Italian capture, 1, 2, 3;
Italian defences, 1;
strategic importance, 1, 2
Sacchi Decree, 1, 2
Saga, 1, 2, 3, 4
Sagrado, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Salandra, Antonio: Cadorna relationship, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; censorship, 1;
D’Annunzio relationship, 1, 2;
on defeatist propaganda, 1;
fall, 1, 2;
internment policy, 1;
King’s view of, 1;
Mussolini’s view of, 1;
occupied territories policy, 1, 2;
press relations, 1;
prime minister, 1;
resignation of cabinet, 1, 2;
successor, 1, 2;
war aims, 1, 2;
war entry, 1, 2, 3 ;
war negotiations, 1, 2;
war preparations, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Salerno Brigade, 1, 2, 3, 4n, 5
Salsa, Carlo, 1, 2, 3
Salvatorelli, Luigi, 1
Salvemini, Gaetano, 1
San Gabriele, Mount: Austrian forces, 1; Italian assaults, 1, 2;
Italian forces, 1, 2;
Italian losses, 1;
Italian strategy, 1, 2, 3, 4;
landscape, 1;
strategic importance, 1
San Giuliano, Antonio di, 1, 2, 3
San Michele, Mount: Austrian positions, 1, 2; border after WWII, 1;
Italian advance, 1;
Italian assaults, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;
Italian capture, 1, 2 ;
Italian line, 1, 2;
Italian losses, 1, 2, 3;
Italian positions, 1, 2n, 3, 4, 5, 6;
Italian strategy, 1, 2, 3;
landscape, 1;
strategic importance, 1, 2, 3;
Ungaretti on, 1, 2, 3n
Santa Maria la Longa, 1
Sant’Elia, Antonio, 1
Santo, Monte: Austrian position, 1, 2; Italian assaults, 1, 2, 3;
Italian capture, 1;
Italian strategy, 1, 2, 3, 4;
landscape, 1;
strategic importance, 1, 2;
Yugoslavian after WWII, 1
Saporiti, General, 1
Sardinian Grenadiers, 1, 2, 3, 4
Sassari Brigade, 1, 2, 3, 4
Sasso di Stria, 1, 2
Sassoon, Siegfried, 1, 2
Schenardi, General, 1
Schindler, John, 1, 2n
Schneeberger, Hans, 1
Sebenico, 1, 2
Secolo, Il, 1
Sei Busi, Mount, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Serra, Ettore, 1
Sforza, Count Carlo, 1, 2, 3
Sief, Mount, 1
Siena Brigade, 1
Slataper, Scipio, 1, 2, 3
socialism, socialist, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
Soffici, Ardengo, 1
Solstice, Battle of the, 1, 2n
Sondhaus, Lawrence, 1
Sonnino, Sidney: Albania forces, 1, 2; background, 1, 2, 3 ;
Cadorna relationship, 1, 2, 3, 4;
character, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
fall, 1;
Fiume issue, 1, 2, 3;
foreign minister, 1, 2;
intervention policy, 1, 2, 3;
neutrality policy, 1;
Orlando relationship, 1;
PoW policy, 1;
press policy, 1, 2;
Slav policy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
territorial demands, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11;
Treaty of London, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
on Trieste, 1;
on war, 1;
on Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 1
Sorley, Charles Hamilton, 1
Stallworthy, Jon, 1
Stevens, Wallace, 1
Strachan, Hew, 1
Stuparich, Carlo, 1, 2
Stuparich, Giani: account of war, 1, 2, 3; career, 1;
Isonzo First Battle, 1;
at Monfalcone, 1 ;
on Slataper, 1, 2;
in Trentino, 1;
on Trieste, 1
Sugana valley: Austrian strategy, 1, 2, 3; Italian positions, 1, 2, 3;
landscape, 1, 2
Sun Tzu, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Svevo, Italo, 1, 2, 3n
Tagliamento, River: Austrian retreat, 1; border proposal, 1;
executions, 1;
German strategy, 1, 2;
Italian advance, 1;
Italian campaign (1866), 1 ;
Italian defences, 1, 2;
Italian positions, 1, 2;
Italian retreat, 1;
Italian strategy, 1;
landscape, 1
Tedaldi, Lieutenant Guido, 1
Timavo, River, 1, 2
Times, The, 1
Timeus, Ruggero, 1
Tito (Josip Broz), 1, 2
Todero, Fabio, 1
Tofana, Mount, 1, 2
Tolmein (Tolmin): Austrian position, 1, 2; Austrian strategy, 1, 2, 3 ;
decimation of farmers, 1;
German attack, 1, 2;
Isonzo, 1n;
Isonzo Eleventh Battle, 1 ;
Isonzo Twelfth Battle, 1, 2;
Italian bombardment, 1, 2;
Italian front, 1, 2 ;
Italian offensives, 1, 2;
Italian strategy, 1, 2, 3 ;
landscape, 1;
massacre, 1;
Mrzli assault, 1 ;
strategic importance, 1, 2
Toscanini, Arturo, 1n
Trenker, Luis, 1
Trentino, the: Austrian command, 1n; Austrian defences, 1, 2;
Austrian forces, 1, 2, 3;
Austrian position, 1 ;
Austrian rule, 1 ;
Austrian strategy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10;
Battisti’s activities, 1 ;
Cadorna’s visits, 1, 2;
cost to Italy, 1;
German forces, 1;
German strategy, 1, 2, 3;
Italian defences, 1, 2;
