5. W. M. Flinders Petrie, The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, first ed. (London: Field and Tuer; New York: Scribner & Welford, 1883).
6. Petrie, The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, 95
7. “Cutting Granite with Sand,” www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/obelisk/cutting.html (accessed February 4, 2010).
CHAPTER 7. THE SHADOWS OF DENDERAH
1. Amelia Edwards, A Thousand Miles up the Nile (London: George Routledge and Sons, 1889), 120.
2. Mounir Basta, ed., “The Temple of Denderah,” in Simpkins Splendor of Egypt (Salt Lake City: Simpkins Souvenirs, 1987).
3. Amelia Edwards, A Thousand Miles up the Nile, 112.
CHAPTER 8. STICKS AND STONES: TOOLS OF THE TRADE
1. I. E. S Edwards, “Pyramids: Building for Eternity,” Ancient Egypt: Discovering Its Splendors, 73–101.
2. Denys A. Stocks, Experiments in Archaeology: Stoneworking Technology in Ancient Egypt (London: Routledge, 2003).
CHAPTER 9. IN THE SHADOW OF AN OBELISK
1. Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume II, 28.
2. Mark Lehner, et al., Secrets of Lost Empires: Obelisk, directed by Michael Barnes, Nova (PBS), February 12, 1997. See www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2405obelisk.html (accessed December 16, 2009).
3. Ibid.
4. Denys A. Stocks, Experiments in Archaeology: Stoneworking Technology in Ancient Egypt, 64, 65.
5. Peter Tyson, Secrets of Lost Empires: Obelisk, directed by Michael Barnes, Nova (PBS), February 12, 1997, see www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/team/rashwan.html (accessed February 4, 2010).
6. Ibid.
7. Reginald Engelbach, The Problem of the Obelisks (New York: George H. Doran Company, 1923), 20–21.
8. Ibid., 25.
9. Ibid., 48.
10. Doug Kenyon, Forbidden History, 256–62.
11. R. Engelbach, The Problem of the Obelisks, 42.
12. Ibid., 104.
13. Ibid., 48.
14. Ibid., 49.
CHAPTER 10. IN THE SHADOW OF EGYPTIAN MEGAMACHINES
1. See http://thinkexist.com/quotes/dante_alighieri/2.html (accessed February 4, 2010).
2. Stephen S. Mehler, The Land of Osiris (Kempton, Ill.: Adventures Unlimited Press, 2001).
3. Stephen S. Mehler, From Light into Darkness: The Evolution of Religion in Ancient Egypt (Kempton, Ill.: Adventures Unlimited Press, 2005).
4. Stephen S. Mehler, The Land of Osiris, 125–26.
5. See http://egyptsites.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/the-pyramid-of-djedefre-at-abu-Roash/ (accessed January 6, 2010).
6. Peter Lu, “Early Precision Compound Machine from Ancient China,” Science 304 (June 11, 2004): 1638.
7. William Flinders Petrie, The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh (London: Field & Tuer; New York: Scribner & Welford, 1883), 75.
8. Petrie, The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, 75, 76.
9. Robert G. Moores Jr., “Evidence for Use of a Stone-Cutting Drag Saw by the Fourth Dynasty Egyptians,” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 28 (1991): 146.
10. Ibid., 141.
11. Ibid., 143.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., 148.
14. Ibid., 147.
15. Ibid., 148.
16. Denys A. Stocks, “Testing Ancient Egyptian Granite-working Methods in Aswan, Upper Egypt,” Antiquity 75 (2001): 90.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. See www.freepatentsonline.com/7082939.html (accessed April 18, 2009).
20. Robert G. Moores Jr., “Evidence for Use of a Stone-Cutting Drag Saw by the Fourth Dynasty Egyptians,” 148.
21. Denys A. Stocks, “Testing Ancient Egyptian Granite-working Methods in Aswan, Upper Egypt,” 90.
22. Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries, 120–21.
CHAPTER 11. WALKING IN THE SHADOW OF WILLIAM F. PETRIE
1. Comment by Mark Lehner at the American Association for the Advancement of Science Convention in Chicago, 1992.
2. Eric P. Uphill, “A Bibliography of Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942),” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 31, no. 4 (Oct., 1972): 356–79, www.jstor.org/pss/543795 (accessed February 5, 2010).
