by Michael Haag
12 Baldric of Dol in Krey, The First Crusade, pp. 33–6.
13 Robert the Monk, in Munro, Urban and the Crusaders, pp. 5–8.
14 Guibert de Nogent, in Krey, The First Crusade, pp. 36–40.
15 Frankopan, The First Crusade, p. 11.
9: The First Crusade
1 Augustine, City of God, Book XIX, Chapter 7.
2 Matthew 16:24. Urban’s injunction to sew a cross on one’s clothing was recorded in the chronicles of Robert the Monk and Guibert de Nogent, both of whom relied heavily on the Gesta Francorum, an earlier anonymous account.
3 Gesta Francorum, in Krey, The First Crusade, p. 30.
4 Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of Crusade, p. 346.
5 As the crow flies, the distance from the north shore of Lake Balkash in Kazakhstan to Jerusalem is 2,600 miles; from Paris to Jerusalem the distance is 2,300 miles. Likewise, the actual land route was longer for the Seljuks than it was for the crusaders. Moreover, the Seljuks started from somewhere farther north than Lake Balkash, while most of the crusaders set out from places nearer Palestine than Paris.
6 Guibert de Nogent, cited in Runciman, History of the Crusades, volume I, p. 113.
7 Simonsohn, The Apostolic See and the Jews, p. 13.
8 Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, X, ix, 323.
9 Fulcher of Chartres, in Krey, The First Crusade, pp. 119–20.
10 Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, p. 2.
11 France, Victory in the East, pp. 286–7.
12 Helen Nicholson, ‘Cannibalism during the Crusades’: http:// www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/cannibalism.html.
13 Bosworth, ed., Historic Cities of the Islamic World p. 233.
14 Boas, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades, p. 9, has the population of Jerusalem during the Fatimid period as approaching 20,000; others estimate a population of between 20,000 and 30,000 in 1099, when the First Crusade approached the city. See Kedar, ‘The Jerusalem Massacre of 1099’, p. 74.
15 Kedar, ‘The Jerusalem Massacre of 1099’, p. 18.
16 Raymond of Aguilers, in Krey, The First Crusade, p. 261.
17 Impoverished pilgrims who died at the Hospital in Jerusalem in the twelfth century were deposited in free charnel pits. At one, the Akeldama, the dead were dropped through holes in the roof, where ‘it was believed that the bodies decomposed within twenty-four hours with no smell’. Montefiore, p. 237, footnote.
18 Steven Runciman, ‘The First Crusade’, in Setton, A History of the Crusades, vol. 1, p. 337; Runciman, History of the Crusades, vol. 1, pp. 297, 289.
19 Runciman was primarily a historian of Byzantium and its passionate admirer; he saw the crusades and Byzantium as in opposition to one another and stated plainly, ‘that is why, to me, “Crusade” is a dirty word’; that is also why he never missed an opportunity to denigrate the crusaders, their characters, their motives, their entire enterprise. See Runciman, ‘Greece and the Later Crusades’.
20 Kedar, ‘The Jerusalem Massacre of 1099’, pp. 73–4.
21 Madden, New Concise History, p. 34.
22 Raymond of Aguilers, in Krey, The First Crusade, p. 257.
Part III: THE FOUNDING OF THE TEMPLARS AND THE CRUSADER STATES
10: The Origins of the Templars
1 Wilkinson, Hill and Ryan, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099–1185, p. 28.
2 Saewulf in Wilkinson, Hill and Ryan, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099–1185, p. 100.
3 Saewulf in Wilkinson, Hill and Ryan, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099–1185, pp. 100–01.
4 Daniel the Abbot, in Wilkinson, Hill and Ryan, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099–1185, p. 156.
5 Deuteronomy 28:47.
6 According to William of Tyre, the Hospital was at first dedicated to St John the Almsgiver, a charitable seventh-century patriarch of Alexandria. Later it was known to be dedicated to John the Baptist. But current scholarship has the Hospital dedicated to John the Baptist from the start. See Nicholson, The Knights Hospitaller, pp. 2–3.
7 Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, p. 2.
8 Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 78.
9 Ibid., p. 103.
10 Ibid., p. 45.
11 Ellenblum, Frankish Rural Settlement, p. 19.
12 The spot marking the centre of the world is nowadays found beneath the transept of the new basilical church built adjacent to the Rotunda by the Franks between the 1140s and the 1160s to replace Constantine’s basilica, destroyed by al-Hakim.
13 The Temple Mount is 2,443 feet high; the west hill, at 2,528 feet, is higher; and higher still is the Mount of Olives, with an elevation of 2,600 feet.
14 Letter of Hugh ‘Peccator’ to the Templars in the East in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, pp. 54ff.
