We Believe the Children

by Richard Beck

  33. Bob Passantino, Gretchen Passantino, and Jon Trott, “Satan’s Sideshow: The True Lauren Stratford Story,” Cornerstone 18, iss. 90 (1990): 23–28, www.answers.org/satan/stratford.html.

  34. Lauren Stratford, Satan’s Underground: The Extraordinary Story of One Woman’s Escape, foreword by Johanna Michaelsen (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing, 1991), 21.

  35. Ibid., 89.

  36. Wright, Remembering Satan, 26.

  37. Ibid., 36.

  38. Ibid., 6–7.

  39. Debbie Nathan and Michael R. Snedeker, Satan’s Silence: Ritual Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 169.

  40. Paul Ingram, e-mail to author, May 21, 2014.

  41. Richard Ofshe, Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1994), 167.

  42. Wright, Remembering Satan, 96.

  43. Ofshe, Making Monsters, 168.

  44. Ibid., 170.

  45. Wright, Remembering Satan, 196.

  46. Ofshe, Making Monsters, 169.

  47. Richard Ofshe, “Synanon: The People Business,” in The New Religious Consciousness, eds. Charles Y. Glock and Robert N. Bellah (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); Richard Ofshe, “The Social Development of the Synanon Cult: The Managerial Strategy of Organizational Transformation,” Sociological Analysis 41, no. 2 (1980): 109–127.

  48. Richard Ofshe, with Margaret Singer, “Attacks on Peripheral versus Central Elements of Self and the Impact of Thought Reforming Techniques: Review and Theoretical Analysis,” Cultic Studies Journal 3, no. 1 (1986), reprinted in Tort and Religion (Chicago: American Bar Association, 1989).

  49. Wright, Remembering Satan, 137.

  50. Ibid., 144–146.

  51. Justice R. Peterson, State of Washington v. Paul R. Ingram. Report of Proceedings, No. 88-1-752. Superior Ct. St of Washington for Co. of Thurston, 1990, 900–918; Karen A. Olio and William F. Cornell, “The Facade of Scientific Documentation: A Case Study of Richard Ofshe’s Analysis of the Paul Ingram Case,” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 4, no. 4 (1998): 1182–1197.

  52. Wright, Remembering Satan, 193.

  53. Ibid., 194.

  54. Paul Ingram, e-mail to author, May 21, 2014.

  55. Nik Nerburn, director, Paul: The Secret Story of Olympia’s Satanic Sheriff, http://vimeo.com/57770807.

  56. Ibid.

  57. Paul Ingram, e-mail to author, May 26, 2014.

  Chapter 8

  1. “#40—Jury View 4-17-89,” VHS, private collection of Danny Davis.

  2. Kevin Cody, “Jury Visits McMartin for First Time,” Easy Reader, April 20, 1989, 5.

  3. Lois Timnick, “McMartin Pre-School of Past Returns for Jurors,” Los Angeles Times, April 20, 1989, A1.

  4. Paul Eberle and Shirley Eberle, The Abuse of Innocence: The McMartin Preschool Trial (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1993), 266.

  5. “Buckey Tells of Abuse as a Child,” Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1989, OC2.

  6. Lois Timnick, “Minister Testifies in McMartin Trial,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1989, A2.

  7. Memorandum, “Life Magazine Interview of Peggy McMartin Buckey,” from Bill Stoops to Dean Gits, March 21, 1988, 12.

  8. Peggy McMartin Buckey, “Memo Pad,” photocopy in author’s possession.

  9. Max Toth and Greg Nielson, Pyramid Power (New York: Warner Destiny, 1976), 165.

  10. The People of the State of California vs. Raymond Buckey and Peggy McMartin Buckey, daily transcript, vol. 403, August 2, 1989, 55202–55204.

  11. Ibid., vol. 405, August 4, 1989, 55481.

  12. Ibid., vol. 403, August 2, 1989, 55204.

  13. Ibid., vol. 404, August 3, 1989, 55337–55338.

  14. Ibid., vol. 405, August 4, 1989, 55486.

  15. Kevin Cody, “Ray Buckey’s Secret Love Life Is a Secret No Longer,” Easy Reader, August 24, 1989, 8.

  16. Kevin Cody, “Raymond Buckey: A Life in Limbo,” Easy Reader, October 5, 1989, 21.

  17. Eberle and Eberle, Abuse of Innocence, 313.

  18. Interview with Kelly Michaels, conducted by Jonas Rappaport, August 8, 1986, video recording, electronic file in author’s possession.

  19. Ross Cheit, The Witch-Hunt Narrative: Politics, Psychology, and the Sexual Abuse of Children (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 239.