3. “Scholars Dispute Claim that Sphinx Is Much Older,” New York Times, February 9, 1992, www.nytimes.com/1992/02/09/us/scholars-dispute-claim-that-sphinx-is-much-older.html (accessed April 25, 2009).
4. Ibid.
5. Henry Hodges, Technology in the Ancient World (New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1970), 185.
6. William Flinders Petrie, The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, 77–78.
7. Ibid., 74–75.
8. Christopher Dunn. “Advanced Machining in Ancient Egypt?” Analog CIV, no. 8 (August 1984): 67–82.
9. William Flinders Petrie, The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, 75–77.
10. Denys A. Stocks, “Technology Innovators of Ancient Egypt,” Ancient Egypt 7, no 3 (December/January 2007).
11. Deiter Arnold, Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 266, 268, n64.
12. Denys A. Stocks, “Testing Ancient Egyptian Granite-working Methods in Aswan, Upper Egypt,” Antiquity 75 (2001): 93.
13. Denys A. Stocks, Experiments in Archaeology: Stoneworking Technology in Ancient Egypt (London: Routledge, 2003), 135.
14. A. Lucas and J. R. Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries (New York: Dover Publications, 1999), 70–71.
15. Denys A. Stocks, Experiments in Archaeology, 128.
16. Leonard Gorelick and A. John Gwinnet, “Philological and Archaeological Evidence for the Use of Emery in the Bronze Age Near East,” Journal of Cuneiform Studies 40, no. 2 (Autumn, 1988): 195–210, www.jstor.org/stable/1359662 (accessed January 11, 2010).
17. Ian Lawton and Chris Ogilvie-Herald, Giza the Truth: The People, Politics & History Behind the World’s Most Famous Archaeological Site, 217.
18. W. F. M. Petrie, “On the Mechanical Methods of the Ancient Egyptians,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 13 (1884):
19. Ian Lawton and Chris Ogilvie-Herald, Giza the Truth: The People, Politics & History Behind the World’s Most Famous Archaeological Site, 217.
20. W. F. M. Petrie, “On the Mechanical Methods of the Ancient Egyptians,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 13 (1884): 103, 104.
21. Ibid., 104.
22. Ibid.
CHAPTER 12. SUSPENDING DISBELIEF
1. Chiselwa Kawanda, “Mosi-oa-Tunya: The Smoke that Thunders,” Sunday Times of Zambia, www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=8&id=1186648182 (accessed February 11, 2010).
2. New 7 Wonders, “The Pyramids of Giza (2600–2500 B.C.), Egypt,” www.new7wonders.com/classic/en/n7w/finalists/c/PyramidsofGiza/ (accessed May 9, 2009).
3. R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, The Temple of Man.
4. Stephen Mehler, The Land Of Osiris, 116.
Selected Bibliography
Arnold, Dieter. Building in Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Clarke, Somers, and R. Engelbach. Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture. New York: Dover Publications, 1990.
Curran, Brian A., Anthony Grafton, Pamela O. Long, and Benjamin Weiss. Obelisk: A History. Cambridge, Mass.: The Burndy Library, 2009.
de Lubicz, R. A. Schwaller. The Temple of Man. Rochester, Vt.: Inner Traditions, 1998.
———. The Temple of Karnak. Rochester, Vt.: Inner Traditions, 1999.
Descartes, René. “Discourse of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking for Truth in the Sciences.” Great Books of the Western World, vol 31. Chicago: William Benton, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952.
Dunn, Christopher. “Advanced Machining in Ancient Egypt?” Analog CIV, no. 8 (August 1984): 67–82.
———. The Giza Power Plant: Technologies of Ancient Egypt. Rochester, Vt.: Bear and Company, 1998.
Edwards, Amelia B. A
Thousand Miles up the Nile. London: George Routledge and Sons, 1889.
———. Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers. New York: Harper and Brothers, Franklin Square, 1891.
Edwards, I. E. S. “Pyramids: Building for Eternity.” Ancient Egypt: Discovering Its Splendors. New York: National Geographic Society, 1978.
Emerson, Ralph W. Emerson’s Essays, First and Second Series. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1926.
Engelbach, R. The Problem of the Obelisks. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1923.
Flinders Petrie, Sir William M. “On the Mechanical Methods of the Ancient Egyptians.” Journal of the Anthropological Institute (1884).
