by Gina Perry
8: Nation States
Description of staff meeting, trip to moonshiner from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010; reaction of both groups to newcomers from observer notes, MCWS Papers, interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010; differing descriptions of Rattlers and Eagles and norms from observer notes, interview with OJ Harvey May 2010, Sherif et al. 1988; Davey’s birthday party from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010; announcement of tournament and reactions of Eagles from audio recordings, MCWS Papers; ‘My Carolyn’ from letter M Sherif to C Sherif, n.d., MCWS Papers; OJ keeping Sherif busy from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010; account of ballgame, dialogue between teams, discussion in Eagles’ cabin afterwards from observer notes; interviews with Dwayne Hall, August 2013, and OJ Harvey, May 2010; flag-burning incident and dialogue, reaction of Rattlers the next day, Eagles praying before game, and excitement at winning from observer notes, with body language added; Dwayne leading prayer and ‘prayers answered’ dialogue added based on observer notes, interview with Dwayne Hall, August 2013; Rattlers ‘very low’ quote from observer notes; hurried meeting about frustration episode from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010; ‘unfair tactics’ and ‘favorable to a raid’ quotes from Sherif et al., 1988; description of night raid and dialogue from observer notes, interview with Bill Snipes, August 2013; reaction and distress of Eagles from observer notes; Eagles dumping mud from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010; announcement of winners from audio recording, MCWS Papers; Eagles kissing trophy and joy at winning from observer notes; ‘sportsmanship giving way’ quote from Sherif et al., 1988; Eagles giving three cheers from interviews with OJ Harvey, May 2010, and Dwayne Hall, August 2013; impromptu staff meeting from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010; ‘shouts first’ quote from email correspondence with Cindy Lee White, September 2017; men putting ‘brakes’ on Rattler raid and distress of Eagles after fight from observer notes; ‘No (Public) Comment’ quote from Human Events Newsletter and newspaper reports from Rockefeller Archive Centre, RF 1.2, 200S, Box 590, Folder 5049, Rockefeller Foundation; ‘sheer invention’ quote from L DeVinney interoffice memo, 28 December 1953, Rockefeller Papers, Box 590, Folder 5050; influence of Cold War from Maekawa, 2009; men reading boys’ mail from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010.
9: Sweet Harmony
‘Sweet harmony’ quote, letter from C Sherif to M Sherif, 1 July 1954, MCWS Papers; conversation between Hood and Rattlers about bet from observer notes; ‘after eating for a while’, descriptions of ‘epic struggle’, from Sherif et al., 1988; hostility between groups from observer notes; Ida Bloxham threatens to quit from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010, observer notes; Ida lays down the law from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010, observer notes; description of fight with Red and Franklin from observer notes, detail of comic added; Hood breaking up fight, Red running away and hiding, from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010; dialogue ‘we’ll bring him back’ from observer notes; Hollis and Bill bringing Red back and ‘kangaroo court’ and expulsion of Red from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010; description of blocking of water supply, Treasure Island, and camping from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010; trip to Arkansas, announcement about truck, boys drinking soda from observer notes; ‘dearest’ quote from postcard M Sherif to C Sherif, n.d, MCWS Papers; photo of boys at state line from MCWS Papers; description of boys in diner at Waldron from observer notes; ‘Oklahoma’ sung on bus and description of bus trip from Sherif et al., 1988; Hood taking photos of raids from observer notes, interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010, interview with Bill Snipes, August 2013; ‘line of action’, ‘infinite number of events’, ‘in testing our main hypotheses’ quotes from Sherif et al., 1988; ‘the competitive situation consists of games’ quote from letter M Sherif to L DeVinney, 20 December 1953, Rockefeller Papers, Box 590, Folder 5050.