  20. Lynne A. Daley, “Baran Receives Life Term; Parole Possible in 15 Years,” Berkshire Eagle, February 1, 1985.

  21. Kevin Cody, “MMrtn15 catch 1 4licnse platgam inPound courtrm,” Easy Reader, January 12, 1989, 9.

  22. “McMartin Judge Says Case ‘Has Poisoned Everyone,’” Los Angeles Times, October 14, 1988, C8.

  23. Eberle and Eberle, Abuse of Innocence, 314.

  24. “McMartin Case Near Mistrial as 5th Juror Leaves,” Los Angeles Times, July 25, 1989, OC, A8.

  25. Eberle and Eberle, Abuse of Innocence, 291.

  26. Ibid., 294.

  27. John McCann, “Anatomical Standardization of Normal Prepubertal Children,” presentation at Health Science Response to Child Maltreatment Conference, Center for Child Protection, Children’s Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, CA, January 21–24, 1988, audiocassette.

  28. John McCann et al., “Perianal Findings in Prepubertal Children Selected for Nonabuse: A Descriptive Study,” Child Abuse and Neglect 13, no. 2 (1989): 179–193.

  29. John McCann et al., “Genital Findings in Prepubertal Girls Selected for Non-Abuse: A Descriptive Study,” Pediatrics 86, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 428–439.

  30. Nancy Kellogg and the Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, “The Evaluation of Sexual Abuse in Children,” Pediatrics 116, no. 2 (August 1, 2005): 506–512.

  31. Eberle and Eberle, Abuse of Innocence, 319.

  32. Ibid., 326.

  33. Kevin Cody, “In Buckey’s Defense,” Easy Reader, October 26, 1989, 6.

  34. Kevin Cody, “Defending the Children,” Easy Reader, November 2, 1989, 13.

  35. Ibid., 16.

  36. McMartin Buckey, “Memo Pad.”

  37. Kevin Cody, “The Courtroom Verdict,” Easy Reader, January 25, 1990, 2.

  38. Lois Timnick, “Not Guilty: Both Buckeys Cleared in Historic McMartin Case,” Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1990, P1.

  39. David Shaw, “Where Was Skepticism in Media?” Los Angeles Times, January 19, 1990, A20.

  40. David Shaw, “Times McMartin Coverage Was Biased, Critics Charge,” Los Angeles Times, January 22, 1990, A1.

  41. David Freed, “Cost of Case Is Measured in Reputations and Emotions,” Los Angeles Times, January 19, 1990, A18.

  42. “Jurors Say Prosecution Never Demonstrated Buckey Responsibility,” Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1990, P1.

  43. Lowell Bergman, producer, “The McMartin Pre-School Update,” 60 Minutes, CBS, February 4, 1990.

  44. Kevin Cody, “Parents Petition to Protest McMartin Verdicts,” Easy Reader, February 1, 1990, 4.

  45. Alexandra Gross, “Ricky Lynn Pitts,” National Registry of Exonerations, University of Michigan Law School, www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/casedetail.aspx?caseid=3540.

  46. James Rainey, “McMartin Jurors Feel Ire of Public over Their Verdicts,” Los Angeles Times, January 20, 1990, A32.

  47. Lois Timnick and Carol McGraw, “Initial Hysteria Provoked Positive Changes in Day Care,” Los Angeles Times, January 19, 1990, A18.

  48. Larry King Live, CNN, February 5, 1990, videotape “#31—L. King 2-5-90,” in possession of Danny Davis.

  49. Lois Timnick, “McMartin Parents Dig Up School in Last-Ditch Search,” Los Angeles Times, April 28, 1990, B3.

  50. Steven R. Churm, “Parents Dig Persistently for Evidence,” Los Angeles Times, June 5, 1990, B1.

  51. “McMartin Preschool Whis
tleblower Jackie McGauley Exposes Ted Gunderson and Accomplices,” Barbara Hartwell vs. CIA, March 25, 2010, http://barbarahartwellvscia.blogspot.com/2010/03/mcmartin-preschool-whistleblower-jackie.html.

  52. E. Gary Stickel, “Archaeological Investigations of the McMartin Preschool Site, Manhattan Beach, California,” The McMartin Tunnel Project, 1993, 104.

  53. Ibid., 16.

  54. W. Joseph Wyatt, “What Was Under the McMartin Preschool? A Review and Behavioral Analysis of the ‘Tunnels’ Find,” Behavior and Social Issues 12 (2002): 29–39.