15 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, trans. D. Whitelock, Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1961, pp. 194–5. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was regularly updated to the 1150s, well beyond the Norman invasion of Anglo-Saxon England.
16 Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, quoted in Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 13.
17 The Latin Rule of 1129 in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, pp. 31–54; Bernard’s Rule of the Templars, in Barber, New Knighthood, pp. 17–18.
18 William of Tyre, Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum, XII, 7; Patrologia Latina 201, 526–27; repr. trans. Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary History, pp. 70–73.
11: Outremer
1 Fulcher of Chartres is last heard of in Jerusalem in 1127. It is thought he died in a plague that year, but there is nothing that confirms his date of death.
2 Isaiah 11:7.
3 Fulcher of Chartres, in Krey, The First Crusade, pp. 280–81.
4 Riley-Smith, The Atlas of the Crusades, p. 40.
5 Boas, Domestic Settings, p. 72; Fulcher of Chartres, revision of 1118, in Wilkinson, Hill and Ryan, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099–1185, p. 45.
6 John of Würzburg in Wilkinson, Hill and Ryan, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099–1185, p. 247.
7 Ellenblum, Frankish Rural Settlement, p. 32.
8 Ibid., p. 210.
9 Pringle, Fortification and Settlement, Addendum, p. 7.
10 Quoted from the Chronicle of Ernoul, in Forey, The Military Orders, pp. 59–60.
11 Ellenblum, Frankish Rural Settlement, pp. 76–7, 82–4. The list for Magna Mahomeria is for the year 1156; that for Bethgibelin is for 1168.
12 Ibid., p. 79.
13 Ibid., p. 31; see also Ellenblum, ‘Settlement and Society Formation in Crusader Palestine’, in Levy, ed., The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, p. 504.
14 Gil, A History of Palestine, pp. 171–2. Gil’s sources include al-Arabi, Muqaddasi, and the Geniza documents. Ellenblum, Frankish Rural Settlement, pp. 21–2, dismisses the assumption, made by many scholars, that the majority of the population of Palestine in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was Muslim as being without substance; he also draws attention to the varying rate of Islamisation across the Middle East, noting that as recently as 1932 Christians could still claim to be a majority in Lebanon.
15 Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 331. See also Hitti, Syria, p. 621.
16 Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 331.
17 Ibid., p. 303.
18 Fulcher of Chartres, in Krey, The First Crusade, p. 281.
12: Zengi’s Jihad
1 William of Tyre, Historia rerum, trans. Brundage, p. 79.
2 From Usamah ibn Munqidh’s autobiography, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 77.
3 Usamah ibn Munqidh, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, trans. Hitti, New York 2000, p. 161.
4 From Usamah ibn Munqidh’s autobiography, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 79.
5 Ibid., p. 78.
6 Ibid., p. 161.
7 Robert L. Nicholson, ‘The Foundation of the Latin States’, in Setton, ed., vol. I, p. 429.
8 The sole source for the Templars being involved in this action is Orderic Vitalis, a t
welfth-century chronicler in the West. See Orderic Vitalis, trans. and ed. Chibnall, vol. 6, pp. 496–7.
9 Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 111.
10 See for example Asbridge, The Crusades, p. 193; Ehrenkreutz, Saladin, p. 236; Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 111.
11 Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 112–3.
12 Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 113, quoting Al-Bundari, Zubdat al-nusra, ed. M. T. Houtsma, Leiden, 1889, p. 205.
13 Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 114, quoting Ibn al-Athir, Al-tarikh al-bahir fi l’dawlat al-atabakiyya.
14 William of Tyre, in Brundage, trans. and ed., The Crusades:A Documentary History, p. 80.
15 Ibid., p. 81.
16 Michael Rabo, in Moosa, The Crusades, p. 556.
17 Ibn al-Athir, in Moosa, The Crusades, p. 559.
18 The poets Ibn Munir and Ibn al-Qaysarani are quoted in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 115; Zengi’s honorifics, as quoted by Ibn Wasil, are mentioned on the same page.
19 Michael Rabo, in Moosa, The Crusades, p. 571–2.
13: The Second Crusade
1 Eugene III, Quantum Praedecessores, in Ernest F. Henderson, trans., Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, George Bell and Sons, London, 1910, p. 333.
2 Eugene III, Quantum Praedecessores, p. 333.
3 Bernard’s actual words at Vézelay were not recorded, but he immediately followed his call for a crusade with letters which repeated his themes; for example, this letter of Bernard of Clairvaux in Riley-Smith, The Crusades, p. 122.