10: Empire
Sherif and camel incident from interview with Sue Sherif, October 2014; description of Charkirge, from Lawrence, 1966; details of Sherif’s father and grandparents, Sherif’s rivalry with Asch, from interview with Sue Sherif, October 2014; description of Ottoman childhood from Fortna, 2016; wars and tensions between Greeks and Turks, see Zürcher, 2004, Stone, 2010, Milton, 2008, Mansel, 2011; description of town crier from Peterson, 2004; deportation of Armenians from Ödemiş from Batur, ‘Young Scientist’, 2015; ‘these sacred lands’ and ‘they behaved like worms’ quotes and analysis of school readers from Enacar, 2007; Sherif’s trip to Smyrna from interview with Sue Sherif, October 2014; descriptions of Smyrna, people, atmosphere, streetscape and avoiding sultan’s anger from Milton, 2008, Mansel, 2011; exiled valis and euphoria at end of Abdulhamid’s rule from Kechriotis, 2010; Sherif’s uncle finding him from interview with Sue Sherif, October 2014.
11: Burning Memory
Description of International School from Lawrence, 1966 and Levantine Heritage website; account of tensions between staff at Sherif’s school from Ralph Harlow papers; diary excerpt about arrival of British ships after the armistice from Holton, 1918; ‘at college mournful groups’ quote by Selma Ekrem from Fortna, 2015; background on Poslu Mestan Efe from http://www.erolsasmaz.com/?oku=1568, http://www.haberhurriyeti.com/poslu-mestan-efe-91744.html; accounts of events immediately preceding and including Smyrna fire from Mansel, 2011; brigands attacking headmaster from McLachlan, 1937; Lausanne treaty and forced exchanges from Stone, 2010; collective forgetting of fire from Kolluoḡlu-Kırlı, 2005; ‘profoundly affected’ quote from Sherif, 1967; description of Atatürk’s visit to Kastamonou from Seal, 1995.
12: America and Back
Sherif’s father, description of gravesite, and arrival in America from interview with Sue Sherif, October 2014; hint at temperament from letters between Beryl Parker and Gordon Allport, 1933–1934, Allport Papers, courtesy of the Harvard University Archives (and all subsequent quotes from Allport papers courtesy of Harvard University Archives); background on Cantril from correspondence and interview with Jeff Pooley, January 2017, and ‘pathologically ambitious’ quoted in Pooley and Socolow, 2013; quotes about Harvard ‘blue bloods’ and ‘read or write’ from Granberg and Sarup, 1992; anti-Turk sentiment in America from Grabowski, 2002; Turks visiting Maine from Yalman, 1956; impact of perceived racism on Sherif from letter B Parker to G Allport, 22 January 1934, Allport Papers; ‘He is inclined to work too hard’ quote from letter G Allport to Prof. M Sekip, 5 January 1931, Allport Papers; interest in range of subjects from Granberg and Sarup, 1992; Lewin and ‘fresh breeze’ quote from Sherif, 1968; Sherif spending his allowance on books and leaving debts behind at Harvard from letter M Sherif to G Allport, 4 April 1932, Allport Papers; ‘sometimes it seems to me’ and ‘it is a nice dream’ quotes from letter M Sherif to G Allport, 14 April 1932, Allport Papers; Sherif’s experiences of Germany from letters M Sherif to G Allport, Allport Papers; Menemen incident as watershed from Armstrong, 2016; description of autokinetic experiment and presentation of it to Allport from Routh, 2015; Allport letter describing Sherif as ‘unusually original’, ‘ambitious’, ‘new framework’ from G Allport to Prof. Poffenberger of Columbia University, 20 March 1934; ‘leaves temperament behind’ from G Allport to B Parker, n.d., Allport Papers; ‘Sherif … was over to dinner’ quote by Asa Jennings from Batur, 2015; Sherif’s idea of marrying Mary Alice Eaton, her help in writing book from letter M Sherif to G Allport, 19 March 1940, Allport Papers; description of Father Divine and lyrics from H Cantril and M Sherif, 1938; ‘last night I attended two meetings’ quote from letter M Sherif to Gardner Murphy, 4 September 1934, MCWS Papers; influence of Depression on political views of social scientists from Schrecker, 1986; background on politics at Ankara University from Birkalan, 2001; quote on Sherif’s ultra nationalist sympathies from Dinçşahin, 2015, p. 63; account of Sherif’s public criticisms of race superiority in Turkey and its effects from Batur, ‘Young Scientist’, 2015; ‘hated and feared’ quote from Pratt, 1970; ‘inappropriate relationships’ quote from Routh, 2015; Sherif protecting Jewish student from letter D Granberg to S Moscovici
, 15 April 1986, MCWS Papers; ‘failed’ quote from letter M Sherif to G Allport, 2 March 1945, Allport Papers.
