by Rob Harper
Butler to commissioners, 7 nov. 1776, case 4, box 11, generals of the revolution, gratz (“where
they pleased”); mackay to James Wilson, 10 sept. 1776, “correspondence of the revolution,” 61–
63; mackay to commissioners, 3 nov. 1776, society collection, hsp; morgan to John hancock,
nov. 1776, morgan 1:17– 18; george Wilson to James Wilson, 5 dec. 1776, pa2 10:657– 58; timo-
thy pickering, journal, 1 mar. 1777, in The Life of Timothy Pickering, ed. Octavius pickering (Bos-
ton: little, Brown, 1867), 1:122– 23.
24. mackay to James Wilson, 20 aug. 1776, society collection, hsp; Westmoreland county
committee to committee of safety, 23 aug. 1775, pa 4:647– 48; preston to Fleming, 30 may 1776,
rUO 156– 57; John stuart to Fleming, 3 sept. 1776, rUO 193– 95.
25. mmd 259.
26. James Wood, diary, 10 July 1775, rUO 40 (“as the White people”); mmd 265– 66.
27. st. clair to Joseph shippen, 12 July 1775, pa 4:637 (“his interest”); “treaty Between Vir-
ginia and the indians,” 70, 72– 75 (“King george”); Wood, diary, July 1775, rUO 38– 41 (“amply
reward,” 41); mmd 257, 260– 61, 265– 66, 275.
28. treaty minutes, Oct. 1775, rUO 85– 90, 109– 10, 121, 124– 25 (“commands of our saviour,”
110; “made room,” 86; “your mothers,” 89).
29. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774– 1789, ed. Worthington c. Ford (Washington,
dc: U.s. government printing Office, 1904– 37), 3:433, 4:208, 268– 70; mmd 290; West augusta
public service claims, 1775, p. 42; hermann Wellenreuther, “White eyes and the delawares’ Vi-
sion of an indian state,” Pennsylvania History 68, no. 2 (spring 2001): 151– 52.
30. commissioners, report, 24 sept. 1775, rVri 4:140– 41 (“scolded”); crBJ 30 august and
3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 sept. 1775 (“Old love,” 7 sept.; “made us relations,” 11 sept.); John dodge, “a
narrative of the capture and treatment of John dodge, by the english, at detroit,” Remem-
brancer; or, Impartial Repository of Public Events 8 (1779): 74.
31. mmd 306– 7, 330 (“take their scalps,” 307); treaty minutes, Oct. 1775, rUO 103– 6, 113– 16,
123 (“the two children,” 104); Butler to James Wilson, 8 apr. 1776, aa4 5:815– 18; devereux
smith to Wilson, 11 apr. 1776, box 17, miscel aneous american papers, case 8, gratz; shawnees,
messages to congress, 24 and 26 apr. 1776, aa4 6:541– 42.
32. crBJ 30 aug. 1775 (“dogs or servants”); commissioners to Kustaloga, 23 aug. 1776, mor-
gan 2:17– 18 (“accidental y”); John anderson to commissioners, 30 aug. 1776, yeates (“for rum,”
“sensear friends”); information received at Williamsburg, 10 Feb. 1775, aa4 1:1226; “treaty Be-
tween Virginia and the indians,” 75– 76; mmd 264, 271– 72, 277– 78.
33. crBJ 3, 6, and 12 sept. 1775 (“with tears,” 3 sept., “not bring evil,” 12 sept.). cf. see rich-
ard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–
1815 (new york: cambridge University press, 1991), 76– 93.
34. crBJ 1, 3, 5, 7, and 12 sept. 1775 (“his blood relations,” 7 sept.; “Windots had struck,” 12
sept.); “intelligence of captain pike” [pipe], n.d., aa4 1:874; Wood, diary, July and august 1775,
rUO 43– 48, 49– 50, 58; elliot to commissioners, 31 aug. 1776, morgan 2:19– 20; William Wilson
to commissioners, 26 sept. 1776, aa5 2:514; garret pendergrass, deposition, 20 July 1775, rVri
3:327; the doctor, report, sept. 1775, rUO 67– 70; cornstalk, speech, 11 Oct. 1775, rUO 101– 2;
mmd 280, 354.
