by Rob Harper
Kayaghshota. See guyasuta
maryland, 16, 36
Kee we tom (shawnee), ix
massachusetts, 107
Kekewepellethe (shawnee), 159
matrilineal kinship, 12, 13
Kentucky, 31, 71, 79, 123; British- allied indians
maumee Valley, 6, 170
at war in, 98– 99, 143; “cohees” versus
mcclure, david, 1, 6– 7, 9, 13, 19, 20, 199n17;
“tuckyhoes, ” 153; colonists killed in indian
criticism of Ohio Valley colonists, 15– 17;
raids, 163; colonization opened by dun-
delaware council and, 14, 36; on indian
more’s War, 66; food shortage for new
burning of forest ground cover, 9– 10
242
index
mccormick, alexander, 93, 130
new Jersey, 80
mcdonald, John, 40
new netherland, 80
mcgary, hugh, 160, 163
new Orleans, 17, 34, 36
mcintosh, lachlan, 111– 15, 117, 130
new york, 7, 80, 171
mcKee, alexander, 34, 51, 132, 192n43; indians niagara, 15, 87; British fort at, 111, 146, 169;
urged to defy U.s. territorial demands, 169;
indian refugees in camps near, 166, 167
on treaty of paris and Ohio river bound-
nonhelema (shawnee), 157, 163, 164– 65, 174
ary, 149
north carolina, 60, 71
mcQuinney (hunter killed by indians), 85, 87, northwest territory, 2, 171
88
mexico, student protesters murdered in
Oconostota (cherokee), 60
(2014), 176– 77, 221n6
Odawas, 6, 8, 12, 68, 82, 84, 93, 115
miamis, 6, 97, 148
Odinghquanooron (Wyandot), 110– 11
micheykapeecci (delaware), 100, 101, 104
Ogayoolah (cherokee), 32
michilimackinac, British fort at, 146, 169
Ohio company, 28, 30
middle creek massacre (1768), 23, 26, 39– 40
Ohio indians, xi, 20, 146; agricultural prac-
militias, 18– 19, 77– 78; forcible impressment
tices, 10; bid for recognition from colonial
of colonists’ property by, 161– 62; gnaden-
governments, 14, 185n30; British resources
hütten massacre and, 138– 42; peacemaking
and, 87; food shortages among, 79; forest
efforts of, 164; in revolutionary War, 101– 3,
ground cover burned by, 10; friendship of
105– 6, 160; “volunteer plans, ” 135
american rebels sought by, 81– 82; intercul-
miller, cornelius, 156
tural trade and, 14; Kanawha colonization
miller, John, 42
boundary and, 32; Kentucky colonization
mill owners, 19
and, 67; kinship systems, 12– 13; militancy
mingo. See haudenosaunees
among, 45; pan- indian unity and, 34;
mitchel , Thomas, 40
small- scale campaigning of, 175; territorial
mohawks, 11, 12, 84, 149. See also six nations
sovereignty of, 96; as town dwellers, 10, 11;
of the haudenosaunee
victory of western alliance (1790), 169– 70
mohicans, 11, 26, 39, 80, 119
Ohio river boundary, 149, 158, 164
molunthy (shawnee), 159– 60, 163, 165
Ohio Valley, 21, 66, 68, 153, 174; col apse of
monongahela, Battle of the (1755), 7, 170
trade during revolutionary War, 127; his-
monongahela river, 29, 41
tories of, 1; interimperial conflict in, 7; map
monongahela Valley, 30, 31, 37, 135
(1765– 74), 25; map (1775– 79), 69; map
montreal, merchants of, 11
(1780– 82), 121; map (1783– 95), 147;
moor, samuel (delaware), 140
pennsylvania- Virginia rivalry in, 73– 74, 75,
moore, William, 142
76; revolutionary colonists’ war mobiliza-
moravian church, 11, 12, 93, 95, 114, 119;
tion, 100– 108; state building in, 3; Virgin-
British- allied indians and, 130– 31; dela-
ia’s expansionism into, 28, 50; whiskey
wares and, 108; end of peacemaking ef-
distillers in, 169
forts, 117– 18; militant indians and, 89;
Ojibwes, 12, 40, 68, 70, 82; allied with Britain
militiamen’s hostility to, 130; missionaries,
in revolutionary War, 98; inclination to
36; moravian indians, 120, 128, 129; mora-
peace with american rebels, 115
vians suspected of aiding indian raids, 137.