13: Oklahoma
Sherif feeling like Rip van Winkle from letter M Sherif to G Allport, 2 March 1945, Allport Papers, courtesy of the Harvard University Archives; ‘beauty and logic’ quote from letter C Sherif to M Sherif, n.d., MCWS Papers; Sherif congratulating himself and ‘center of my universe’ quote from Routh, 2015; ‘queer and appalling’ quote from letter M Sherif to Carolyn’s parents, n.d., from MCWS Papers; ‘new sparkle’, ‘mid Western beauty’ quotes from M Sherif letter to unnamed friend, 17 January 1946, MCWS Papers; ‘grimly realistic’ quote from M Sherif to G Murphy, n.d., MCWS Papers; ‘marry an intellectual’ from Sherif, C, 1983; ‘in order not to strain our relationship’ from letter M Sherif to H Cantril, 16 April 1946, MCWS Papers; background to Cantril, from Glander, 2000; ‘Spies, Nazis and SOBs’ quote from letter M Sherif to C Pratt, 20 March 1948, MCWS Papers; ‘my sweetheart’ quote from letter C Sherif to M Sherif, n.d. 1947, MCWS Papers; Sherif’s impatience with bureaucracy from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010; missing appointments in immigration files, MCWS Papers; arrest of Ankara faculty from VanderLippe, 2005; reference to 1949 study as a ‘mess’ from letter C Sherif to M Sherif, n.d., MCWS Papers; ‘head over heels’ quote from letter S Flowerman to M Sherif, 19 October 1949, ‘shock treatment’ quote from letter M Sherif to S Flowerman, 30 October 1949, MCWS Papers; draft paper on 1949 study including descriptions of Bull Dogs and Red Devils from MCWS Papers; influence of Cold War on Sherif from Asliturk and Cherry, 2003; Sherif rejecting fallout shelter money from Granberg and Sarup, 1992; the Sherifs burning books and papers from interview with Prof. Don Granberg, December 2015, and Joan Sherif, September 2017; FBI investigation of SPSSI from Harris, 1980; Sherif’s talk at Columbia from Sherif, 1951; FBI investigation of M Sherif from Batur, ‘Muzafer Sherif in FBI Files’, 2015; FBI investigation of H Cantril from FBI files; Sherif as ‘big fish’ at OU and Carolyn ‘greatest fan’ and feedback on presentations from Granberg and Sarup, 1992; description of Sherif as a teacher and Moscovici quote from letter D Granberg to S Moscovici, 15 April 1986, MCWS Papers; relationship between Harvey and Sherif from interview with OJ Harvey, May 2010.
14: The Museum of Innocence
‘The more I think about it’ quote from letter M Sherif to OJ Harvey, 27 December 1975, from OJ Harvey personal papers; ‘the crowning one’ from M Sherif talk recorded at North Dakota University, 1967, MCWS Papers; Sherif’s view of ‘the way things work in the real world’ and take on experimentation from Granberg and Sarup, 1992, p. 11; ‘conflict suffering and agony’ from M Sherif, 1967; ‘widespread violence’ quote from Neyzi, 2008; Hood and ‘Pygmalion complex’ from interview with Dr Virginia O’Leary, May 2015; incident with Bob Hood and gun from interview with Dr J Trimble; ‘not ready for publication’ quote from letter, J Lees to M Sherif, 1 February 1955, MCWS Papers; request for reference regarding Sherif from letter L Swearingen to G Allport, 25 January 1960, from Allport Papers; ‘eager-beaver’ quote from letter G Allport to L Swearingen, 1 February 1960; the Sherifs’ generosity to students from Granberg and Sarup, 1992; engaged couples anecdote from interview with Prof. Don Granberg; Sherif’s grudges and sensitivity to criticism from Granberg and Sarup, 1992, and carrying critical review from letter D Granberg to S Moscovici, 15 April 1986, MCWS Papers; Sherif’s jealousy from Routh, 2015; Sherif’s deteriorating health, eating dog food and drinking from Granberg and Sarup, 1992; account of Sherif’s car accident from police report, 25 November 1968, MCWS Papers; ‘delusions’ quote from C Sherif notes, November 1969 (no specific date), MCWS Papers; Carolyn’s notes on dream, 1 February 1970, MCWS Papers; Carolyn’s career