35. crBJ 5 sept. 1775 (“to suply”); dartmouth to guy Johnson, 24 July 1775, Documents
Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New- York, 15 vols., ed. e. B. O’callaghan (albany,
ny: Weed, parsons, & co., 1853– 58), 8:596; John caldwell to [Thomas gage], 5 may 1775, as 128,
tgp; [Jehu hay], journal, 5 Jan. and 20 mar. 1776, henry hamilton papers, Burton historical
notes to pages 85–89
201
collection, detroit public library (this journal is attributed to hamilton, but internal evidence
indicates it was written by hay); mmd 305; robert s. allen, His Majesty’s Indian Al ies: British
Indian Policy in the Defence of Canada, 1774– 1815 (toronto: dundurn, 1992), 46.
36. mackay to James Wilson, 15 Jan. 1776, box 13, case 4, generals of the revolution, gratz
(“have no hand”; “insignificant rascals”); [hay], journal, 20 and 23 mar., 13 July, and 29 nov.
1776 (“a little meat,” 20 mar.); John Williams, report to the transylvania proprietors, 3 Jan. 1776,
Boonesborough, 237– 38; mmd 296. By early 1776, Virginians asserted that hamilton was paying
indians for colonists’ scalps: see Williamsburg, Virginia Gazette (purdie), no. 56, 23 Feb.
1776, [3]. hay’s journal and other British correspondence offer no support for this rumor.
37. pentecost to committee of safety, 15 may 1776, rVri 7:153– 54 (“justly irritated”; “Ven-
gence”); John Floyd to preston, 1 may 1776, rUO 153 (“greatest part”); shawnees, messages to
congress, 24 and 26 apr. 1776, aa4 6:541 (“even though”); mmd 310.
38. alexander cameron to John stuart, 9 July 1776, cO5/77 fol. 167v (“into a hogshead”);
henry stuart, account of proceedings with indians, 25 aug. 1776, cO5/77 fols. 177– 78, 181– 82,
187– 88 (quotations 181– 82); William christie and patrick lockhart, unaddressed, 27 July 1776,
yeates; gregory evans dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for
Unity, 1745– 1815 (Baltimore: Johns hopkins University press, 1992), 48– 49; tyler Boulware, De-
constructing the Cherokee Nation: Town, Region, and Nation Among Eighteenth- Century Chero-
kees (gainesville: University press of Florida, 2011), 156– 57. For two thousand warriors, see John
stuart to george germaine, 23 aug. 1776, cO5/77 fol. 128.
39. Floyd to preston, 21 July 1776, Boonesborough, 249– 51 (“the greater part”); William Wil-
son to morgan, 6 aug. 1776, yeates (“aney notion”); commissioners to committee for indian
affairs, 30 July and 2 aug. 1776, morgan 2:2 (“much uneasiness”), 4; matthew arbuckle to Flem-
ing, 15 aug. 1776, rUO 186– 87; intelligence from Williamsburg, 30 aug. 1776, aa5 1:1228; Wil-
son to commissioners, 26 sept. 1776, aa5 2:514; mmd 328– 29; dowd, Spirited Resistance, 52;
Faragher, Daniel Boone, 131– 37.