  55. Roland Summit, “The Dark Tunnels of McMartin,” Journal of Psychohistory 21, no. 4 (1994): 397–416.

  56. Lois Timnick, “Child Takes the Stand in Buckey Trial,” Los Angeles Times, May 10, 1990, B1.

  57. Lois Timnick, “McMartin a Talkative Witness for Grandson,” Los Angeles Times, June 6, 1990, B3.

  58. Carol McGraw, “In the End, Jury Gave in to Confusion,” Los Angeles Times, July 28, 1990, 1.

  59. Lois Timnick, “Charges Against Buckey Dismissed,” Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1990, B1.

  Chapter 9

  1. Ellen Bass and Louise Thornton, eds., I Never Told Anyone: Writings by Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (New York: Harper & Row, 1983).

  2. Ellen Bass and Laura Davis, The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).

  3. Ibid., 22.

  4. Ibid., 21.

  5. Ibid., 22.

  6. Ibid., 113.

  7. Ibid., 72.

  8. Ibid., 65.

  9. Ibid.

  10. Ibid., 66.

  11. Ibid., 80.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Ibid., 86.

  14. Sigmund Freud, “The Aetiology of Hysteria,” in Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 3 (London: Vintage, 1962), 204.

  15. Bass and Davis, Courage to Heal, 88.

  16. Ibid., 347, 345–346.

  17. Ibid., 347.

  18. Moritz Benedikt, “Beobachtung über Hysterie,” in Zeitschrift für practische Heilkunde (1864).

  19. Franz Anton Mesmer, Mémoire sur la découverte du magnetism animal (Paris: Didot, 1779).

  20. Henri F. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (New York: Basic Books, 1970), 13.

  21. Ibid., 382.

  22. Jean-Martin Charcot, Iconographie photographique de la Salpêtrière (Jean-Martin Charcot, 1878).

  23. Elaine Showalter, Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Media (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 34.

  24. Sigmund Freud, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 3 (London: Vintage, 1962), 9.

  25. Paul Bernard, Des Attentats à la pudeur sur les petites filles, Laboratoire de Médecine Légale de Lyon (Paris: Octave Doin, 1886).

  26. Paul Brouardel, Les Attentats aux moeurs (Paris: J. B. Ballière, 1909).

  27. Colin A. Ross, Multiple Personality Disorder: Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatment (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989), 55, 72.

  28. Daniel Goleman, “New Focus on Multiple Personality,” New York Times, May 21, 1985, www.nytimes.com/1985/05/21/science/new-focus-on-multiple-personality.html?pagewanted=1.

  29. Debbie Nathan, “Cry Incest: Victims of Childhood Sexual Abuse,” Playboy 39, no. 10, October 1992, 84.

  30. Ross, Multiple Personality Disorder, 217.

  31. Onno van der Hart and Barbara Friedman, “A Reader’s Guide to Pierre Janet on Dissociation: A Neglected Intellectual Heritage,” Dissociation 2 (1989): 3–16.

  32. Bessel van der Kolk and William Kadish, “Amnesia, Dissociation, and the Return of the Repressed,” in Bessel van der Kolk, Psychological Trauma (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1987), 173–190.

  33. Daniel Brown, Alan W. Scheflin, and D. Corydon Hammond, Memory, Trauma Treatment, and the Law (New York: Norton, 1998).

  34. Sigmund Freud, “Repression,” in Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 14 (London: Vintage, 1962), 146–158; Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, Studies on Hysteria, trans. James Strachey (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 116 (emphasis in the original).

  35. M. J. Eacott and R. A. Crawley, “The Offset of Childhood Amnesia: Memory for Events That Occurred Before Age 3,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 127 (1998): 22–33.

  36. Elizabeth Loftus and Terrence Burns, “Mental Shock Can Produce Retrograde Amnesia,” Memory and Cognition 10 (1982): 318–323.

  37. John Yuille and Judith Cutshall, “A Case Study of Eyewitness Memory of a Crime,” Journal of Applied Psychology 71 (1986): 291–301.

  38. Judith Herman, Father-Daughter Incest (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981).

  39. Lenore Terr, “What Happens to Early Memories of Trauma? A Study of Twenty Children Under Age Five at the Time of Documented Traumatic Events,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27 (1988): 96–104.

  40. John Briere and Jon Conte, “Self-Reported Amnesia for Abuse in Adults Molested as Children,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 6 (1993): 21–31.

  41. Richard McNally, Remembering Trauma (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003), 197.

  42. Elizabeth Loftus, Sarah Polonsky, and Mindy Fullilove, “Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Remembering and Repressing,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 18 (1994): 67–84.

  43. Daniel Brown, Alan Scheflin, and Charles Whitfield, “Recovered Memories: The Current Weight of the Evidence in Science and in the Courts,” Journal of Psychiatry and Law 27 (1998): 5–156.

