by Susan Hertog
4 Ibid., 9/18/37, “Dr. Carrel and Lindbergh Work on New Experiment;” 10/1/37, “Carrel, Back, Says We Talk too Much.”
5 CAL letter to Ambassador Bingham, 8/4/37, Library of Congress.
6 F&N, AML letter to ELLL, 8/28/37, pp. 174–175.
7 Robert Goralski, op. cit., p. 56.
8 Katharine Alling Hollister Smith, My Life: Berlin, August 1935–April 1939, unpublished memoirs in the collection of the Hoover Institute.
9 Ibid.
10 F&N, AML diary, 10/12/37 and 10/13/37, pp. 183–187.
11 Katharine Alling Hollister Smith, op. cit.; and Robert Hessen, ed., op. cit.
12 Telford Taylor, op. cit., pp. 759–760.
13 Robert Goralski, op. cit., p. 58.
14 F&N, AML diary entry, 11/28/37, pp. 188–192.
15 NYT, 12/6/37, “Lindberghs Arrive Home on Surprise Holiday Visit;” 12/11/37, “Bids Sought on Airliners to Carry 100 Passengers;” 12/11/37, “Lindberghs Visit Washington Again;” and Time, 12/20/37, “Transport: Technical Advisor.”
16 F&N, AML diary, 11/28/37, pp. 188–192.
17 NYT, 12/6/37, “Lindberghs Arrive Home on Surprise Holiday Visit.”
18 Ibid.
19 Time, 12/20/37, “Transport: Technical Advisor.”
20 F&N, AML diary, Dec. 1937, p. 192–193.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Fon W. Boardman, Jr., op. cit.
24 F&N, AML diary, Dec. 1937, pp. 192–193.
25 Robert Goralski, op. cit., p. 60.
26 Ibid.
27 Arthur Train, Jr., “More Will Live,” Saturday Evening Post, 7/23/38.
28 Alexis Carrel, “The Making of Civilized Men: Oration at the 150th Anniversary of Founding of the New Hampshire Alpha of Phi Beta Kappa,” delivered at Dartmouth College, 10/11/37, Alexis Carrel Papers, Georgetown University Archives.
29 Carrel letter to Simon Flexner, 1/1/38, Rockefeller Archives.
30 AML, Gift from the Sea, New York: Pantheon Books, 1955.
31 Ibid., 2/25/38, p. 217.
22. THE CROSSED EAGLE
1 AML, The Unicorn and Other Poems, p. 13.
2 F&N, AML diary, 4/7/38, p. 238.
3 AML, Forward to James Newton, op. cit., pp. xi–xii.
4 Ibid.
5 F&N, AML diary, 4/8/38, pp. 238–241.
6 F&N, AML diary, 4/1/38, p. 234.
7 Ken magazine, “The Future,” 4/13/39, Rockefeller Archives.
8 Thomas Debevoise letter to Alexis Carrel, 5/12/38, Rockefeller Archives.
9 Ken magazine, op. cit.
10 Handwritten note by E. B. Smith, business manager of the Rockefeller Institute, in Rockefeller Archives file on Carrel’s retirement; see also Thomas Debevoise’s response to M. H. Dodge, 5/12/38, and subsequent correspondence (M. H. Dodge response to Debevoise, and Carrel to Sherman, 4/23/38, all in Rockefeller Archive files).
11 Alexis Carrel letter to Simon Flexner, 1/1/38, Alexis Carrel Papers, Georgetown University Archives.
12 F&N, AML diary entry, 5/1/38, p. 256.
13 Ibid.
14 F&N, 5/22/38, p. 271.
15 Nigel Nicolson, ed., op. cit., p. 343.
16 Alexis Carrel, op. cit.
17 F&N, AML diary entries 6/28/38, 6/29/38, 7/5/38, 7/12/38, 7/24/38, pp. 312–314, 320, 325, 330.
18 Reader’s Digest, June 1939, “Breast-Feeding for Babies” and July 1939, “Married Love,” both by Alexis Carrel.
19 F&N, AML diary entry, 7/12/38, p. 325.
20 Ibid., 6/28/39 and 6/29/39, pp. 312, 314.
21 Herbert A. Strauss, ed., Jewish Immigrants of the Nazi Period in the USA, vol. 6, New York: K. G. Saur, pp. 206–244; Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook XIII, 1968, New York: East and West Library, pp. 235–273; and Robert Goralski, pp. 68–69.
