drinking, 16, 58, 59, 70, 92, 111–12, 122, 167, 168, 184, 196, 203, 221–23, 246–50, 285, 327, 341, 386, 408–9, 412, 413, 434–35, 446, 448, 500
Drown, Ezra, 219
Drum Barracks, 387, 398, 439
Dryden, William G., 11–12, 13
Dunne, William, 148
Durán, Narciso, 42, 58
Duvall, Marius, 176
Duvall, Robert C., 126, 127, 130
Dye, Joseph, 467–68
Dyke, George, 285–86
Earl, Josiah, 209–10
Echeandía, José María, 43–44, 45, 48
El Aliso estate, 56, 79, 122, 180, 201
El Dorado saloon, 273
elections, U.S.:
of 1856, 178, 184, 339–40
of 1858, 381–82
of 1859, 380–82
of 1860, 384
of 1862, 391
of 1864, 439
of 1868, 444
Elisalde, Mariano, 230–31, 233, 243–44
Ellington, James, 5, 7, 11, 12, 295–96
Ellis, T. O., 403
el misión vieja (old mission site), 37, 165, 394
El Refugio, 344, 345
emancipados (former mission Indians), 34–35, 49, 50, 51, 55, 58, 245, 461
Emerson, Augustina Varela, 411
Emerson, Hiram, 411, 417
Emory, William H., 135, 137, 141–42, 143, 145, 158–59, 166–67
Enkhardt, George, 465
Ensenada, 276
Espinoza, José Jesús, 360, 362
Espiritu Santo, María del, 337–38, 349
estancias (mission outposts), 50, 239, 251
Esténaga, Tomás, 73
Estrella, La, 265, 275–76, 305, 318–19
Estudillo, José Antonio, 253–54, 257, 258
Eternity Street (Calle de Eternidad), 59, 249, 311, 323, 390
Evans, George, 234–35, 240, 241
extranjeros (foreigners), 29, 56–57, 60, 67–70, 80, 104–5, 114, 116–18, 121, 136, 321
Fages, Pedro, 3, 41–42
fandangos, 56–57, 187, 190, 192, 301, 340
Farnham, Thomas Jefferson, 71, 82, 92
Féliz, Antonio, 23, 24
Féliz, José Domingo, 22–31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 54, 59–60, 63
Féliz, José Vicente, 25, 41
Féliz, María del Rosario Villa, 22–31, 60, 61
Féliz, Reyes, 269–73
Figueroa, José, 48, 49, 51, 57, 58, 61, 74
Figueroa House, 1
filibusteros (filibusters), 175–76, 234, 377, 378, 381
Fink, Nicolás, 64
firearms bans, 297–98
First Judicial District of California, 214, 221, 277
First Texas Mounted Volunteers, 7
Fitzgerald, Edward H., 235–36
Fitzgerald, George B., 254
flogging, 4, 39, 137, 441–42
Flores, José María, 102–8, 114–15, 121–22, 123, 127–33, 140, 148, 150, 158, 160–61, 165–70, 188
Flores, Juan, 340–44, 345, 360, 361–67, 368, 427, 495
Flores, María Dolores Francesca Zamorano de, 188–89
Forrest, French, 70
Forster, John, 342, 343, 344, 348
Fort, Joe, 421–22
Fort Leavenworth, 133
Fort Moore, 191–93
Fort Moore Hill, 10, 249, 270, 278, 279
Fort Tejon, 362
Fort Worth, 283
Fort Yuma, 252
Foster, Bill, 286–87
Foster, Catherine, 220
Foster, María Merced Lugo de, 420
Foster, Stephen Clark, 10–11, 12, 180–81, 189–90, 193, 194, 205–6, 209, 211–12, 234, 242, 245, 296, 299, 307, 309–10, 329, 420–21, 426, 494
Foster, Thomas, 219–20
Foy, Samuel C., 478, 479, 483
Franciscan missionaries, 34, 35–40, 42, 43
François (French vaquero), 342, 344, 345
Frank Hussey’s Minstrels, 405, 406
Free Soil movement, 339, 383–84, 392
Frémont, John C., 87, 88–89, 92–102, 106–9, 131–34, 149, 153–56, 159, 168–84, 193, 206, 339–40
