by Yasmin Khan
39. Quoted in Ayesha Jalal, The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 42. Jalal analyses the partition of the armed forces and implications for the Pakistani state in detail. See especially pp. 25–48.
40. Liaquat Ali Khan's Speech to the Pakistan Muslim League Council, 20 Feb. 1949 in Afzal, ed., Speeches and Statements, p. 211.
41. F. Tuker, While Memory Serves (London: Cassell, 1950), p. 497.
42. SPC, vol. 6, p. 210. Patel to Baldev Singh, 12 Jan. 1948.
Chapter 10: Divided Families
1. G.D. Khosla quoted in R. Kaur, ‘Planning Urban Chaos: State and Refugees in Post-partition Delhi’, in E. Hust and M. Mann, eds, Urbanization and Governance in India (New Delhi: Manohar, 2005), p. 231.
2. M. Bourke-White, Halfway to Freedom: A report on the new India in the words and photographs of Margaret Bourke-White (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1949), p. 32; R. Menon and K. Bhasin, Borders and Boundaries: Women in India's Partition (Delhi: Kali for Women, 1998), p. 178.
3. Menon and Bhasin, Borders and Boundaries, p. 196.
4. M.A. Quraishi, Indian Administration Pre and Post Independence: Memoirs of an ICS (Delhi: BR Publishing, 1985), p. 154.
5. From Urvashi Butalia, The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India (London: Hurst, 2000), p. 204, cited in S. Kamra, Bearing Witness, pp. 165–200. In an interesting discussion on the psychology of Partition, and in contrast to my argument here, Kamra argues that recovery, or at least the ability to live alongside the past, was possible and did occur with the passage of time, so that these events are ‘fixed’ in the past for many survivors. She also argues that the strong social cohesion of communities who were collectively displaced helped to mitigate the impact of trauma.
6. SWJN, 2nd ser., vol. 7, p. 258. Broadcast from Delhi, 18 Sept. 1948.
7. SWJN, 2nd ser., vol. 14, part 2, p. 111. Nehru to Attlee, 20 March 1950.
8. Richard Symonds, The Making of Pakistan (London: Faber and Faber, 1951), pp. 112–13.
9. Ibid.
10. SWJN, 2nd ser., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 23. Nehru to Rajagopalachari, 11 April 1950.
11. Resignation letter of J.N. Mandal to Government of Pakistan, 8 Oct. 1950, Tathagata Roy, My People Uprooted: A Saga of the Hindus of Eastern Bengal (Kolkata: Ratna Prakashan, 2001), pp. 353–76; M. Rafique Afzal, ed., Speeches and statements of Quaid-i-Millat Liaquat Ali Khan, 1941–51 (Lahore: University of Punjab, 1967), p. 311.
12. See the acrimonious letters exchanged between Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan in 1950 reproduced in Afzal, ed. Speeches and Statements, p. 585. Liaquat Ali Khan writes: ‘the whole country was ravaged by fire and sword. Vast numbers were butchered and countless women were abducted’, and blames India for the violence; to which Nehru replies: ‘any impartial person familiar with the tragic happenings in the Punjab will recognise the complete baselessness of the suggestion that India organised the wholesale massacre of the Muslim population in any part of its territories’ and describes the violence against Muslims carried out, ‘by way of retaliation’. Other officially produced publications that accuse the ‘other side’ of initiating and sustaining Partition's violence include: Note on the Sikh Plan: An Account of the Secret Preparations of the Sikhs (Lahore: Govt Print, West Punjab, 1948); The Sikhs in Action: Showing the Sikh Plan in Actual Operation (Lahore: Govt Print, 1948).
13. Concerning Evacuee Property: problem and solution (Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, Delhi, 1950) p. 4.
14. After Partition (Delhi: Publications Division, Govt of India, 1948), p. 40.
15. National Herald, 10 May 1950.
16. UPSA, Home Police C, Box 2, File 128(PT)/49. Extension of stay for Pakistan artisans. Amar Nath Bindra to Govt of UP, 24 May 1949.
17. Ibid., Amar Nath Bindra to Govt of UP, 24 July 1949.
18. CWMG, vol. 88, p. 164, Speech at a prayer meeting, 15 June 1947.
19. Civil and Military Gazette, 29 June 1947.
20. Andrew Whitehead, Oral Archive: India: A People Partitioned (London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1997, 2000), Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, interviewed in Delhi 15 March 1997.
21. Alok Bhalla, Partition Dialogues: Memories of a Lost Home (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 91.
22. Attia Hosain, Sunlight on a Broken Column (London: Chatto and Windus, 1961), p. 287.
23. See cases in Mazhar Husain, ed., The Law relating to Foreigners in India and the Citizenship Laws of India and Pakistan (Delhi and Lucknow: Eastern Book Co., 4th edn, 1967).
24. The Statesman, Interview with the Director-General of the Border Security Force, 28 Oct. 2006.
25. Guardian, 2 June 2005, Obituary of Fazal Mahmood.
26. The Hindu, 29 Aug. 2004.
27. Willem van Schendel, ‘Stateless in South Asia: The Making of the India–Bangladesh Enclaves’, Journal of Asian Studies, 61.1 (Feb. 2002), pp. 115–47. See also W. van Schendel, The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia (London: Anthem, 2005).
28. Speech of L.K. Advani quoted in Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) press release, Karachi, 4 June 2005.
29. L.K. Advani's speech at the South Asian Free Media Association, Islamabad, 2 June 2005. See also ‘Musharraf ‘s Family Ties to Delhi’, BBC News, 13 July 2001.
30. The Nation, 16 Aug. 2005. See also www.bab-e-pakistan.gov.pk.
31. Daily Times, 17 Nov. 2005.
32. Krishna Kumar, ‘Peace with the Past’, Seminar, 522 (2003). See also Krishna Kumar, Prejudice and Pride: School Histories of the Freedom Struggle in India and Pakistan (New Delhi and London: Penguin, 2002).
33. Outlook, 27 Feb. 2006; Dawn magazine, 19 March 2006.
Epilogue
1. SWJN, 2nd ser., vol. 3, p. 99.
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