22 Robert E. Herzstein, Roosevelt and Hitler, New York: Paragon House, 1989, p. 237.
23 Katharine Alling Hollister Smith, op. cit.
24 F&N, AML diary entry, 8/4/38, p. 336.
25 Ibid., 8/5/38, p. 336.
26 Ibid., 8/8/38, p. 340.
27 Robert Goralski, op. cit., p. 69.
28 F&N, AML diary entry, 8/13/38, p. 347.
29 NYT, 8/18/38, “Russian Officials Greet Lindbergh.”
30 F&N, AML diary entry, 8/18/38, pp. 353–360.
31 Ibid.
32 F&N, AML diary entry, 8/18/38, p. 356.
33 Ibid., 8/19/38, pp. 360–367.
34 Ibid., 8/25/38, p. 383.
35 Ibid., 8/19/38, p. 361.
36 Ibid., 8/24/38, pp. 380, 382.
37 Ibid., 8/25/38, p. 385.
38 NYT, 9/1/38, “Lindberghs Visit Rumania.”
39 F&N, AML diary entry, 9/2/38, p. 400.
40 NYT, 9/1/38, “Lindberghs Visit Rumania.”
41 F&N, AML diary entry, 9/3/38, p. 400.
42 Robert Goralski, op. cit., p. 70.
43 F&N, AML diary entry, 9/8/38, p. 401.
44 Ibid., 9/9/38, p. 401.
45 Orville H. Bullitt, ed., For the President: Personal and Secret Correspondence Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1972, pp. 267–268.
46 Robert Goralski, op. cit., p. 70.
47 F&N, AML diary entry, 9/10/38, p. 403.
48 Conceived by Frank Buchman, an evangelist minister and political opponent of C. A. Lindbergh, Sr., in the early nineteen-twenties, it was nondenominational organization based on established church dogma.
49 James Newton, op. cit., pp. 121–122.
50 F&N, AML diary entry, 9/13/38, p. 405.
51 CAL, Wartime Journals, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970, p. 298; James Newton, op. cit., p. 313.
52 Robert Goralski, op. cit., p. 70.
53 Ibid., p. 72.
54 Michael Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt: The Uneasy Alliance, New York: W. W. Norton and Co. 1980, p. 176; F&N, AML diary entry, 9/21/38, p. 409.
55 Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Kennedys: An American Drama, New York: Warner Books, 1985, p. 94; Telford Taylor, op. cit., pp. 765–766.
56 Michael Beschloss, op. cit., pp. 176 and 235.
57 Joseph P. Kennedy to Roosevelt (undated) and enclosed excerpt from Lindbergh letter; President’s Secretary’s File, Navy 1938 folder, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
58 Robert Hessen, op. cit., p. 154.
59 Air Ministry of Great Britain, Rise and Fall of the German Air Force 1933–1945, London: Arms and Armour Press, 1983, pp. 19–20; John Ellis, The World War II Databook, Aurum Press, 1993, p. 231; I.C.B., Dear, Oxford Companion to the Second World War, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 22.
60 NYT, 2/1/39, “In the Nation: The Invaluable Contribution of Colonel Lindbergh,” by Arthur Krock.
61 Joseph P. Kennedy to Roosevelt (undated) and enclosed excerpt from Lindbergh letter; Franklin D. Roosevelt to Chief of Staff and Chief of Naval Operations, February 10, 1938; President’s Secretary’s File, Navy 1938 folder, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
62 Peter Collier and David Horowitz, op. cit., p. 106.
63 F&N, AML diary, 9/26/38, p. 416; Her reference is to Dwight Morrow, The Society of Free States, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1919.
