Figure 2.10a: Drawing of Anomalocaris by Ray Braun based on information from Figure 264, Chen, J. Y., Zhou, G. Q., Zhu, M. Y., and Yeh, K. Y. The Chengjiang Biota—A Unique Window of the Cambrian Explosion, 197. Taichung, Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science, 1996.
Figure 2.10b: Photograph of Anomalocaris fossil courtesy of J. Y. Chen. Source: Figure 265A, Chen, J. Y., Zhou, G. Q., Zhu, M. Y., and Yeh, K. Y. The Chengjiang Biota—A Unique Window of the Cambrian Explosion, 198. Taichung, Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science, 1996. Used with permission.
Figure 2.11a: Tree of life diagram from Charles Darwin, Origin of Species, 1859. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.
Figure 2.11b: Diagram drawn by Ray Braun.
Figure 2.12: Diagram drawn by Ray Braun.
Figure 3.1: Photograph of J. Y. Chen from Icons of Evolution Documentary, Coldwater Media, 2002. Copyright © Discovery Institute 2013. Courtesy of Discovery Institute. Used with permission.
Figure 3.2a: Photograph from Chengjiang fossil site courtesy of Illustra Media. Used With Permission.
Figure 3.2b: Photograph from Chengjiang fossil site courtesy of Paul Chien. Used With Permission.
Figure 3.2c: Photograph from Chengjiang fossil site courtesy of Paul Chien. Used With Permission.
Figure 3.3: Photograph of Harry Whittington from the Archives of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ernst Mayr Library, Harvard University. Used with permission.
Figure 3.4a: Drawing of Nectocaris by Ray Braun based on information from Smith, M. R., and Caron, J.-B., “Primitive soft-bodied cephalopods from the Cambrian,” Nature, 465 (May 27, 2010): 469–472; Nectocaris pteryx at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nectocaris_pteryx.JPG, courtesy of user: Stanton F. Fink at en.wikipedia Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 2.5.
Figure 3.4b: Photograph of Nectocaris fossil reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature, Figure 1, Smith, M. R., and Caron, J.-B., “Primitive soft-bodied cephalopods from the Cambrian,” Nature, 465 (May 27, 2010): 469–472. Copyright 2010. Used with permission.
Figure 3.4c: Photograph of Nectocaris fossil reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.: Nature, Figure 1, Smith, M. R., and Caron, J.-B., “Primitive soft-bodied cephalopods from the Cambrian,” Nature, 465 (May 27, 2010): 469–472. Copyright 2010. Used with permission.
Figure 3.5a: Photograph of stromatolite fossil courtesy of user: Rygel, M. C., at en.wikipedia Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-SA–3.0. Used with permission; usage not intended to imply endorsement by the author/licensor of the work.
Figure 3.5b: Photograph of stromatolite fossil courtesy of American Association for the Advancement of Science, Figure 2B, Hoffman, P., “Algal Stromatolites: Use in Stratigraphic Correlation and Paleocurrent Determination,” Science, 157 (September 1, 1967): 1043–45. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. Used with permission.
Figure 3.6a–1: Drawing of ctenophore by Ray Braun based on information from Figure 28, Chen, J. Y., and Zhou, G., “Biology of the Chengjiang fauna.” In “The Cambrian Explosion and the Fossil Record,” 33, Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, 10:11–106. Edited by Chen, J. Y., Cheng, Y., and Iten, H. V., eds. Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science, 1997.
Figure 3.6a–2: Photograph of ctenophorefossil courtesy of J. Y. Chen. Source: Figure 102, Chen, J. Y., Zhou, G. Q., Zhu, M. Y., and Yeh, K. Y. The Chengjiang Biota—A Unique Window of the Cambrian Explosion, 96. Taichung, Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science, 1996. Used with permission.
Figure 3.6b–1: Drawing of phoronid by Ray Braun based on information from Figure 51, Chen, J. Y., and Zhou, G., “Biology of the Chengjiang fauna.” In “The Cambrian Explosion and the Fossil Record,”45, Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, 10:11–106. Edited by Chen, J. Y., Cheng, Y., and Iten, H. V., eds. Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science, 1997.
Figure 3.6b–2: Photograph of phoronid fossil courtesy of J. Y. Chen. Source: Figure 49, Chen, J. Y., and Zhou, G., “Biology of the Chengjiang fauna.” In “The Cambrian Explosion and the Fossil Record,” 44, Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, 10:11–106. Edited by Chen, J. Y., Cheng, Y., and Iten, H. V., eds. Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science, 1997. Used with permission.
Figure 3.6c–1: Drawing of Waptia by Ray Braun based on information from Figure 110, Briggs, D., Erwin, D., and Collier, F. The Fossils of the Burgess Shale, 157. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.