Italian demands, 1, 2, 3;
Italian forces, 1, 2, 3, 4;
Italian position, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8;
Italian strategy, 1, 2, 3;
landscape, 1, 2;
population, 1, 2, 3, 4;
refugees, 1;
territory, 1n, 2;
Triple Alliance, 1;
war reporting, 1
Trento (Trent): border, 1; city, 1;
D’Annunzio’s demands, 1;
Italian feelings toward, 1, 2, 3;
Italian liberation, 1;
Italian moves toward, 1, 2;
Italian strategy (1866), 1 ;
Italian strategy (WWI), 1, 2, 3 ;
leaders, 1;
population, 1, 2;
war aims, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
war cry, 1, 2, 3, 4
Trevelyan, George, 1, 2
Trieste: anti-Slav prejudice, 1; Austrian defences, 1, 2;
Austrian forces (1866), 1;
Austrian naval base, 1;
city, 1, 2;
Conrad’s life, 1, 2n;
cost to Italy, 1;
Crispi’s stance, 1;
D’Annunzio’s demands, 1;
demarcation around, 1;
evacuation issue, 1;
execution of Oberdan, 1;
forces from, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
Garibaldi’s views, 1;
German policy (1866), 1, 2;
German policy (WWI), 1;
Habsburg governor’s departure, 1;
Italian advance, 1;
Italian claims, 1, 2, 3;
Italian feelings towards, 1, 2, 3;
Italian government, 1, 2;
Italian liberation, 1;
Italian population, 1, 2, 3;
Italian rule, 1;
Italian strategy (1866), 1, 2, 3;
Italian strategy (WWI), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ;
Italian volunteers, 1, 2, 3;
King’s views, 1;
&nbs
p; landscape, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
Mazzini’s views, 1;
novel set in, 1;
population, 1;
satirical rhyme, 1;
Slataper, 1 ;
Sonnino’s demands, 1;
Treaty of London, 1;
war aims, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12;
war cry, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Triple Alliance (1882): Crispi’s policy, 1; end of, 1, 2;
Italian views, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
signing, 1;
terms, 1;
violation, 1, 2n, 3
Triska, Jan, 1, 2, 3, 4
Turati, Filippo, 1, 2
Türr, Stefania, 1n
Tyrol: Austrian defences, 1, 2, 3, 4; Austrian strategy, 1;
Garibaldi’s campaign, 1, 2;
Garibaldi’s views, 1;
Italian demands, 1;
Italian strategy, 1;
Trentino’s role, 1 ;
troops, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Tyrol, south: Austrian control, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; Austrian defences, 1, 2;
Austrian offer, 1;
Austrian strategy, 1;
border, 1;
Crispi’s policy, 1;
French policy, 1;
German policy, 1;
German population, 1, 2, 3;
Italian counter-offensive, 1;
Italian demands, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12;
Italian strategy, 1;
King’s views, 1;
Lloyd George’s view, 1;
Treaty of London, 1;
volunteers, 1;
see also Alto Adige, Trentino
Udine: Boroević’s HQ, 1; Brusati’s visit, 1;
Cadorna’s HQ, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
communications from, 1;
evacuees, 1;
internees, 1;
Italian national holidays, 1;
Italian return, 1;
landscape, 1;
retreat through, 1;
Supreme Command, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
War of 1866, 1, 2, 3, 4
Ungaretti, Giuseppe: appearance, 1, 2; career, 1 ;
poems, 1, 2, 3;
political views, 1 ;
Rebora comparison, 1 ;
on snow, 1;
war service, 1, 2n
Vallone, the, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Valona (Vlorë), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Valparola Pass, 1
Vatican, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Veneto (Venetia): Austrian forces, 1; Austrian strategy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;
Austrian threat, 1, 2;
border, 1, 2, 3;
defences, 1, 2, 3;
French policy, 1, 2 ;
German policy, 1;
internees, 1;
Italian forces, 1, 2;
Italian gain, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ;
Italian strategy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
landscape, 1, 2;
plebiscite, 1
Venice: Austrian rule, 1; Austrian strategy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
Cavour’s plans, 1;
D’Annunzio in, 1, 2;
defences, 1, 2, 3;
Franz Josef’s visit, 1;
Italian advance on, 1;
Italian gain, 1, 2;
Italian troop movements, 1, 2;
Italian retreat, 1;
Marinetti’s view of, 1;
refugees, 1;
Trieste relations, 1, 2
Verdi, Giuseppe, 1, 2
Verona Brigade, 1, 2
Victor Emanuel II, King, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Victor Emanuel III, King: Aosta relationship, 1; appeal to Tsar, 1;