  44. Charles Wilkinson, “Aftermath of a Disaster: The Collapse of the Hyatt Regency Hotel Skywalks,” American Journal of Psychiatry 140 (1983): 1134–1139.

  45. Brown, Scheflin, and Hammond, Memory, Trauma, Treatment, and the Law, 156.

  46. Stephen Dollinger, “Lightning-Strike Disaster Among Children,” British Journal of Medical Psychology 58 (1985): 375–383.

  47. Ross, Multiple Personality Disorder, 252.

  48. Ibid., 233.

  49. Ibid., 269.

  50. Ibid., 275.

  51. Ibid., 276.

  52. Walter C. Young et al., “Patients Reporting Ritual Abuse in Childhood: A Clinical Syndrome, Report of Thirty-Seven Cases,” Child Abuse and Neglect 15 (1991): 181–189; Walter C. Young, Letter, Child Abuse and Neglect 15 (1991): 611–613.

  53. Debbie Nathan, Sybil Exposed (New York: Free Press, 2011), 225.

  54. Nathan, “Cry Incest.”

  55. Susan Faludi, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 338–339.

  56. Elizabeth Loftus and Katherine Ketcham, The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1996), 152.

  57. Colin A. Ross, The Osiris Complex: Case-Studies in Multiple Personality Disorder (Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 165.

  58. Ibid., 166.

  59. Ibid., 169.

  60. Ibid., 175.

  61. Ellen Willis, “Coda,” in The Essential Ellen Willis, ed. Nona Willis Aronowitz (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014), 488–489.

  62. Gloria Steinem, Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1992), 78.

  63. Elizabeth S. Rose, “Surviving the Unbelievable: A First-Person Account of Cult Ritual Abuse,” Ms., January/February 1993, 41.

  64. Ibid., 43.

  65. Letters, Ms. Magazine, May/June 1993, 7.

  66. Anita Lipton, “Recovered Memories in the Courts,” in Recovered Memories of Child Sexual Abuse: Psychological, Social, and Legal Perspectives on a Contemporary Mental Health Controversy, ed. Sheila Taub (Springfield, IL: Char
les C. Thomas, 1999), 165–210.

  67. Brown, Scheflin, and Hammond, Memory, Trauma Treatment, and the Law, 398, 538.

  68. Ross E. Cheit, The Witch-Hunt Narrative: Politics, Psychology, and the Sexual Abuse of Children (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 390.

  69. Joan Acocella, Creating Hysteria: Women and Multiple Personality Disorder (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1999), 15.

  Chapter 10

  1. Kenneth V. Lanning, “Investigator’s Guide to Allegations of ‘Ritual’ Child Abuse,” Behavioral Science Unit, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, 1992.

  2. Mary A. Fischer, “McMartin: A Case of Dominoes?” Los Angeles Magazine, October 1989, www.byliner.com/read/mary-fischer/a-case-of-dominoes.

  3. Paul Eberle and Shirley Eberle, The Abuse of Innocence: The McMartin Preschool Trial (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1993), 362.

  4. “Kelly Michaels: The End of Innocence,” 48 Hours, CBS, May 5, 1993.

  5. Dorothy Rabinowitz, “A Darkness in Massachusetts—II,” Wall Street Journal, March 14, 1995, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122635339100615063.

  6. Commonwealth vs. Violet Amirault / Commonwealth vs. Gerald Amirault, 424 Mass 618, Middlesex County, October 9, 1996–March 24, 1997, http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/424/424mass618.html.

  7. Dorothy Rabinowitz, “From the Mouths of Babes to a Jail Cell: Child Abuse and the Abuse of Justice—A Case Study,” Harper’s, May 1990, 54.

  8. B. A. Robinson, “Geraldo Rivera: Satanic Ritual Abuse and Recovered Memories,” ReligiousTolerance.org, November 7, 2007, www.religioustolerance.org/geraldo.htm.

  9. Gilbert Cates, director, Do You Know the Muffin Man?, produced by Daniel Freudenberger, Avnet/Kerner Company Productions, 1989.

  10. Mick Jackson, director, Indictment, HBO, February 21, 2012.

  11. Mike Barber and Andrew Schneider, “Detective a Man Who Charmed, Harmed,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, February 23, 1998, 10.

  12. Charges against Glassen were eventually dropped.

  13. Kathryn Lyon, Witch Hunt: A True Story of Social Hysteria and Abused Justice (New York: Avon Books, 1998), xl.

  14. Peter Bull, producer, “When Children Accuse: Who to Believe?” Turning Point, ABC News, November 14, 1996.