Oneidas, 12, 55
See also gnadenhütten massacre (1782);
Onondagas, 12, 34, 62
lichtenau; salem; schönbrunn
Othawakeesquo (shawnee), 53, 57
morgan, george, 101, 102, 109, 111, 207n35
Owens, david, 41, 191n37
muskingum Valley, 6, 12, 13, 35, 61, 108, 119
pan- indian unity, 32, 33, 36– 37, 45
neolin (delaware), 35, 37
parsons, samuel, 159, 167
netawatwees (delaware), 14, 35, 108
patrilineal kinship, 12, 13
index
243
patronage, 3, 9, 20, 59, 165, 172; coalition
certificates granted for service in, 47; mul-
building and, 21; competition for, 5, 154– 55;
tiethnic alliance of indians in, 33; ten years’
devastation of war and, 6; of dunmore, 65;
peace following, 20, 23
imperial crisis and, 92; of United states, 151
potawatomis, 12, 122
paxton Boys massacre (1763), 23, 39, 41, 45
preston, William, 54, 55, 59, 105; appeal to
peepy, Joseph (delaware), 13
colonists’ greed, 60; “transylvania” colony
pekowi shawnees, 12
and, 70, 71
pennsylvania, xi, 2, 30, 38, 141; colonial ex-
protestantism, 109
pansion of, 80; constitution of, 169; execu-
tive council of, 142, 151, 154; expansion
redstone colony, 23, 24, 26, 28; haudenos-
west of appalachians, 18; governors of, 24,
aunee towns near, 41; indians and coloni-
36, 82; indian agents of, 15; limited sover-
zation of, 30; policies spurring colonization
eignty within federal union, 171; militias of,
of, 27; steel’s mission to, 30
18, 78– 79, 101, 135; shawnees’ peace with,
revolutionary War, 70, 95– 96, 160, 164;
63; survey of southern border, 29; tax re-
British- allied indians in, 97– 98, 122; coali-
sisters in, 153; “whiskey rebellion” in,
tions in, 3– 4; end of, 145– 46; Ohio indians
170– 71
and, 90– 91; veterans of, 162
pennsylvania- Virginia boundary dispute, 19,
round Face (seneca), 92
50– 51, 75, 76, 125, 126; coalition building
rum, 6, 11, 23, 43, 50
and, 175– 76; maps of competing claims,
russel , William, 28, 29, 51, 67
73– 74; resistance to government authority
russell party, attack on, 51– 52, 60
and, 151, 153; resolution of, 146
ryan, John, 23, 27
pentecost, dorsey, 38, 51, 101; military draft
ordered by, 126; on pennsylvania executive st. clair, arthur, 19, 168, 169– 70
council, 142, 151
salem (moravian mission), 118, 129, 132, 138
peter (delaware)
, 23, 27, 186n1
salt, 68, 109, 161; Blue licks springs, 87, 98;
peter (mohawk), 30
Boone’s saltmakers captured by indians,
philadelphia, 2, 11, 35, 36, 81, 142
98– 99, 100; colonists’ need for, 98, 106;
pine creek, 26– 27, 30, 45
continental army’s need for, 124
pipe (delaware), 128, 130, 132, 146, 149, 151,
sandusky, 83, 85, 112, 116, 124, 136– 37; British-
174; accommodation to United states, 148,
allied Wyandots at, 123; delaware refugees
160, 166, 172; at Fort mcintosh council, 150;
at, 130; diplomacy at, 86; forced march to,
short- lived treaty with United states and,
132, 133– 34, 138; gnadenhütten massacre
111, 112; Wolf phratry represented by, 111
survivors at, 141; gnadenhütten murderers’
pittsburgh, 6, 7, 15, 79; indian agents at, 46;
plans to attack, 122, 142– 43; lower, 25, 69,
indian allies of United states in area of,
121, 130; moravians at, 93, 131, 133. See also
136; merchants of, 29; population in 1770s,
Upper sandusky
16; seized by connol y and pro- Virginia
“sang Blanc, ” 52
allies, 75; treaty council (1776) at, 70,
schebosh, christiana (mohican), 119
90– 92
schebosh, christina, 133, 134
pluggy (mohawk), 84, 85, 87, 88, 94; British
schebosh, John (John Bull), 119, 133, 134, 135,