———. Ten Years Digging in Egypt. Chicago: Ares Publishers, 1976.
———. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. London: Field and Tuer, 1883. Reprinted with an update by Dr. Zahi Hawass. London: Histories and Mysteries of Man LTD., 1990.
Hadingham, Evan. “Unlocking the Mysteries of the Parthenon.” Smithsonian (February 2008).
Hodges, Henry. Technology in the Ancient World. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1970.
Kenyon, Doug. Forbidden History. Rochester, Vt.: Bear & Company, 2006.
Lawton, Ian, and Chris Ogilvie-Herald. Giza the Truth: The People, Politics & History Behind the World’s Most Famous Archaeological Site. London: Virgin Publishing, 1999.
Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries. London: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
Lehner, Mark, et al. Secrets of Lost Empires: Obelisk. Directed by Michael Barnes. Nova, PBS, February 12, 1997.
Lehner, Mark, et al. Secrets of Lost Empires: Pharaoh’s Obelisk. Directed by Michael Barnes. Nova, PBS, February 8, 2000.
Lichtheim, Miriam. Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume II, The New Kingdom. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1976, 2006.
Lu, Peter. “Early Precision Compound Machine from Ancient China.” Science 304 (June 11, 2004): 1638.
Lucas A., and J. R. Harris. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. New York: Dover Publications, 1999.
Malkowski, Edward. Spiritual Technology: Sacred Science and the Mystery of Consciousness. Rochester, Vt.: Inner Traditions, 2007.
Mehler, Stephen S. From Light into Darkness: The Evolution of Religion in Ancient Egypt. Kempton, Ill.: Adventures Unlimited Press, 2005.
———. The Land of Osiris. Kempton, Ill.: Adventures Unlimited Press, 2001.
Mertz, Barbara. Temples, Tombs & Hieroglyphs: A Popular History of Ancient Egypt. New York: William Morrow, 2007.
Moores, Robert G. “Evidence for Use of a Stone-Cutting Saw by the Fourth Dynasty Egyptians.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 28 (1991): 139–48.
Noblecourt, Christiane Desroches. Ramses II. Paris: Flammarion, 2007.
Oakes, Lorna, and Lucia Gahlin. Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2006.
Penny, Nicholas. The Materials of Sculpture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
Schmidt, Stanley. Analog Essays on Science. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1990.
Schneider, Michael S. A Beginner’s Guide to Constructing the Universe: The Mathematical Archetypes of Nature, Art, and Science. New York: Harper Collins, 1995.
“Scholars Dispute Claim That Sphinx Is Much Older.” New York Times, February 9, 1992, available at www.nytimes.com/1992/02/09/us/scholarsdispute-claim-that-sphinx-is-much-older.html.
Shaw, Ian, ed. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Stocks, Denys A. Experiments in Archaeology: Stoneworking Technology in Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge, 2003.
———. “Technology Innovators of Ancient Egypt.” Ancient Egypt Magazine 7, no. 3, Issue 39 (2007): 37–43.
———. “Testing Ancient Egyptian Granite-working Methods in Aswan, Upper Egypt.” Antiquity 75 (2001): 89–94.
Tompkins, Peter. The Magic of Obelisks. New York: Harper and Row, 1981.
West, John Anthony. Serpent in the Sky: The High Wisdom of Ancient Egypt. Wheaton, Ill.: Quest Books, 1993.
Wilkinson, Richard H. Reading Egyptian Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1992.
About the Author
Christopher Dunn is a manufacturing engineer with 50 years of experience. He has worked primarily in aerospace with an emphasis on precision and laser application. He has published a dozen articles on his theories about ancient technology and is the author of The Giza Power Plant. He lives in Illinois.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dunn, Christopher, 1946–
Lost technologies of ancient Egypt : advanced engineering in the temples of the pharaohs / Christopher Dunn.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
Summary: “A unique study of the engineering and tools used to create Egyptian monuments”—Provided by publisher.
eISBN-13: 978-1-59143-968-4
1. Egypt—Civilization—To 332 B.C. 2. Engineering—Egypt—History—To 1500. 3. Technology—Egypt—History—To 1500. 4. Pyramids—Egypt—Design and
construction. 5. Temples—Egypt—Design and construction. 6. Monuments—Egypt—Design and construction. I. Title.
DT61.D86 2010
932—dc22
2010011609
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