flourishing from Routh, 2015; Carolyn and ‘token woman’ from C Sherif, 1983; Sherif’s embarrassment about his Turkish language from interview with Ann Sherif conducted by Ersin Asliturk, 16 September 2016; folklorist Pertev Boratav and conference cancellation from Öztürkmen, 2005; ‘citizen of the world’ quote from interview with Sue Sherif; awards and Sherif’s complaints about them and less successful versions of textbook from Granberg and Sarup, 1992; Hood teaching from Sherif textbook from interview with Dr V O’Leary, May 2015; CIA funding of Sherif’s research and ‘did not share consensus’ from Marks, 1978; quote from Jay Schulman from Greenfield, 1977; ‘academia made room for me’ from C Sherif, 1983; Carolyn’s efforts to keep him socialising, hospitalisations and suicide attempts from Granberg and Sarup, 1992; ‘so much beauty’ quote from letter M Sherif to CW Sherif, n.d. 1954, MCWS Papers; talking social psychology from interview with Sue Sherif; reprinting and distribution of book from letter B Hood to M Sherif, 1977; stream of book proposals from MCWS Papers; lithium and its effect on Sherif from interview with Sue Sherif; Sherif’s late life trip to Robbers Cave from Granberg and Sarup, 1992; ‘OJ old friend’ quote from letter M Sherif to OJ Harvey, 20 April 1987, OJ Harvey personal papers; background to Ottoman bandits from Soyudoğan, 2011; picnic with bandits on Mt Bozdağ from Lawrence, 1966; ‘first Turk you ever saw’ quote from miscellaneous personal correspondence, n.d., MCWS Papers.
References
Archives
Alexander McLachlan papers, Queen’s University Archives, Kingston, Ontario.
Carl Hovland papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut.
Faculty Files, University of Utah Archives, Salt Lake City, Utah.
George Lynn Cross papers, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries, Norman, Oklahoma.
Gordon Allport papers, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Hadley Cantril FBI files, National Archives of the FBI, Washington, DC.
Mennonite Historical Library, Goshen College, Goshen, Indiana.
Muzafer and Carolyn Wood Sherif Papers, Archives of the History of American Psychology, The Drs Nicholas and Dorothy Cummings Center for the History of Psychology, The University of Akron (MCWS Papers).
S. Ralph Harlow papers, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
William Golding papers, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon.
Workers Defense League papers, Walter P. Reuther Library Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
University of Oklahoma Files, Rockefeller Foundation Archives, Rockefeller Archive Centre, Sleepy Hollow, New York.
Books
Adivar, HE, Memoirs of Halidé Edib, 1st edn, J. Murray, London, 1926.
Ahmad, F, Turkey: the quest for identity, Oneworld, Oxford, 2003.
Apfelbaum, E, ‘Against the Tide: making waves and breaking silences’, in Leendert P Mos, (ed.), History of Psychology in Autobiography, Springer, New York, 2009.
Baker, WJ, Playing with God: religion and modern sport, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
Batur, S, ‘A Young Scientist in a Changing World: Muzafer Sherif’s early years’ in A Dost-Gozkan & DS Keith (eds), Norms, Groups, Conflict, and Social Change, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 2015.
Batur, S, ‘Muzafer Sherif in FBI Files’, in A Dost-Gozkan & DS Keith (eds), Norms, Groups, Conflict, and Social Change, Transaction Publishers, New Jersey, 2015.
Blackwelder, JK, Electric City: General Electric in Schenectady, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, 2014.
Bosmajian, HA, Burning Books, McFarland and Company, Inc., North Carolina, 2006.
Carey, J, William Golding: the man who wrote Lord of the Flies: a life, Faber and Faber, London, 2009.
Cherry, F, The ‘Stubborn Particulars’ of Social Psychology: essays on the research process, Routledge, London and New York, 1995.