alliance sought to halt colonial expansion,
137
92; death of, 93
schebosh, Joseph, 119, 134, 137, 138
point pleasant, 58, 67, 94, 103; in dunmore’s
schönbrunn, moravian mission at, 118, 121,
War, 63; map, 25; Wyandot attack on,
131, 132, 141, 195n21
109– 10
schwonnaks, xi, xii
point pleasant, Battle of (1774), 97
scioto towns/Valley, 6, 11, 33, 45, 49, 59, 148;
pontiac’s War, 8, 16, 26; colonists’ flight from,
dunmore’s army and, 64; escaped slaves’
28; end of, 27; failure of indian goals in, 32;
refuge with indians, 82; refugees from
haudenosaunee refugees from, 30; land
Wakatomica in, 62
244
index
scots- irish colonists, 16, 153
treaty with Britain, 31; two creeks town
senecas, x, xi, 30– 31, 42, 53, 92, 107; am-
and, 24, 27; U.s. demands for land and,
bushed on yellow creek, 54– 55; colonists’
149. See also cayugas; haudenosaunees;
massacre of, 26, 39; land dispossession of,
mohawks; Oneidas; Onondagas; senecas;
171; as Ohio indians, xi; pan- indian unity
tuscaroras
and, 33; support given to U.s. forces, 168;
slaveholders, 20
switch from French to British alliance, 7;
slaves, 4, 19, 51, 64, 76
towns and crops attacked by american
smal pox, 166, 207n35
troops, 116, 120, 166; U.s. demands for land
smith, devereux, 76
and, 149. See also six nations of the
snip (Wyandot), 83– 84
haudenosaunee
speculators, 27, 32, 48, 59, 105; disavowal of
sensemann, anna, 131, 132
responsibility for violence, 145; indian
“settlement, ” xii, 41, 57, 171
dispossession and, 171
settlers. See colonists
spirituality, nativist, 92, 169, 174
seven years’ War, 7, 26, 28, 38
state, the, 1, 39, 176– 77; acceleration of coloni-
shawnees, ix, xi, 2, 6, 65; adopted captives
zation and, 20; central role in transforma-
handed over to Virginia, 82– 83; allied with
tion of western frontier, 5; dependence on
Britain in revolutionary War, 97, 99;
local cooperation, 177; emerging, 3, 15;
Boone’s camp attacked by, 67; chillicothe
“failed state, ” 178; fluctuations in violence
shawnees, 12, 84; enslaved african ameri-
and, 70, 197n3; local conflicts and traction
cans’ refuge with, 76; european captives
of, 157; militia effectiveness and, 102; pa-
adopted by, 12; exercise of sovereignty, 83;
tronage of, 5; revolutionary crisis and, 92;
forced to move west, 32; Fort Finney treaty
state building, 2, 3, 21; state failure as deter-
and, 160; indian migrations and, 11; iso-
rence to war, 94
lated against Virginia aggression, 61– 62;
steel, reverend John, 24, 26, 30, 37
Kentucky colonization plans and, 46– 47;
stump, Frederick, 39, 41
local autonomy versus centralized decision subsistence crises, 10
making, 175; logan’s expedition against,
swearingen, Van, 20, 44
163– 64; mekoche shawnees, 12, 82, 84, 103,
116, 157, 162, 163; as Ohio indians, xi; pan-
tax resisters, 153, 156, 172, 174
indian unity and, 33; patrilineal “society
teagarden, abraham, 37– 38, 39, 51
clans, ” 12; pattern of colonial expansion
Thawikila shawnees, 12
and, 80; pekowi shawnees, 12, 67, 84, 158;
Thompson, William, 30– 31
rebel colonists and, 82; recovery from
todd, levi, 161, 162
dunmore’s War, 80; seven years’ War and,
tracks, henry, 41
26; surveyors’ parties attacked by, 49, 51–
trade networks, 7, 11, 29, 111
52, 53; towns and crops attacked by ameri-
“transylvania” colony, 70– 71, 72, 120
can troops, 125– 26; trade with colonists,
treaty of paris (1783), 20, 146, 149
145
turner, Frederick Jackson, 173
shepherd, david, 78, 101, 130, 137
tuscarawas (town site), xi– xii, 69, 113, 114