French immigrants, 55, 190, 220, 229, 305, 324, 326, 330, 342, 348, 364–65, 366, 397, 448, 449
frontier violence, xi–xiii, 16–17, 33–37, 74, 106–8, 112, 216, 220, 279, 281, 283, 290, 297, 305–6, 380, 408, 445, 457–58, 459, 491, 493, 500–501, 513
Fuentes, Andrés, 338, 341–42, 345–46, 358–59, 362–63, 367, 372
fuerzas nacionales (national forces), 114–15, 191, 214
Gabrieleños (neófitos of San Gabriel), 36, 461
gallows, 155, 257, 266–67, 270–73, 279, 292–93, 308–9, 347, 366, 368, 454, 477–78
Gallows Hill, 279, 292–93, 311, 326–27, 366, 481–82
gambling, 1, 10, 16, 59, 65, 111, 196, 202, 203, 209, 221, 246–50, 279, 286–87, 464, 466
García, Felipe, 457
García, Rosaria Díaz, 221–24
García, Ygnacio, 223
Gardner, Allanson, 459–60
Garra, Antonio, 137, 140, 250–59, 261, 268
gente de razón (people of reason), 41, 43, 51, 58, 59, 110, 245
gente sin razón (people without reason), 41
Gentry, Frank, 357–58, 359, 360, 363
Getman, William, 323, 326–27, 346–47, 348, 356, 362, 367, 368
Gila River, 134, 234
Gillespie, Archibald H., 86–93, 99–102, 109, 111–17, 121–31, 139–43, 144–51, 166, 167, 171, 178–79, 184, 193, 204, 255
Gilligan, James, xiii, 222
Glanton, John Joel, 7–8, 227
Gleason, Patrick H., 465
Godey, Alex, 149, 150
Godfrey, William, 454
Golden, Mary, 417–18
Golden, Patrick, 417–18
Gold Rush, 7, 195, 196, 202, 229, 232, 251, 377, 422, 448, 504
Goller, John, 477
Government House, 106, 109, 112, 115, 122, 150, 167, 180–81, 201
Graham, Isaac, 68–70, 71, 80, 82
Graham, Lawrence, 196–97
grand juries, 8–11, 214, 219, 243, 247, 284, 296–97, 302, 303, 329, 331, 332, 354, 375, 385, 399–400, 430, 446, 456–58, 484–85, 487, 503, 505
Grant, Ulysses S., 392, 462
Gray, Andrew, 151–52
Gray, William H., 417–18, 465, 466, 468, 470
Greaser Act (1855), 320–21, 340
Great Britain, 77, 90
Great Salt Lake, 133, 203
Griffin, John S., 134–37, 147–48, 154, 157, 168, 171–72, 187, 190, 196, 205, 329, 343, 355–56, 385, 393, 435
Griffin, Louisa Hayes, 343, 404
grito de Dolores (“legendary shout”), 57, 109–10
Guachama, 239
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848), 195, 321
Gutiérrez, Nicolás, 62, 69
Gwin, William M., 206
“Hail Columbia!,” 107, 165
Hale, Charles E., 309, 339
Hall, D. F., 403
Hamilton, Henry, 178, 319, 340, 353, 354, 364, 374–75, 378, 382–85, 391–98, 403–7, 439, 440, 447, 455, 456, 482
Hammerton, Henry, 457
Hammond, Thomas, 141, 143, 145
Hancock, Winfield S., 386, 387
Handlin, William, 328
hangings, 2, 13, 14–15, 243–44, 257, 264, 270, 273–74, 276, 279, 301, 307, 310, 312, 316–17, 318, 320, 321, 324, 326, 327, 353–56, 361–68, 371, 374, 395–98, 400, 428, 452–57, 460, 474–79, 484, 487–89, 495, 498–99, 502–3
Hardy, Alfred, 342–43, 345
Hardy, Garnett, 340–42
Hardy, Thomas, 446
Hart, Josiah, 302
Hastings, Samuel J., 87
Hawaii, 55
Hayes, Benjamin, 7, 11–14, 142, 201–14, 221, 223, 229–33, 236, 244–48, 272–83, 289–305, 310, 312, 317, 323–33, 343, 352, 356, 367–71, 384, 390, 393, 398–99, 400, 407–8, 424–40, 493
