alice Southworth
Bradford, Dorothy
Bradford, William, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 12.1, 13.1
Dialogue with “yonge-men,”
disillusionment of
and moral corruption
poetry of
and study of Hebrew
Bradnox, Thomas
Bradstreet, Simon
Brahe, Per, 10.1, 10.2
Braithwaite, William
Brazil, 8.1, 9.1
Breeden, Thomas
Brent, Giles, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
Brent, Margaret, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Breuklen, Long Island
Brewster, Jonathan, 11.1, 11.2
Brewster, William, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5
Brief Account of New Netherlands Situation (Plockhoy)
Brief and Concise Plan (Plockhoy)
Briefe Relation (White)
Bristol, England, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 10.1, 14.1
Brooke, Baron (Robert Greville, Second Baron Brooke)
Brown, Rev. Edmund, 13.1, 13.2
Bryant, John
Burgh, Albert, 8.1, 8.2
Burwell, Lewis, 7.1, 7.2
Butler, Capt. Nathaniel
Byrd, William, 7.1, 7.2, 15.1
Calvert, Benedict Leonard, Fourth Baron Baltimore
Calvert, Cecilius, Second Baron Baltimore, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.11, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1
Calvert, Charles, Third Baron Baltimore, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Calvert, George, First Baron Baltimore, 6.1, 6.2
Calvert, Jane Lowe Sewall, Lady Baltimore
Calvert, Leonard, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 7.1
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge, University of, 2.1, 5.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
Campanius, Rev. Johan
Canedy, Cornelius
cannibalism, 2.1, 8.1, see also dismemberment, torture
Carr, Sir Robert, 10.1, 10.2
Carter family, 7.1, 7.2, 15.1
Carver, John, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Cary, Elizabeth, Viscountess Falkland
Cary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, literary circle of
Catholics, 6.1ff., 7.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 15.1, 15.2
in England, 2.1, 6.1, 12.1
see also Calvert, Maryland
Causey, Nathaniel
Cecil, Robert, Lord Salisbury, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Chaplin, Humphrey
Charles City, Virginia, see also Bermuda City
Charlestown, Massachusetts, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1
Chauncey, Rev. Charles, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2
Chelmsford, England, 12.1, 12.2
Chesapeake region
authority in
decline in immigration
emergence of upper/gentry class in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
family life in
growing population in, 7.1, 7.2
housing in, 7.1, 7.2
increase of land values in
indentured servants in, 7.1, 7.2
labor force in
land boom in
life expectancy in
living conditions in, 7.1, 7.2
migration of free immigrants to
mortality rate in, 7.1, 7.2
planters in, 7.1, 7.2
tenancy in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 15.1
see also slavery, slaves
Chicheley, Sir Henry, 7.1, 7.2
Chickahominies, the, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2
Child, Dr. Robert
children and childhood, 5.1, 7.1, 10.1
exchanged between cultures, 2.1, 5.1, 10.1
Native American, 1.1, 1.2
recruited for Virginia, 4.1, 4.2
shipped as servants to the Chesapeake, 4.1, 7.1
as slaves
see also family life
Chipaways, the
Christian Commonwealth (Eliot)
Church of England
Bradford’s view of
and Court of High Commission, 12.1, 12.2
under Elizabeth, 12.1, 12.2
“lecturers” in
persecution of dissenters by
Roger Williams’s critique of
and Star Chamber
“visitations” of
Claiborne, William, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7
Clarendon, Earl of, see Hyde, Edward
Clarke, John
Clifton, Richard
Cloberry, William, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
Clocker, Daniel, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
Cocceius, Johannes
Coddington, William, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2
Coggeshall, John
Cole, Robert
college, projected in Virginia
“Collegiants,”
Collier, Samuel
commission, royal, to New England, 15.1, 15.2
commonalty, the, see New Netherland
“Complaint of New Amsterdam” (Steendam)
Conant, Roger, 12.1, 13.1, 15.1
Conant family
convicts, as labor and desire for, 3.1, 7.1
Cooper, Robert
Copley, Father Thomas, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Cornwallis, Thomas, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7
van Cortlandt, Oloff Stevensen, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 15.1
van Cortlandt, Stephanus, 15.1, 15.2
Cotton, Rev. John, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 15.1
and Antinomian Controversy, ff.
career and beliefs of, ff.
condemnation of Wheelwright and Hutchnison, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3
The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675 Page 77