sherlock, James, 157– 58
tuscaroras, 12
six nations of the haudenosaunee, xi, 1, 6,
two creeks (seneca town), 24, 26– 27, 37;
45, 81; broken treaties and, 171; concessions
ambivalent friendship with redstone, 44–
extracted from Britain, 8; demand for Brit-
45; containment of violence and, 43
ish removal of colonists, 30– 31; great law
of peace, 13; indian migrations and, 11;
Upper sandusky, 115, 130, 131, 146, 148, 150;
indian politics and, 175; iroquois as alter-
maps, 24, 69, 121
nate name for, 12; land cessions of, 32, 91;
sale of land to British crown, 27, 48; shaw-
Vandalia colony (proposed), 32, 48
nees’ war preparations opposed by, 61;
Venango, 8, 165, 167
index
245
violence, 1, 4, 21, 47, 108; alcohol- related, 43;
White, richard, 65, 95– 96, 182n5, 191n34
changing role of state authority and, 70,
White eyes (delaware), x, 40, 44, 56, 65, 174,
197n3; coalition building and, 6; contain-
179n3; as atlantic merchant, 34– 35; con-
ment of, 20, 24, 39; escalation and de-
tainment of violence and, 61; cultural ad-
escalation of, 5, 40, 61, 99, 100, 127, 145,
aptation program of, 37; delaware
178; everyday interactions and, 4; factors
neutrality and, 109; as friend of rebel con-
discouraging large- scale conflict, 117; pat-
gress, 81, 82– 83; gift of friendship for King
terns of, 39; state sponsorship of, 127, 144,
george, 80; great lakes indians and, 88; as
172
indian al y of dunmore, 61– 62, 64, 80– 81;
Virginia, xi, 141; barred by london from issu-
as indian al y of United states, 109; mora-
ing western land grants, 48; expansion
vian ties of, 92; murder of, 112, 113, 174, 178,
west of appalachians, 18, 28, 50; governor
207n35; Ohio indian sovereignty and, 91;
of, 20, 36, 46; house of Burgesses, 58, 60,
patronage of revolutionary regime sought
77; indian agents of, 15; Kentucky’s separa-
by, 94; peace supported by, 89; as preemi-
tion from, 2, 169; land grants given by,
nent peacemaker, 66; short- lived treaty
27– 28; limited sovereignty within federal
with United states and, 111– 12; turkey
union, 171; militias of, 18, 77– 78, 135; Ohio
phratry represented by, 111; vision of cul-
river forts, 67; senecas as col aborators
tural transformation, 82
against the French, 8; “transylvania” col-
Williams, John, 41
ony condemned by, 71. See also
Williamsburg, Virginia, 2
pennsylvania- Virginia boundary dispute
Williamson, david, 135, 137, 138– 40, 212n30
Virginia convention, 75
Wilson, William, 88, 90
Wingenund (delaware), 113, 130
Wa- ba- kah- kah- to (shawnee), 158
Wolf, captain (haudenosaunee), 157– 58, 160,
Wabash Valley indians, 33, 34, 97, 124
217n21
Wakatomica, 57, 122, 158; destroyed by Vir-
Wryneck (shawnee), 122
ginians, 62; map, 25; survivors of yellow
Wulalowechen, adam (delaware), 140
creek massacre in, 55
Wyandots, ix, 2, 13, 35, 80, 148; allied with
Wal ace, robert and Jane, 136, 137
Britain in revolutionary War, 102, 105, 122,
Wampanoags, 138
123, 143; in British great lakes alliance, 96;
Wandochale (delaware), 109
civil leader of sandusky Wyandots, 83;
Washington, george, x, 9, 38, 134, 167; as
colonists attacked by, 136; delawares in-
commander- in- chief of continental army,
vited to settle on land of, 11, 35, 80, 108;
119; escaped servants of, 76; as first presi-
doubts about British alliance, 109– 10;
dent of United states, 169, 170; Kentucky
dunquat’s pro- war clan, 89– 90; Fort Fin-
colonization plans and, 48– 49, 51; revolu-
ney treaty and, 159– 60; French Jesuit influ-