9. David Wallace, “Sagamore Hill: An Interior History.” In Natalie Naylor, Douglas Brinkley, John Allen Gable, eds. Theodore Roosevelt; Many-Sided American (Interlaken, NY: Heart of Lakes Publishing, 1992), 531. 10. Henry Fairfield Osborn, Impressions of Great Naturalists (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1928), 260.
11. For Selous, see Stephen Taylor, The Mighty Nimrod: A Life of Frederick Courteney Selous African Hunter and Adventurer 1851–1917 (London: Collins, 1989).
12. Gerald Monsman, H. Rider Haggard and the Imperial Frontier (Greensboro, NC: ELT Press, 2006), 233.
13. Theodore Roosevelt, “Foreword” to Frederick Courtenay Selous, African Nature Notes and Reminiscences (London: Macmillan, 1908), xi–xiii.
14. TR to Selous, March 20, 1908, Series 2, Reel 348, TRP.
15. TR to Kermit Roosevelt, April 11, 1908, Series 2, Reel 349, TRP.
16. For Roosevelt, hunting and conservation, see Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (New York: HarperCollins, 2009); Daniel Justin Herman, Hunting and the American Imagination (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001); William Beinart and Peter Coates, Environment and History: The Taming of Nature in the USA and South Africa (London: Routledge, 1995); Paul Schullery, “Theodore Roosevelt: The Scandal of the Hunter as Nature Lover,” in Naylor et al., Theodore Roosevelt: Many-Sided American; Cutwright, Making of a Conservationist; John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation (New York: Winchester Press, 1975); and Kate Stewart, “Theodore Roosevelt: Hunter-Naturalist on Safari,” Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress 27, 3 (July, 1970).
17. Cutwright, Making of a Conservationist, 171.
18. For Burroughs’ recollections of their friendship in nature, see Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1907). For Muir and Roosevelt, see Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981).
19. Many of these, and others collected over the years by TR, are still available for study at the National Museum of Natural History’s Bird Division.
20. For TR’s attack on Long, see his article “Nature Fakers” in the September 19, 1907 Everybody’s magazine. For this subject also see Chapter 9, “The Nature Fakers & Roosevelt,” in Edward J. Renehan, Jr. John Burroughs: An American Naturalist (Post Mills, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 1992). For the charges of “game butchery” aimed at Roosevelt, see Gerald Carson, “TR and the ‘Nature Fakers,’ ” American Heritage Magazine 22, 2 (February 1971).
21. TR to Kermit Roosevelt, May 10, 1908, Series 2, Reel 349, TRP. For Burroughs’s recollection of this episode, see “Theodore Roosevelt,” Natural History 19, 1 (January 1919), 5.
22. Burroughs to TR, February 20, 1909, Series 1, Reel 88, TRP.
23. Cutwright, Making of a Conservationist, 229.
24. TR to Kermit Roosevelt, May 17, 1908, Series 2, Reel 349, TRP.
25. TR to Trevelyan, June 20, 1908, Box 113, Elihu Root Papers, Library of Congress.
26. For Pinchot, see Char Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001).
27. Char Miller, “Keeper of His Conscience? Pinchot, Roosevelt, and the Politics of Conservation,” in Naylor et al., Theodore Roosevelt: ManySided American, 241.
28. Cutwright, Making of a Conservationist, 201.
29. Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1947), 382.
30. TR to Pinchot, March 1, 1909, Series 2, Reel 354, TRP.
31. TR to Buxton, June 25, 1908, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP.
32. John M. Mackenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982), 211. This organization, which later was instrumental in setting aside several national parks in Africa, continues today as Fauna and Flora International. For its origins, see David K. Prendergast, “Colonial Wildlife Conservation and the Origins of the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire (1903–1914),” Oryx 37, 2 (April 2003). For a history to 1978, see Richard Fitter and Sir Peter Scott, The Penitent Butchers: The Fauna Preservation Society 1903–1978 (London: Collins, 1978).
33. TR to Buxton, June 25, 1908, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP.
34. TR to Walcott, June 20, 1908, RU 45, Box 48, Office of the Secretary Records, Smithsonian Archive. The present National Museum of Natural History was formally established only in 1968.