64 Ibid., 9/24/38, p. 413.
65 F&N, AML diary entry, 9/29/38, p. 419.
66 Wayne Cole, op. cit., p. 57.
67 Ibid., p. 58.
68 Ibid., p. 57.
69 Ibid.
70 Robert Goralski, op. cit.
71 F&N, AML diary entry, 10/2/38, p. 422.
72 Ibid., 10/8/38, p. 425.
73 Robert Hessen, op. cit., p. 127.
74 NYT, 1/17/60, “Lindbergh’s Move to Aid Jews Cited.”
75 William L. Shirer, op. cit., pp. 231–276. Also, exhibition at the Holocaust Museum in Washington D.C.
76 CAL, Wartime Journals, 12/22/38, p. 131.
77 Dr. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1935–1971, New York: Random House,
1972.
78 Wayne Cole, op. cit., p. 41.
79 Hugh Wilson Papers, diary, p. 59, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library; Robert Hessen, op. cit.; Katharine Alling Hollister Smith, op. cit.
80 Hugh Wilson Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.
81 Robert Hessen, op. cit.
82 Katharine Alling Hollister Smith, op. cit.; Robert Hessen, op. cit.
23. BROKEN GLASS
1 AML, The Unicorn and Other Poems, p. 21.
2 Gerald Schwab, The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grinspan, New York: Praeger, 1990, pp. 19–32; William Shirer, op. cit., p. 434.
3 Ibid.
4 Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, New York: Knopf, 1996, pp. 98–103.
5 CAL, Wartime Journals, 11/13/38, pp. 115–116.
6 Katharine Alling Hollister Smith, op. cit.
7 Hugh Wilson diary entry 10/25/38, p. 61. Hugh Wilson Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.
8 NYT, 10/16/38, “Adhesives from Abroad: Group of Soviet Airmen.”
9 Ibid., “Lindbergh’s Activities Questioned in Britain; Newspaper Cites Praise of Reich Air Force.”
10 F&N, AML diary, 12/6/38, p. 467.
11 NYT, 11/16/38, “Protest in Westchester;” and 11/28/38, “Expects Nazi Propaganda.”
12 NYT, 12/6/38, “Drops Lindbergh Slogan”
13 F&N, AML diary, 12/10/38, p. 470.
14 Ibid., 11/27/38, p. 462.
15 NYT, 10/13/38, “Books of the Times: Listen! the Wind.”
16 F&N, AML diary, 10/26/38, p. 438.
17 NYT, 2/15/39, “Book About Plants Receives Award.”
18 F&N, AML diary, 1/30/39, p. 497.
19 Robert Goralski, op. cit., p. 76.
20 NYT, 12/13/38, “Lindberghs Occupy a Paris Apartment;” 12/14/38, “Lindbergh in Paris.”
21 F&N, AML diary, 12/3/38, p. 465.
22 NYT, 12/19/38, “Ickes Hits Takers of Hitler Medals.”
23 Katherine Smith, op. cit.
24 Interview with Katherine (Kaetchen) Smith Coley, 5/25/85.
25 Hugh Wilson had been a junior staff member of the American Embassy in Berlin just before the outbreak of World War I. When that war broke out, he spent the duration in Austria and then Switzerland as chargé d’affaires. Back in Germany after the war, he served as chief negotiator for the peace and, later, as an effective negotiator of treaties for the League of Nations. But by the time he returned to Berlin in 1937, to replace the embittered William E. Dodd, he had come to believe that the vindictiveness of the Versailles Treaty and the ineffectuality of the League of Nations had made peace completely unenforceable.