40. henry stuart to John stuart, 7 may 1776, cO5/77 fols. 145– 47 (“so hemmed in,” 146r; “21
horse load,” 145r); henry stuart, account of proceedings with indians, 25 aug. 1776, cO5/77
fols. 182r (“supplied them”) and 189r (“100 horse load”); John stuart to germaine, 23 aug. 1776,
cO5/77 fol. 129r (“Kings enemies”); cameron to John stuart, 9 July 1776, cO5/77 fol. 168r (“fur-
nish”); cameron to John stuart, 7 may 1776, cO5/77 fol. 139r; henry hamilton to James heron,
12 July 1776, yeates.
41. henry hamilton to morgan, 20 July 1776, yeates (“ready”); William Wilson, report, 26
sept. 1776, aa5 2:516 (quotations); John montour, deposition, 2 Oct. 1776, yeates; hamilton to
dartmouth, 2 sept. 1776, mphs 10:268– 70; mmd 335; gd 15 sept. 1776. For hay and detroit
merchants, see peter e. russel , “hay, Jehu,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 4 (Uni-
versity of toronto/Université laval, 2003), http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hay_jehu_4e.html;
Karen marrero, “On the edge of the West: The roots and ro
utes of detroit’s Urban eighteenth
century,” in Frontier Cities: Encounters at the Crossroads of Empire, ed. Jay gitlin, Barbara Ber-
glund, and adam arenson (philadelphia: University of pennsylvania press), 67– 86.
42. William Wilson to commissioners, 13 aug. 1776, yeates (“stick their tomohawk”); mon-
tour, deposition, 2 Oct. 1776, yeates (“War song,” “defenceless Women”); intelligence from an
indian, 3 sept. 1776, yeates.
43. henry hamilton to dartmouth, 2 sept. 1776, mphs 10:268 (“small parties”); isaac Wil-
liams, extract from a letter to James heron, 11 sept. 1776, yeates; anderson to commissioners, 25
sept. 1776, yeates; John cook to andrew hamilton, 2 Oct. 1776, rUO 205– 6; White mingo,
202
notes to pages 90–97
intelligence, 18 Oct. 1776, yeates; anderson, report, 12 Oct. 1776, morgan 2:61– 62; pentecost to
patrick henry, 5 nov. 1776, rUO 212– 14; pentecost to morgan, 19 nov. 1776, morgan 1:15; mmd
336– 44; [hay], journal, 21 dec. 1776.
44. david Zeisberger to morgan, 21 nov. 1776, morgan 1:18 (“to scout”); montour, deposi-
tion, 2 Oct. 1776, yeates; William Wilson, report, 26 nov. 1776, aa5 2:518; mmd 344; [hay],
journal, 23 and 29 nov. and 21 dec. 1776 (“joking with them”); mmd 349 (“always inciting”).
45. delaware chiefs to the thirteen states, 14 aug. 1776, yeates (“preserv[e] the peace”);
White eyes, speech, 9 dec. 1776, yeates (“a strong place”); Wilson to commissioners, 13 and 17
aug. 1776, yeates; anderson to commissioners, 24– 25 sept. 1776, yeates; commissioners to an-
derson, 5 sept. 1776, yeates; Wilson to commissioners, 26 sept. 1776, morgan 2:[54]; mmd 332,
337, 343– 44.
46. council minutes, 19, 13– 14, 34– 35, box 204, folder 9, gcp.
47. council minutes, 30– 31. On delaware womanhood, see gregory evans dowd, War
Under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations and the British Empire (Baltimore: Johns hopkins
University press, 2002), 186; gunlög Fur, A Nation of Women: Gender and Colonial Encounters
Among the Delaware Indians (philadelphia: University of pennsylvania press, 2009).
48. mmd 356.
49. council minutes, 10, 22– 24, 29– 30, 37 (“the Boundary”).
50. gd 17– 18 Oct. 1776, 15 may 1777; mmd 259– 60; dowd, Spirited Resistance.
51. Zeisberger to anderson, 8 Jan. 1777, morgan 1:30 (“almost inclin’d”); mmd 374 (“re-
ceived them”); delaware council, speech, 26 mar. 1777, morgan 1:84– 86. For mccormick, see
anderson to commissioners, 25 sept. 1776, yeates; mmd 337, 339, 350, 468– 69; alexander mc-
cormick to daniel Brodhead, 29 June 1779, FaUO 382– 83; John heckewelder to Brodhead, 30
June 1779, pa 7:524– 26.