35. Walcott to TR, June 27, 1908, RU 45, Box 48, Office of the Secretary Records, Smithsonian Archive.
36. TR to Selous, June 25, 1908, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP.
37. Walcott to TR, June 27, 1908, RU 45, Box 48, Office of the Secretary Records, Smithsonian Archive. For the subscribers, see Elting Morison, ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. VII (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., 1954), n. 1, 13.
38. The only names TR knew at the time were Andrew Carnegie, Oscar Straus and Leigh Hunt. None were released to the public until 1913. In the end the total cost of the safari was close to $75,000, of which TR paid $20,000.
39. December 10, 1908, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 232.
40. David Patterson, Towards a Warless World: The Travail of the American Peace Movement 1887–1914 (London: Routledge, 1976), 35, 146.
41. Carnegie to Morley, June 20, 1908, Volume 167, Carnegie Papers, Library of Congress.
42. TR to Strachey, November 28, 1908, STR/28/3/21, Strachey Papers, Parliamentary Archives.
43. For this see William Tilchin, Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997) and David H. Burton, “Theodore Roosevelt and the ‘Special Relationship’ with Britain,” History Today 23, 8 (1973), 527–35. For a few other representative examples concerning the “Special Relationship,” which has attracted a considerable literature, see Bernard Porter, Empire and Superempire: Britain, America and the World (London: Yale University Press, 2006); Andrew Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900 (London: HarperCollins, 2006); Christopher Hitchens, Blood, Class and Empire: The Enduring AngloAmerican Relationship (New York: Nation Books, 2004); Max Beloff, “The Special Relationship: An Anglo-American Myth,” in Martin Gilbert, ed., A Century of Conflict 1850–1950: Essays for A. J. P. Taylor (London: Collins, 1966), 151–71.
44. Only three years before that, during the 1895–96 Venezuela crisis with British Guiana, TR had called for war with Britain, despite the disparity in naval power. He confided to one of his imperialist brethren, Henry Cabot Lodge, “Let the fight come if it must; I don’t care whether our seacoast cities are bombarded or not; we would take Canada.” Tilchin, Roosevelt and the British Empire, 17.
45. Ibid., 17–19.
46. TR to Reid, July 20, 1908, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP.
47. TR to Buxton, July 21, 1908, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP.
48. TR to Churchill, January 6, 1909, Series 2, Reel 353, TRP. Churchill appears to have made a bad impression across the entire Roosevelt clan, even so far as TR’s young fifth cousin Franklin in the Democratic branch.
49. TR to Pease, July 25, 1908, Series 3A, Reel 363; September 5, 1908, Series 2, Reel 351; December 12, 1908, Series 2, Reel 353, TRP.
50. November 26, 1908, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 203.
51. TR to Stone, December 2, 1908, Series 2, Reel 352, TRP. For TR and the media, see George Juergens, News from the White House: The Presidential-Press Relationship in the Progressive Era (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981) and Stephen Ponder, Managing the Press: Origins of the Media Presidency, 1897–1933 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999).
52. November 26, 1908, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 203.
53. November 5, 1908, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 156.
54. TR to Sullivan, October 30, 1908, Series 2, Reel 352, TRP.
55. Corinne Robinson to TR, February 19, 1909, Series 1, Reel 88, TRP. For her recollections of the gift, see Corinne Roosevelt Robinso
n, My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), 251–53.
56. July 27, 1908, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 86. For Roosevelt’s comments on the library, the remnants of which are in the Roosevelt Collection at Harvard, see “The Pigskin Library,” in Theodore Roosevelt, Literary Essays (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), 337–46.