Hayes, Chauncey, 370
Hayes,
Emily Chauncey, 202, 203, 277–79, 292–93, 326, 369–70
Hazard, Henry T., 477–78
Heintzelman, Samuel P., 257–58
Hensley, Samuel J., 112–13
Herrera, Ygnacio, 290, 292–93, 307
Higuera, Francisco, 147, 148, 150–51, 178
Higuera, Ysidro, 230–31, 233
hijas de puta (prostitutes), 111–12
hijos del país (native sons), 3, 43, 104, 308, 309, 322, 339, 348, 382
Hispanicization, 35–36, 39
Hodges, Alpheus P., 225, 227, 231
Hollingsworth, John McHenry, 191, 192, 195
Home Guard Vigilance Committee (HGVC), 456–58
honor, xii, 4, 26, 33–34, 53, 59–61, 82, 89, 104, 110, 111, 121, 123, 153, 159, 160–61, 166, 170–72, 175–76, 183, 281, 363, 376, 380, 397, 407, 427
Hope, Alexander W., 264–65, 268, 271, 273, 298
horse breeding, 36, 47, 50, 52, 72, 88, 102, 130–39, 145, 156, 226–29, 254, 255, 256, 274, 315, 337, 423
Hough, Asahel M., 452
Howard, Charles, 446
Howard, James G., 397–98, 488, 489
huiguans (Chinese mutual benefit associations), 465–66, 467, 468–69, 481
Hunt, Jefferson, 188–90
Iberia, 52
Indians, see Native Americans
Indian Sam, 225–26, 230–31
infantry square formation, 128–29, 159, 164
Innocencia (murder accomplice), 4–5, 11
irons and shackles, 3, 11, 25, 30–31, 62, 183, 304, 361, 366
Irving, John “Red,” 234–43, 248, 256–57, 263
Jackson, Andrew, 76, 85, 162, 281
Jackson, Levi, 286, 287
Jenkins, Juan, 60–61
Jenkins, María Pascuala García, 60–61
Jenkins, William Willoughby, 322–33
Jesuits, 305
Johnson, Andrew, 440
Johnson, Charles Robinson, 419
Johnson, Eleanor Jane Joughin, 415–17
Johnson, J. Neely, 367
Johnson, Martha, 296
Johnson, Micajah, 302, 303, 437
Johnson, William, 415–17
Johnston, Abraham, 136, 143, 144
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 385–86
Johnston, Alexander, 488, 490
Jones, Thomas ap Catesby, 75–79, 86
“joss houses,” 464
Joven Guipuzcoana, 67
Juarez, Benito, 440
judges, xi, 7, 11, 12, 16, 29–30, 64, 194, 214, 221, 235, 276, 277–78, 281, 289, 299, 309, 369–70, 393, 400, 425, 432, 447, 456–57, 513
junta popular (committee for the defense of public safety), 28–31, 61
Jurado, Bailio and María, 349
jury trials, xi, 5, 8–14, 195, 214, 219, 243, 247, 266, 274, 275, 290, 296–306, 325, 329–32, 354, 369, 371, 375, 376, 385, 397, 399–400, 417, 430, 442, 446–49, 456–58, 468, 484–89, 499, 503, 505, 510, 513
justice:
amnesties and paroles in, 107–8, 109, 113, 114, 155, 160, 161, 170, 171, 256
court system of, xi, xiii, 2, 10–17, 29–30, 33, 35–36, 44–45
frontier, xi–xiii, 16–17, 33–37, 74, 106–8, 112, 216, 220, 279, 281, 283, 290, 297, 305–6, 380, 408, 445, 457–58, 459, 491, 493, 500–501, 513
legal executions in, 2–3, 11, 13–15, 28–31, 60–61, 64–65, 155, 257–59, 266–67, 271–72, 290, 292–93, 299, 300–310, 330, 367
popular (justica popular), xii, 10–11, 21–22, 31
righteous, 12–13, 25
summary, 21, 27, 61–62, 234, 266, 306, 330, 362–63, 365, 372, 394, 401, 428, 445, 493
justices of the peace, xii, 214, 233, 250, 285, 302, 316, 323, 352, 395, 411, 417–18