appearance and character, 1, 2;
Cadorna relationship, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
D’Annunzio relationship, 1, 2;
Delmé-Radcliffe relationship, 1;
Diaz appointment, 1, 2;
Fiume issue, 1;
at front, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
Gadda’s view of, 1;
military role, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
Mussolini relationship, 1, 2;
political views, 1;
population of kingdom, 1;
speech (23 May 1915), 1 ;
speech (8 November 1917), 1;
WWI entry, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Villesse, 1, 2n
Viola, Colonel, 1
Vipacco, River: Austrian defences, 1, 2, 3, 4; Austrian forces, 1, 2;
Carso boundary, 1;
Italian advance, 1;
Italian defence concerns, 1;
San Michele, 1, 2;
winter weather, 1
vitalism, 1, 2, 3
Vittorio Veneto, Battle of, 1, 2, 3, 4
Vivante, Angelo, 1, 2
Voce, La, 1
Vodice, Mount, 1
Weber von Webenau, General Viktor, 1, 2
Wells, H. G., 1n, 2, 3, 4, 5
Western Front: Allied troops from, 1; artillery, 1, 2, 3;
Austrian forces, 1, 2, 3;
bombardments, 1;
Cadorna on, 1;
creeping barrage, 1n;
deadlock, 1;
focus on, 1, 2, 3;
German guns, 1;
lessons of, 1, 2;
Lloyd George’s policy, 1;
military police, 1;
mines, 1n;
relieving pressure on, 1;
Robertson on, 1;
slaughter, 1, 2;
trenches, 1
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Wilson, Woodrow: armistice negotiations, 1, 2, 3 ; declarations of war, 1, 2, 3;
Fourteen Points, 1, 2, 3;
Paris peace conference, 1, 2, 3, 4;
propaganda campaign, 1;
speech to Italian Parliament, 1;
war aims, 1, 2
Woodhouse, John, 1
Wurm, General Wenzel, 1
Yeats, W. B., 1
Yugoslav Committee, 1
Zara, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Zeidler, General Erwin: fortifications, 1 ; at Gorizia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
troops, 1, 2, 3
Zincone, Brigadier, 1
Zita, Empress of Austria, 1
Zuccari, General Luigi, 1
Zupelli, General Vittorio, 1, 2, 3
Author biography
Mark Thompson was born in Sheffield and lives in Oxford. He is the author of A Paper House and Forging War, the first book a much-praised account of the fall of Yugoslavia and the second a study of the media's role in stirring up war fever in the Balkans. Forging War was chosen as a Book of the Year in the Guardian and Observer. He worked for the UN in Croatia for much of the 1990s.
by the same author
A PAPER HOUSE:
THE ENDING OF YUGOSLAVIA
FORGING WAR:
THE MEDIA IN SERBIA, CROATIA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Copyright
First published in 2008
by Faber and Faber Limited
3 Queen Square London WC1N 3AU
This ebook edition first published in 2009
All rights reserved
© Mark Thompson, 2008
Maps © András Bereznay, 2008
The right of Mark Thompson to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with Section 77 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
ISBN 978—0—571—25008—0 [epub edition]
This eBook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Illustrations
Maps
Note on
Sources
Introduction: ‘Italians! Go back!’
Chapter One: A Mania for Expansion
Chapter Two: ‘We Two Alone’
Chapter Three: Free Spirits
Chapter Four: Cadorna’s Clenched Fist
Chapter Five: The Solemn Hour Strikes
Chapter Six: A Gift from Heaven
Chapter Seven: Walls of Iron, Clouds of Fire
Chapter Eight: Trento and Trieste!
Chapter Nine: From Position to Attrition
Chapter Ten: The Dreaming Barbarian
Chapter Eleven: Walking Shapes of Mud
Chapter Twelve: Year Zero
Chapter Thirteen: A Necessary Holocaust?
Chapter Fourteen: The Return Blow
Chapter Fifteen: Victory’s Peak
Chapter Sixteen: Starlight from Violence
Chapter Seventeen: Whiteness
Chapter Eighteen: Forging Victory
Chapter Nineteen: Not Dying for the Fatherland
Chapter Twenty: The Gospel of Energy
Chapter Twenty-One: Into a Cauldron
Chapter Twenty-Two: Mystical Sadism
Chapter Twenty-Three: Another Second of Life
Chapter Twenty-Four: The Traitor of Carzano
Chapter Twenty-Five: Caporetto: The Flashing Sword of Vengeance
Chapter Twenty-Six: Resurrection
Chapter Twenty-Seven: From Victory to Disaster
Chapter Twenty-Eight: End of the Line
Appendix: Free from the Alps to the Adriatic
Illustrations
Bibliography
Acknowledgements
Index
A, B, C
D, E, F
G, H, I
J, K, L
M, N, O
P, R, S
T, U, V
W, Y, Z
About the Author
By the same Author
Copyright
The White War Page 61