52. James O’hara to devereux smith, 8 apr. 1777, box 1, folder 1, darlington Family papers,
1753– 1921, dar.1925.01, darlington collection, special collections department, University of
pittsburgh, http://digital.library.pitt.edu/d/darlington/index.html (“free men”); mmd 348, 352–
53, 354, 358, 360 (“detroit,” 358); george rogers clark, diary, 25 and 29 dec. 1776, grc 20; del-
aware council to morgan, 26 Feb. 1777, morgan 1:47– 49; shawnee chiefs to United states, 28
Feb. 1777, morgan 1:57– 59; morgan to commissioners, 9 mar. 1777, morgan 1:56– 57.
53. arbuckle to [John] neville, 26 dec. 1776, morgan 1:32; [hay], journal, 24 dec. 1776 and
19 Jan. 1777.
chapter 4
1. mmd 397, 374, 399– 402, 406. For warning Virginians, see david Zeisberger to george
morgan, 7 July 1777, FdUO 18– 19; Zeisberger to edward hand, 29 July and 22 sept. 1777, FdUO
27– 29, 93– 95. i have found no letter warning of this specific attack, but hand did order a local
militia commander to reinforce the fort: david shepherd to hand, 22 aug. 1777, FdUO 46– 48.
2. richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes
Region, 1650– 1815 (new york: cambridge University press, 1991), 366– 67.
3. henry hamilton, extract of a council at detroit, 17– 21 June 1777, FdUO 7– 13 (“War
song,” 9); Zeisberger to morgan, 7 July 1777, FdUO 18– 19.
4. george morgan to commissioners, 9 mar. 1777, morgan 1:56– 57; david shepherd to pat-
rick henry, 24 mar. 1777, rUO 242– 43; george rogers clark diary, mar.– June 1777, grc 8:21–
22; mmd 358, 360, 368, 376, 379; William crawford to John hancock, 22 apr. 1777, rUO 249– 51;
Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser 4, no. 185, 20 may 1777, [3]. Both crawford and the
notes to pages 98–100
203
Maryland Journal report that, in one attack, raiders burned to death a woman and several chil-
dren. however, Zeisberger reported the arrival of a captured woman and four children, un-
burnt, at lichtenau about a week later: mmd 372.
5. george germain to guy carleton, 26 mar. 1777, mphs 9:347 (“excit[e]”); John minor to
Zackwell morgan, 14 July 1777, draper 1U:64; edward hand to Katherine hand, 24 July and 25
aug. 1777, box 1, folder 2, ehp; John gibson to edward hand, 31 July 1777, FdUO 33– 35; James
Booth to Zadoc springer, 2 aug. 1777, draper 4ZZ:10; arthur campbell to William Fleming, 11
aug. 1777, draper 1U:78; samuel moorhead to hand, 19 aug. 1777, FdUO 46; clark diary, aug.
and sept. 1777, grc 8:23; letters to William Fleming, 11– 12 sept. 1777, FdUO 78– 82; Zackwell
morgan to hand, 18 sept. 1777, FdUO 93; david shepherd to hand, 27 sept. 1777, FdUO 106– 7;
John Van metre to edward cook, 28 sept. 1777, FdUO 110– 11; matthew arbuckle to hand, 6
Oct. 1777, FdUO 127; mmd 386, 389, 394, 395, 401, 406, 412, 414, 418, 421; hamilton to carleton,
[15 Jan. 1778], mphs 9:431; hamilton to Frederick haldimand, [sept. 1778], mphs 9:465; ex-
tract of a letter from Quebec, 25 aug. 1778, Remembrancer; or, Impartial Repository of Public
Events 7 (1778– 79): 51.
6. hamilton to carleton, 25 apr. 1778, mphs 9:437 (“what lands”); council held at detroit,
14 June 1778, mphs 9:450; ian Kenneth steele, Warpaths: Invasions of North America (new
york: Oxford University press, 1994); armstrong starkey, European and Native American War-
fare, 1675– 1815 (norman: University of Oklahoma press, 1998).