justifiable homicide, 10, 243, 281, 285, 289, 323–24, 496
Kansas, 339
Kearny, Stephen Watts, 133–37, 139, 140, 141–54, 159, 162–66, 169, 171, 173–76, 177, 179–84, 186, 203, 215, 251, 355–56
Keller, Matthew, 246, 461–62
Kelly, John, 456
Kentucky, 440–41
Kentucky Rifles, 163
Kerr, Teresa, 511–13
Kewen, Achilles, 377–78
Kewen, Edward John Cage “Alphabet,” 376–83, 391, 396–98, 406–7, 416–17, 441, 446–47, 449, 457, 460, 488–89, 494, 503, 507–8
Kewen, Frances, 508
Kewen, Thomas, 377
King, Andrew Jackson, 6, 302–3, 352, 382, 390, 398, 400, 419, 434–36, 437, 439–40, 441, 445, 452, 457, 464, 469, 470, 511, 513
King, Francis Marion, 6, 302–3, 352, 435–36, 437, 511
King, George Bloom, 511–13
King, Nathan, 472
King, Samuel, 6, 301–4, 511
King, Samuel Houston, 6, 302–3, 352, 435–36, 437, 457, 511
Knights of the Golden Circle, 387, 393–94
“Know-Nothings,” 184, 319, 377, 378
Knox, Samuel, 296
Kong Chow Company, 469
Kraszewski, Michael, 342
Kurtz, Joseph, 481, 484, 485
Lachenais, Armand Michel Josef, 447–55, 457, 474, 475, 478–79, 485, 489, 491, 495
Lachenais, María de la Encarnacion Reyes, 448, 449, 450
Lachenais, Serafina Reyes, 452
Lafayette Hotel, 446, 494
La Mesa, 166, 204, 227
lanceros, 47, 52, 119, 127–32, 139, 144–49, 153, 164, 165, 166, 191, 205, 255, 348, 357
Land Office, U.S., 379, 392
Largo, Manuel, 461–62
Larkin, Thomas O., 78, 83, 86–88, 89, 91–92, 94, 96, 97, 98–99, 101, 178
law (legal proceedings):
appeals in, 13, 15, 27, 64, 194, 218, 305, 310, 312–13, 449, 489, 490
common, 195, 215, 220, 290, 337
divorce, xii, 23, 214–24, 230, 332, 351, 403–18
due process in, 27, 60, 268, 272, 398–99
enforcement of, 33–34, 207, 208, 210, 211, 228–29, 243, 247, 264–65, 276, 283, 298, 318, 328, 445, 455, 467–68, 471–72, 485, 495–96, 509
first judicial execution under, 290, 292–93
gender and, 59–61, 322–23
guilt in, xi, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 25, 27, 29, 61, 64, 155, 184, 191, 194–95, 231, 234, 257, 258, 266–75, 290, 300–301, 330, 332, 363, 367–69, 374, 395, 400, 417–18, 425, 446–47, 449, 454, 457, 465, 468, 478, 487–88, 490–91, 505, 513
judges in, xi, 7, 11, 12, 16, 29–30, 64, 194, 214, 221, 235, 276, 277–78, 281, 289, 299, 309, 369–70, 393, 400, 425, 432, 447, 456–57, 513
justices of the peace in, xii, 214, 233, 250, 285, 302, 316, 323, 352, 395, 411, 417–18
public support for, 290, 292–93, 454–58, 483–84, 490–91, 495–96
rule of, 292, 308, 333, 369
self-defense plea in, xii, 10, 61, 194–95, 243, 281, 285, 289, 292, 323–24, 376, 397, 468, 496
witnesses in, xi, xii, 11, 14, 25, 27, 210, 231, 241, 267–71, 289, 290, 300, 312, 325, 330, 331–32, 353, 363, 368, 371, 409, 449, 466, 468, 476, 482–83, 484, 485, 487–88, 489, 495
see also trials
law and order, xii, xiii, 4, 16, 48, 58, 63, 65, 104, 173, 174, 177, 195, 196–97, 207, 209, 211–12, 213, 236, 264–65, 273–74, 276, 277, 289, 295, 301, 306–7, 316–17, 328–29, 333, 375, 445, 459, 474–75, 478, 487, 498–99, 503–4