26 Hugh Wilson Diaries, pp. 56–61, Hugh Wilson Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.
27 Hugh Wilson Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.
28 Katharine Alling Hollister Smith, op. cit.
29 Current Biography, May 1941, p. 926.
30 Interview with Kate Smith, 5/14/85 and 6/18/85.
31 F&N, AML diary, 1/14/39, pp. 487–488.
32 AML, The Unicorn and Other Poems, p. 11.
33 Robert Goralski, op. cit., p. 78.
34 F&N, AML diary, 1/14/39, p. 488.
35 Ibid., 1/7/39, p. 485.
36 CAL, Wartime Journals, p. 139.
37 William L. Shirer, op. cit.
38 F&N, AML diary, 1/18/39, p. 489.
39 Robert Goralski, op. cit.
40 F&N, AML diary, 1/30/39, p. 497.
41 Ibid., 2/7/39, pp. 501–512.
42 NYT, 8/1/57, 1:6, “Nazi Documents Show Plot to Win Duke of Windsor,” Russell Baker.
43 F&N, AML diary, 2/7/39, pp. 501–512.
44 Ibid., 2/15/39, pp. 518–519.
45 Ibid., 2/24/39, pp. 524–525.
46 Ibid., 2/25/39, pp. 525–526.
47 Ibid., 2/27/39, pp. 534–535.
48 Ibid., 3/1/39, pp. 536–538.
49 Ibid., 3/13/39, pp. 550–551.
50 Ibid., 3/14/39, p. 552.
51 Robert Goralski, op. cit., p. 80.
52 George F. Kennan, op. cit., pp. 97–99.
53 F&N, AML diary, 3/16/39, pp. 554–555.
54 Robert Goralski, op. cit., p. 83.
55 CAL, Wartime Journals, pp. 182–183; James Newton, op. cit., pp. 175–176.
56 CAL, Wartime Journals, pp. 182–183.
24. WHICH WAY IS HOME?
1 AML, The Unicorn and Other Poems, p. 23.
2 WW&W, AML diary, 4/28/39, p. 3.
3 CAL, Wartime Journals, p. 184.
4 Ibid., p. 187.
5 WW&W, AML diary, 4/28/39, pp. 3–4.
6 Ibid., 4/29/39, pp. 4–5.
7 Herbert A. Strauss, ed., op. cit., pp. 206–245; Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook XIII, 1968, pp. 235–273; and Robert Goralski, op. cit., 68–69.
8 Robert E. Herzstein, op. cit., pp. 236–237.
9 WW&W, AML diary, 5/2/39, pp. 5–6.
10 Ibid., 4/29/39, p. 4.
11 Ibid., 5/3/39, p. 6.
12 Commonweal, 5/5/39, “Colonel Lindbergh Returns.”
13 Life, 5/15/39, photo caption.
14 WW&W, AML diary, 5/22/39, p. 8.
15 Ibid., 5/24/39, p. 9.
16 Ibid., 5/28/39 and 5/30/39, pp. 9–10.
17 Ibid., 6/11/39, p. 14.
18 NYT, 6/20/39, “Rochester Honor to Mrs. Lindbergh.”
19 WW&W, AML diary, 6/23/39, p. 15.
20 Ibid., 7/20/39, p. 18.
21 “Memorandum as to a Proposed Center of Integrated Scientific Research,” Alexis Carrel Papers, Georgetown University Archives.
22 CAL, Wartime Journals, p. 216.
23 CAL, Autobiography of Values, p. 16.
24 CAL, Wartime Journals, p. 216.
25 Ibid., p. 218.
26 Robert E. Herzstein, op. cit., pp. 36–37.
27 CAL, Wartime Journals, p. 222.
28 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Wartime Writings, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 10.
29 WW&W, AML diary, 8/4/39, p. 21.
30 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Wind, Sand and Stars, New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1968.
31 CAL letter to Grace Lee Nute, 2/8/40, Minnesota Historical Society.
32 WW&W, AML diary, 8/5/39, pp. 21–22.
33 Stacy Shiff, Saint-Exupéry: A Biography, New York: Knopf, 1994, p. 9.
34 WW&W, AML diary, 8/5/39, pp. 22–28.
35 Rainer Maria Rilke, as quoted in WW&W, p. 25.
36 Ibid., p. 23.
37 Interview with Stacy Shiff.
38 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Wind, Sand and Stars, p. 191.
39 WW&W, AML diary, 8/6/39, p. 33.
25. NO HARVEST RIPENING
1 AML, The Unicorn and Other Poems, p. 40.
2 Harold Nicolson, Dwight Morrow, pp. 186–192; and Dwight Morrow, The Society of Free States.
3 WW&W, AML diary, 8/17/39, p. 38.
4 Robert Goralski, op. cit., 8/22/39, p. 87.
5 WW&W, AML diary, 9/2/39 and 9/3/39, pp. 44 and 47.
6 Ibid., p. 46.
7 Ibid., 9/3/39, p. 49.
8 Ibid., pp. 48–49.
9 Ibid., p. 48.
10 CAL, Wartime Journals, 8/23/39, p. 245.
11 NYT, 9/16/39, “Lindbergh Urges We Shun the War.”