Figure 3.6c–2: Photograph of Waptia fossil courtesy of Paul Chien. Used with permission.
Figure 3.6d–1: Drawing of priapulid worm by Ray Braun based on information from Figures 32A and 32B, Chen, J. Y., and Zhou, G. “Biology of the Chengjiang fauna.” In “The Cambrian Explosion and the Fossil Record,” 36, Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, 10:11–106. Edited by Chen, J. Y., Cheng, Y., and Iten, H. V., eds. Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science, 1997.
Figure 3.6d–2: Photograph of priapulid worm fossil courtesy of Paul Chien. Used with permission.
Figure 3.6e–1: Drawing of Eldonia by Ray Braun based on information from Figure 147, Chen, J. Y., Zhou, G. Q., Zhu, M. Y., and Yeh, K. Y. The Chengjiang Biota—A Unique Window of the Cambrian Explosion, 124. Taichung, Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science, 1996; “Cambrian Café,” http://cambrian-cafe.seesaa.net/archives/201003–1.html.
Figure 3.6e–2: Photograph of Eldonia fossil courtesy of J. Y. Chen. Source: Figure 148, Chen, J. Y., Zhou, G. Q., Zhu, M. Y., and Yeh, K. Y. The Chengjiang Biota—A Unique Window of the Cambrian Explosion, 125. Taichung, Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science, 1996. Used with permission.
Figure 3.6f–1: Drawing of hyolith by Ray Braun based on information from Figure 172, Chen, J. Y., Zhou, G. Q., Zhu, M. Y., and Yeh, K. Y. The Chengjiang Biota—A Unique Window of the Cambrian Explosion, 132. Taichung, Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science, 1996.
Figure 3.6f–2: Photograph of hyolith fossil courtesy of J. Y. Chen. Source: Figure 173A, Chen, J. Y., Zhou, G. Q., Zhu, M. Y., and Yeh, K. Y. The Chengjiang Biota—A Unique Window of the Cambrian Explosion, 139. Taichung, Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science, 1996. Used with permission.
Figure 3.7a–1: Photograph of sponge embryo fossil courtesy of Paul Chien. Used with permission.
Figure 3.7a–2: Photograph of sponge embryo fossil courtesy of Paul Chien. Used with permission.
Figure 3.7b: Photograph of sponge embryo fossil courtesy of Paul Chien. Used with permission.
Figure 3.8: Diagram drawn by Ray Braun based on information in Figure 2, Meyer, S. C., Ross, M., Nelson, P., and Chien, P. “The Cambrian Explosion: Biology’s Big Bang.” In Darwinism, Design and Public Education, edited by John Angus Campbell and Stephen C. Meyer, 326. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2003. Courtesy of Brian Gage.
Figure 3.9a: Drawing of Myllokunmingia by Ray Braun based on information from Figure 2A, Shu, D. G., Lou, H. L., Conway Morris, S., Zhang, X. L., Hu, S. X., Chen, L., Han, J., Zhu, M., Li, Y., and Chen, L. Z., “Lower Cambrian Vertebrates from South China.” Nature, 402 (1999): 42–46.
Figure 3.9b: Photograph of Myllokunmingia fossil reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.: Nature, Figure 2A, Shu, D. G., Lou, H. L., Conway Morris, S., Zhang, X. L., Hu, S. X., Chen, L., Han, J., Zhu, M., Li, Y., and Chen L. Z., “Lower Cambrian Vertebrates from South China.” Nature, 402 (1999): 42–46. Copyright 1999. Used with permission.
Figure 4.1a–1: Drawing of Dickinsonia by Ray Braun based on information from “Les premiers animaux de la Terre,” L’Historie de la vie sur terre, April 23, 2009, http://titereine.centerblog.net/4-Les-premiers-animaux-de-la-Terre.
Figure 4.1a–2: Photograph of Dickinsonia fossil courtesy of Figure 2, Peterson, K. J., Cotton, J. A., Gehling, J. G., and Pisani, D., “The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2008, 363 (1496): 1435–43, by permission of the Royal Society.
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nbsp; Figure 4.1b–1: Drawing of Spriggina by Ray Braun based on information from Spriggina flounensi C.jpg, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spriggina_flounensi_C.jpg.
Figure 4.1b–2: Photograph of Spriggina fossil courtesy of Figure 2, Peterson, K. J., Cotton, J. A., Gehling, J. G., and Pisani, D., “The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2008, 363 (1496): 1435–43, by permission of the Royal Society.
Figure 4.1c–1: Drawing of Charnia by Ray Braun based on information from Charnia_Species_BW_by_avancna, http://avancna.deviantart.com/art/Charnia-Species-BW-101515874.
Figure 4.1c–2: Photograph of Charnia masoni fossil courtesy of user: Smith609 at en.wikipedia Wikimedia Commons CC-BY–2.5. Used with permission; usage not intended to imply endorsement by the author/licensor of the work.