57. TR to Buxton, August 1, 1908, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP.
58. TR to Spring Rice, August 1, 1908, Series 4A, Reel 416, TRP.
59. July 26, 1908, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 72–73.
60. June 19, 1908, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 42.
61. Edith Roosevelt to Spring Rice, August 9, 1908, CASR 9/1, Spring Rice Papers, Churchill College Archive, Cambridge.
62. TR to Mearns, January 12, 1909, RU 45, Box 48, Office of the Secretary, Records, Smithsonian Archive.
63. Quoted in Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt Outdoorsman, 177. Several books on the geography and the fauna of Africa by Sir Harry Johnston were on the long list TR consulted for the safari and the former British Commissioner in South Central Africa visited the White House at Roosevelt’s invitation for a more personal exchange of ideas. In 1901
Johnston had prepared a report on East Africa for the British government that became the first to draw attention to the possibility of the highlands as an area of settlement for white men on the lines of Australia and New Zealand. For Johnson, see Roland Oliver, Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa (London: Chatto & Windus, 1957).
64. TR to Kermit Roosevelt, October 27, 1908, Series 2, Reel 352, TRP.
65. TR to Buxton, August 20, 1908, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP.
66. TR to Lodge, August 8, 1908, in Elting Morison, ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. VI (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952), 1161–62. Lodge had boosted TR’s career at several pivotal points, in particular promoting him for assistant secretary of the Navy and the vice-presidency.
67. Dr. Mearns brought along several cases of champagne, also for medicinal purposes, which proved effective in treating fevers during the expedition.
68. TR to Buxton, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP.
69. October 21, 1908, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 143–44.
70. TR to Curzon, September 12, 1908, Series 2, Reel 351, TRP.
71. Osborn, Impressions of Great Naturalists, 263. For more recent comment on Osborn and Roosevelt, see Ronald Rainger, An Agenda for Antiquity: Henry Fairfield Osborn & Vertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991).
72. TR to White, September 10, 1908, Box 28, White Papers, Library of Congress.
73. Wilhelm II to Roosevelt, November 12, 1908, Series 1B, Reel 309, TRP. For comment on the Willy-Teddy relationship see, Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase, “The Uses of ‘Friendship’: The ‘Personal Regime’ of Wilhelm II and Theodore Roosevelt, 1901–1909.” In Annika Mombauer and Wilhelm Diest, eds., The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II’s Role in Imperial Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 143–75.
74. For example, in 1904 TR commented about the troubled Dominican Republic, over which he would promulgate his Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, that he had “about the same desire to annex it as a gorged boa-constrictor might have to swallow a porcupine end-to.” Porter, Empire and Superempire, 71.
75. TR to Taft, November 3, 10, 1908, Series 2, Reel 352, TRP.
76. Taft to TR, November 7, 1908, quoted in Lewis Gould, Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 2008), 3.
77. Taft to TR, February 1, 1909, Series 1, Reel 88, TRP.
78. November 5, 1908, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 156.
79. Cutwright, Making of a Conservationist, 231.
80. For the voyage, see Kenneth Wimmel, Theodore Roosevelt and the Great White Fleet: American Sea Power Comes of Age (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1998); James R. Reckner, Teddy Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet (Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1988).
81. February 24, 1909, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 354–55.
82. TR to Lee, December 20, 1908, Series 2, Reel 353, TRP.
83. Butt, Taft and Roosevelt, I, 202.
84. TR to Reid, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP.
85. TR to Taft, March 3, 1909, Series 2, Reel 354, TRP.
86. February 24, 1909, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 358.
87. March 22, 1909, in Butt, Taft and Roosevelt, 1: 27.
88. Muir to TR, March 11, 1909, Series 1, Reel 88, TRP.
89. Burroughs to TR, February 20, 1909, Series 1, Reel 88, TRP.
90. Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 347–48.
91. March 24, 1909, in Butt, Taft and Roosevelt, 1: 29.
92. February 1, 1909, in Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, 323.
2 The Great Adventure Begins
1. Butt, Taft and Roosevelt, 1: 25–26.
2. Taft to TR, March 21, 1909, Series 1, Reel 88, TRP.
3. TR to Taft, March 23, 1910, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 3–4.
4. TR to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, April 13, 1909, bmsAm 1834, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, hereafter TRC. Also in Anna Roosevelt Cowles, Letters from Theodore Roosevelt to Anna Roosevelt Cowles 1870–1918 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1924), 277–78.