Law and Order Party, 459, 478
lawyers, xii, 64, 202, 204, 299, 369, 398, 447, 466, 508
Lazzarovich, John, 479–80, 483
Leatherman, Frederick, 296–97, 300–301
Lee, Robert E., 392
Lee, William B., 296–97, 300–301, 303, 306, 371
Lelong, María Josepha Alanis de, 291, 292
Lelong, Martin, 291–92
Lester, Sterling, 286, 287, 288–89
Lestrade, Father, 308
Lewis, John A., 17, 263–64, 265, 267, 269, 272, 280–81, 493
liberalism, 44–46, 319, 440
Lincoln, Abraham, 384, 387, 390–91, 439
Little, William, 342, 344–45, 346,
347
locusts, 389–90
Long Beach, Calif., 56
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 462
López, Benito, 270–73
López, Claudio, 36
López, Geronimo, 178
López, Leonardo, 360, 367
López, María Luisa Cota de, 23, 24
López, María Ygnacia, 510
López, Pedro, 353–54
Los Angeles, Calif.:
alcaldes of, 23–24, 35, 59, 60–68, 75, 106, 169, 187, 190–91, 193, 194, 207, 215, 216, 241, 247, 309, 410
archives of, xii, 33, 216, 223, 408
Catholics in, 35, 37, 54, 202, 203, 229, 278, 282, 300, 304, 305, 311, 319, 326, 347, 444–45
census of, 34, 68–69, 349, 390, 463
Chinatown of, 445, 463–91, 494–95, 496
as “City of Angels,” 41, 112, 297
commercial activity of, 53–56, 58
constables and police in, 207, 208, 210, 211, 228–29, 243, 247, 264–65, 276, 283, 298, 318, 445, 455, 467–68, 471–72, 485, 509
courthouse of, 2, 10, 27, 218, 310
economy of, 34, 37–38, 53–54, 90, 245–46, 251, 295, 443–45, 463
ethnic conflict in, xi, 11, 14–16, 71, 208, 285, 308, 325, 340, 343, 357, 496–500, 501
executions in, 2–3, 11, 13–15, 28–31, 60–61, 64–65, 155, 257–59, 266–67, 271–72, 290, 292–93, 299, 300–310, 330, 367
farmland in, 389–90, 450–51, 463
founding of, 40–41, 59, 253, 450
French community in, 55, 190, 220, 229, 305, 324, 326, 330, 342, 348, 364–65, 366, 397, 448, 449
as frontier town, xi–xiii, 16–17, 33–37, 74, 106–8, 112, 216, 220, 279, 281, 283, 290, 297, 305–6, 380, 408, 445, 457–58, 459, 491, 493, 500–501, 513
gambling in, 1, 10, 16, 59, 65, 111, 196, 202, 203, 209, 246, 247, 249, 279, 286–87, 464, 466
graveyards in, 10, 26, 31, 180, 249, 293, 311, 324, 390
grid street system of, 450
immigration to, xiii, 7–8, 28, 34–35, 55, 58–59, 68, 72, 74, 154, 203–4, 232, 245, 282, 319, 404, 443, 445, 463–64
Indian population of, 22, 55, 58–59
as Indian settlement, 40–41
inhabitants of, xiii, 1–3, 15, 17, 21, 27–28, 34, 41–46, 57–58, 64–65, 79, 81, 95, 102, 104, 108–30, 131, 134, 139, 140–52, 166–69, 172, 177, 182–83, 187–95, 249, 255–56, 264, 275–76, 280, 296, 298–99, 301, 304, 320, 374–75, 384, 451, 501, 509
jail of, 1–3, 11, 25, 30–31, 64, 112, 209, 211, 230, 232–36, 246–48, 265, 289, 292, 304, 307–10, 312, 324–27, 329, 333, 356, 361, 365–68, 371, 395, 398, 400, 418, 451–53, 457, 467, 474, 479–80, 481, 486, 495, 502–3
maps of, xx–xxiii
marshals for, 8, 9, 208, 210–11, 243, 246, 247, 264, 265, 281, 283, 327, 330, 387–88, 390–91, 395, 398, 400–401, 412, 445, 455, 469, 476, 486
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