Figure 4.2a: Photograph of Arkarua fossil courtesy of Figure 4B, Gehling, J. G., “Earliest known echinoderm—a new Ediacaran fossil from the Pound Subgroup of South Australia,” Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 11 (1987): 337–45. Used with permission; usage not intended to imply endorsement by the author / licensor of the work.
Figure 4.2b: Photograph of Parvancorina fossil courtesy of Figure 2, Peterson, K. J., Cotton, J. A., Gehling, J. G., and Pisani, D., “The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2008, 363 (1496): 1435–43, by permission of the Royal Society.
Figure 4.3: Photograph of Vernanimalcula fossil courtesy of American Association for the Advancement of Science, from Figure 1b, Chen, J.-Y., Bottjer, D. J., Oliveri, P., Dornbos, S. Q., Gao, F., Ruffins, S., “Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian,” Science, 305 (July 9, 2004): 218–22. Reprinted with permission from AAAS.
Figure 5.1: Pentadactyl limb drawing courtesy of Jody F. Sjogren and Figure 4-1, Wells, J., Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth? Washington D.C.: Regnery, 2000. Copyright © Jody F. Sjogren 2000. Used with permission.
Figure 5.2: Drawing by Ray Braun based on information from Paul Nelson; Smith, A. B., and Peterson, K. J., “Dating the Time and origin of Major Clades,” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 30 (2002): 65–88.
Figure 6.1: Drawing by Ray Braun based on information from Telford, M. J. et al. “The evolution of the Ecdysozoa,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Vol. 363 (2008): 1529–37; Aguinaldo, A. M., Turbeville, J. M., Linford, L. S., Rivera, M. C., Garey, J. R., Raff, R. A., and Lake, J. A. “Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals,” Nature, 387 (1997): 489–93; Mallatt, J. M., Garey, J. R., and Shultz, J. W., “Ecdysozoan phylogeny and Bayesian inference: first use of nearly complete 28S and 18S rRNA gene sequences to classify the arthropods and their kin,”Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31 (2004): 178–91; Halanych, K. M., “The New View of Animal Phylogeny,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 35 (2004): 229–56; Roy, S. W., and Irimia, M., “Rare Genomic Characters Do Not Support Coelomata: Intron Loss/Gain,” Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25 (2008): 620–23; Hyman, L. H. The Invertebrates. Vol. 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1940; Holton, T. A., and Pisani, D., “Deep Genomic-Scale Analyses of the Metazoa Reject Coelomata: Evidence from Single-and Multigene Families Analyzed Under a Supertree and Supermatrix Paradigm,” Genome Biology and Evolution, 2 (2010): 310–24.
Figure 6.2: Drawing by Ray Braun and Paul Nelson based on information from Figure 1, Edgecombe, G. D., Giribet, G., Dunn, C. W., Hejnol, A., Kristensen, R. M., Neves, R. C., Rouse, G. W., Worsaae, K., and Sørensen, M. V., “Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions,” Organisms, Diversification, & Evolution, 11 (June 2011): 151–72.
Figure 6.3: Drawing by Ray Braun and Paul Nelson based on information from Extavour, C. G., and Akam, M., “Mechanisms of germ cell specification across the metazoans: epigenesis and preformation,” Development, 130 (2003): 5869–84.
Figure 6.4: Drawing by Ray Braun and Paul Nelson based on information from Figure 1, Extavour, C. G. M. “Evolution of the bilaterian germ line: lineage origin and modulation of specific mechanisms,” Integrative and Comparative Biology, 47 (2007): 770–85.
Figure 6.5: Drawing by Ray Braun and Paul Nelson based on information from Willmer, P. G. Invertebrate Relationships: Patterns in Animal Evolution, 2–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Figure 7.1a: Photograph of Stephen Jay Gould courtesy of Steve Liss TIME& LIFE Images Getty Images. Used with permission.
Figure 7.1b: Photograph of Niles Eldredge © Julian Dufort 2011. Used with permission.
Figure 7.2: Drawn by Ray Braun based on an original drawing by Brian Gage. Courtesy of Brian Gage.
Figure 7.3: Drawn by Ray Braun based on an original drawing by Brian Gage. Courtesy of Brian Gage.
Figure 8.1: Photograph of James Watson and Francis Crick courtesy of A. Barrington Brown/Science Source. Used With Permission.
Figure 8.2: Drawn by Ray Braun based on an original drawing by Fred Hereen. Courtesy of Fred Hereen.
Figure 8.3: Drawn by Ray Braun based on Figure 10, designed by Brian Gage, in Meyer, S. C., Ross, M., Nelson, P., and Chien, P., “The Cambrian Explosion: Biology’s Big Bang.” In Darwinism, Design and Public Education, edited by John Angus Campbell and Stephen C. Meyer, 336. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2003.Courtesy of Brian Gage.