5. TR to Heller, October 24, 1908, Series 2, Reel 352, TRP.
6. Mearns to Mrs. Mearns, April 1, 1909, RU 7083, Box 1, Mearns Papers, Smithsonian Archive.
7. TR to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, April 13, 1909, bmsAm 1834, TRC.
8. Robinson, My Brother Theodore Roosevelt, 255.
9. Francis Warrington Dawson, Opportunity and Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Honest Truth Publishing Company, 1923), 52–53.
10. For Dawson’s recollections, see Dawson, Opportunity and Theodore Roosevelt.
11. TR to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, April 13, 1909, bmsAm 1834, TRC. 12. Ethel Roosevelt to Kermit Roosevelt, nd, Box 4, Kermit Roosevelt Papers, Library of Congress; Patricia O’Toole, When Trumpet’s Call: Theodore Roosevelt After the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 40.
13. TR to Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, April 14, 1909, bmsAm1540, TRC.
14. Mearns to Mrs. Mearns, April 21, 1909, RU 7083, Box 1, Mearns Papers, Smithsonian Archive.
15. Theodore Roosevelt, African Game Trails: An Account of the African Wanderings of an American Hunter-Naturalist (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910), 15.
16. For a list of the donors, see Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 20–21. For this weapon and the others he took to Africa, see Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt Outdoorsman.
17. TR to Robert Ferguson, January 17, 1909, Series 2, Reel 353, TRP. 18. TR to Buxton, January 27, 1909, Series 2, Reel 353, TRP. 19. Buxton to TR, February 10, 1910, Series 1, Reel 88.
20. Francis Warrington Dawson, “Hunting with Roosevelt in East Africa,” Hampton’s Magazine 23, 5 (November 1909), 595.
21. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 86. In his review of African Game Trails, Sir Harry Johnston corrected TR’s Swahili. According to Johnston, Kermit’s nickname should have been spelled Malidadi, meaning a smart young man rather than simply a dandy. TR’s Makumba meant tombs and should have been Mkubwa. “The Roosevelts in Africa,” The Outlook, December 17, 1910, 864.
22. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 23, 45.
23. Ibid., 23–26.
24. Roosevelt’s 1909 Diary is in the Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard.
25. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 27.
26. O’Toole, When Trumpet’s Call, 50–51.
27. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 27–29.
28. Ibid., 62.
29. Ibid., 78, 80.
30. Alex Johnston, The Life and Letters of Sir Harry Johnston (New York: Jonathan Cape, 1929), 266.
31. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, “Foreword,” in Edward H. Cotton
, The Ideals of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1923), xi–xii.
32. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 91–92, 104–5.
33. Mearns to Mrs. Mearns, May 21, 1909, RU 7083, Box 1, Mearns Papers, Smithsonian Archive.
34. TR to Lodge, May 15, 1909, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 10.
35. Lodge to TR, nd, in Henry Cabot Lodge, Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1925), 2: 330.
36. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 93–95.
37. Ibid., 100–102.
38. TR to Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, June 21, 1909, bmsAm1540, TRC.
39. TR to Foran, May 21, 1909, Series 4A, Reel 416, TRP.
40. Heller to Miller, June 3, 1909, RU 208, Box 52, Division of Mammals Records, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Archive.
41. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 123.
42. Ibid., 8.
43. For Churchill at the Colonial Off ice and his and the Liberal government’s view of British East Africa, see Ronald Hyam, Elgin and Churchill at the Colonial Office 1905–1908: The Watershed of the Empire-Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1968).
44. TR to Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Series 4A, Reel 416, TRP. When TR had visited England in 1910 he greatly amused the Trevelyan clan with his travel stories and promised to put them in a letter “for the eyes of only you and your family.” His account, from Khartoum to London, also included asides such as this one concerning Churchill. For Sir George Otto, and this interesting family in general, see Laura Trevelyan, A Very
British Family: The Trevelyans and Their World (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006).
45. Winston Churchill, My African Journey (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1908, Reprint: Holland Press, 1962), 31–41.
46. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 131–32, 143.
47. Ibid., 132–33.
48. Ibid., 136.
49. Ibid., 146.
50. TR to Ethel Roosevelt, June 24, 1909, bmsAm1541.2, TRC.
51. TR to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, June 21, 1909, bmsAm 1834, TRC.
Theodore Roosevelt Abroad Page 23