7. narrative of ansel goodman, 1832, in The Revolution Remembered: Eyewitness Accounts
of the War for Independence, ed. John c. dann (chicago: University of chicago press, 1999), 280–
82; interview with Joseph Jackson, apr. 1844, draper 11c:62; hamilton to carleton, 25 apr. 1778,
mphs 9:435; linda clark nash, ed., The Journals of Pierre- Louis Lorimier, 1777– 1795 (montreal:
Baraka, 2012), 76; stephen aron, How the West Was Lost: The Transformation of Kentucky from
Daniel Boone to Henry Clay (Baltimore: Johns hopkins University press, 1996), 29, 41– 43; John
mack Faragher, Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer (new york: holt,
1992), 153– 66.
8. germain to carleton, 26 mar. 1777, mphs 9:347 (“crushing”); hamilton, proclamation, 5
Jan. 1778, morgan 3:24– 25 (“faithfull & loyal”); hamilton, proclamation, 24 June 1777, FdUO 14;
gibson to hand, 31 July 1777, FdUO 33– 35; hamilton to carleton, [15 Jan.] and 25 apr. 1778,
mphs 9:431, 435; arent de peyster to alexander mcKee, 2 nov. 1779, mphs 10:371.
9. “recollections of samuel murphy,” n.d., FdUO 216– 20 (“sunk [a] tomahawk,” 218); hand
to Jasper ewing, 7 mar. 1778, FdUO 215– 16 (“sav
age conduct,” 216); george morgan to White
eyes, 20 mar. 1778, FdUO 228; sampson mathews et al. to White eyes, 20 mar. 1778, morgan
3:13; United american states to the delaware council, 13 apr. 1778, FdUO 269– 70; hamilton to
carleton, 25 apr. 1778, mphs 9:436; george morgan to Board of War, 17 July 1778, FaUO 113.
For the sugar- making process, see mmd 130, 438; lucy eldersveld murphy, “to live among
Us: accommodation, gender, and conflict in the Western great lakes region, 1760– 1832,” in
Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawk Val ey to the Mississippi, 1750– 1830, ed.
andrew r. l. cayton and Fredrika J. teute (chapel hill: University of north carolina press,
1998), 276– 77.
10. White, Middle Ground, 384 (quotations); gregory evans dowd, A Spirited Resistance:
The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745– 1815 (Baltimore: Johns hopkins University
press, 1992), 75– 76; colin g. calloway, The Shawnees and the War for America (new york: pen-
guin, 2007), 64– 65; patrick griffin, American Leviathan: Empire, Nation, and Revolutionary
Frontier (new york: hill and Wang, 2007), 152– 54.
204
notes to pages 101–103
11. george morgan to hancock, 15 mar. 1777, morgan 1:61– 62 (“to massacre,” “Officer”);
Jasper yeates to James Wilson, 31 aug. 1776, in “notes and Queries,” Pennsylvania Magazine
of History and Biography 29, no. 3 (1905): 360– 61 (“no stopping”); commissioners to com-
mittee for indian affairs, 30 July 1776, morgan 2:2 (“buying”); commissioners to congress, 18
aug. 1776, morgan 2:11– 12; dorsey pentecost to William harrod, 12 nov. 1776, rUO 219– 20;
george morgan to pentecost, 16 Feb. 1777, morgan 1:35. For morgan’s land speculation, see
morgan and robert callender, advertisement, Pennsylvania Journal, no. 1715, 18 Oct.
1775, [4]; max savelle, George Morgan, Colony Builder (new york: columbia University press,
1932).
12. For the lochry brothers, see arthur st. clair to Joseph shippen, n.d., scp 1:268; minutes
of the provincial council, 11 mar. 1771, crp 9:730; mcclure 105; paper of pennsylvania officials,
1774, pa 4:478– 80; James smith, deposition, 14 Feb. 1775, pa 4:610; robert hanna et al. to John