Figure 9.1: Photograph of Murray Eden courtesy of MIT Museum. Used with permission.
Figure 9.2: Drawn by Ray Braun.
Figure 9.3: Drawn by Ray Braun.
Figure 10.1: Photograph of Douglas Axe courtesy of Brittnay Landoe. Used with permission.
Figure 10.2: Drawing by Ray Braun based on information from Figures 3.39, 3.40, and 3.44 in Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 60–61, 5th ed. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Co, 2002.
Figure 10.3: Drawing by Ray Braun based on information from Figure 21, designed by Brian Gage, in Meyer, S. C., Ross, M., Nelson, P., and Chien, P. “The Cambrian Explosion: Biology’s Big Bang.” In Darwinism, Design and Public Education, edited by John Angus Campbell and Stephen C. Meyer, 374. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2003. Courtesy of Brian Gage.
Figure 10.4: Drawn by Ray Braun.
Figure 11.1: Drawing by Ray Braun and Casey Luskin based on information from Kaessmann, H., “Origins, evolution, and phenotypic impact of new genes,” Genome Research, 20 (2010): 1313–26; Long, M., Betrán, E., Thornton, K., and Wang W., “The Origin of New Genes: Glimpses from the Young and Old,” Nature Reviews Genetics, 4 (November 2003): 865–75.
Figure 11.2: Drawn by Ray Braun based on information from Luskin, C., “The NCSE, Judge Jones, and Citation Bluffs about the Origin of New Functional Genetic Information,” Discovery.org (March 2, 2010), http://www.discovery.org/a/14251.
Figure 12.1: Drawn by Ray Braun based on information from Figure 27, in Frazzetta, T. H. Complex Adaptations in Evolving Populations, 148. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1975.
Figure 12.2: Photograph of Michael Behe courtesy of Laszlo Bencze. Used with permission.
Figure 12.3: Drawing by Ray Braun based on information from “Powerball—Prizes and Odds,” PowerBall, http://www.powerball.com/powerball/pb_prizes.asp.
Figure 12.4: Drawn by Ray Braun based on information from Figure 6, Behe, M. J., and Snoke, D. W., “Simulating evolution by gene duplication of protein features that require multiple amino acid residues,” Protein Science, 13 (2004): 2651–64. Original image courtesy of John Wiley and Sons and Protein Science. Original image Copyright © 2004 The Protein Society. Used with permission.
Figure 12.5: Photograph of Ann Gauger courtesy of Laszlo Bencze. Used with permission.
Figure 12.6: Drawn by Ray Braun based on information from Figure 5A, Gauger, A. K., and Axe, D. D. “The Evolutionary Accessibility of Ne
w Enzyme Functions: A Case Study from the Biotin Pathway.” BIO-Complexity, 2011 (1): 1–17. Original image courtesy of Ann Gauger and Douglas Axe.
Figure 13.1a: Photograph of Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard courtesy of User:Rama Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 2.0 FR. Used with permission; usage not intended to imply endorsement by the author/licensor of the work.
Figure 13.1b: Photograph of Eric Wieschaus courtesy of Matthias Kubisch Wikimedia Commons CC0 1.0. Public domain; usage not intended to imply endorsement by the author/licensor of the work.
Figure 13.2: Drawing by Ray Braun and Paul Nelson based on information from “Mutant Fruit Flies,” Exploratorium, http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/mutant_flies/mutant_flies.html.
Figure 13.3: Photograph of Paul Nelson courtesy of Paul Nelson. Used with permission.
Figure 13.4a: Copyright 2008 National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. Figure 1D, Oliveri, P., Tu, Q., and Davidson, E. H., “Global Regulatory Logic for Specification of an Embryonic Cell Lineage,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105 (2008): 5955–62. Use of PNAS material does not imply any endorsement by PNAS or the National Academy of Sciences or the authors. Used with permission.
Figure 13.4b: Copyright 2008 National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. Figure 1E, Oliveri, P., Tu, Q., and Davidson, E. H., “Global Regulatory Logic for Specification of an Embryonic Cell Lineage,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105 (2008): 5955–62. Use of PNAS material does not imply any endorsement by PNAS or the National Academy of Sciences or the authors. Used with permission.
Figure 13.4c: Copyright 2008 National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. Figure 7, Oliveri, P., Tu, Q., and Davidson, E. H., “Global Regulatory Logic for Specification of an Embryonic Cell Lineage,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105 (2008): 5955–62. Use of PNAS material does not imply any endorsement by PNAS or the National Academy of Sciences or the authors. Used with permission.
Figure 14.1: Photograph of Jonathan Wells courtesy of Laszlo Bencze. Used with permission.
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