4 Letter of Bernard of Clairvaux, in Runciman, History of the Crusades, vol. II, p. 254.
5 Letter to England to summon the Second Crusade, 1146, in Bruno Scott James, trans., The Letters of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Burns Oates, London, 1953.
6 Letter to Eastern France and Bavaria Promoting the Second Crusade, 1146, in Scott James, trans., The Letters of St. Bernard of Clairvaux.
7 Scott James, trans., The Letters of St. Bernard of Clairvaux.
8 Williams, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, p. 214.
9 Chrétien de Troyes, Arthurian Romances, Penguin Books, London, 1991, p. 420.
10 William of Tyre, Historia rerum, trans. Brundage, The Crusades, p. 675.
11 Conrad III, king of Germany, to Wibald, abbot of Stavelot and Corvey, September–November 1148, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 47.
12 Ibn al-Qalanisi, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 57.
13 Ibid., p. 59.
14 Conrad III, King of Germany, to Wibald, Abbot of Stavelot and Corvey, September–November 1148, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 47.
15 John of Salisbury, Memoirs of the Papal Court, pp. 57–8.
Part IV: THE TEMPLARS AND THE DEFENCE OF OUTREMER
14: The View from the Temple Mount
1 Andrew of Montbard to Everard des Barres, late 1149 or early 1150, Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, pp. 47f.
2 Ibn Munir, quoted in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 150.
3 In addition to sources cited earlier in this book, Steven Runciman in his History of the Crusades, p. 294, describes ‘the vast majority of the population’ of Outremer as Christian.
4 John of Würzburg in Boas, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades, p. 35.
5 William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done beyond the Sea, vol. II, p. 440.
6 John of Würzburg, in Pringle, Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: The City of Jerusalem, vol. III, p. 194.
7 Ibid.
8 Jacques de Molay, in Riley-Smith, Templars and Hospitallers, p. 61.
9 Theoderich’s Description of the Holy Places, trans. Aubrey Stewart, Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, London, 1896, pp. 30–32.
10 See Riley-Smith, Atlas of the Crusades, p. 36; Boas, Archaeology of the Military Orders, p. 4; and Barber, New Knighthood, pp. 93–4.
11 Barber, New Knighthood, p. 55.
15: The Defence of Outremer
1 Ross Burns, Damascus: A History, Routledge, Abingdon, 2005, p. 134.
2 Fustat, founded by the Arabs in 641, was known as Babylon in the Middle Ages after the Roman fortress of Babylon that had originally stood near by. Cairo, immediately to the north, was founded by the Fatimids in 969.
3 Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 61.
4 Asbridge, The Crusades, p. 266.
5 MacEvitt, The Crusades and the Christian World of the East, p. 218, footnote 12. The reference is to el-Leithy, ‘Coptic Culture and Conversion in Medieval Cairo’.
6 William of Tyre in Barber, New Knighthood, p. 97.
7 Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 59.
8 Upton-Ward, trans., The Rule of the Templars: The French Text of the Rule of the Order of the Knights Templar.
9 Balzaus, better known as beauceant, was the banner carried into battle by the Templars; its two colours were black and white, arranged horizontally.
10 Psalms 115:1: ‘Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but unto thy name give glory, for thy mercy, and for thy truth’s sake.’
11 Anonymous Pilgrim, V.2; Stewart, trans., Anonymous Pilgrims, pp. 29–30.
12 The French Rule, c. 1165, which supplemented the original Latin Rule of St Bernard, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, pp. 72–3.
16: Templar Wealth
1 Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 277.
2 Gestes des Chiprois, cited in Barber, The New Knighthood, pp. 241, 243.
3 Bouchard of Mount Sion, cited in Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 163.
Part V: SALADIN AND THE TEMPLARS
1 For the composition of Saladin’s armies see Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 444.
2 Holt, Lambton and Lewis, Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 1A, p. 205.
17: Tolerance and Intolerance
1 Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 59.
2 Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 186.
3 El-Leithy, ‘Coptic Culture and Conversion in Medieval Cairo’.
4 Gervers and Powell, ed., Tolerance and Intolerance, p. 57.
5 Wilkinson, Egeria’s Travels, pp. 150–51.
6 Leo the Great, Homily XXXIII, in Haskins, Mary Magdalen, p. 96.
7 John of Würzburg, in Gervers and Powell, ed., Tolerance and Intolerance, p. 108.
8 Gerard of Nazareth, in Gervers and Powell, ed., Tolerance and Intolerance, p. 110.
9 See Ellenblum, Frankish Rural Settlement, pp. 27–30.
10 Ibn Jubayr, Travels of Ibn Jubayr, pp. 316–7.
11 Ibid., p. 317.
12 Ibn Jubayr, in Hitti, History of Syria, p. 622.
13 Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay, in Barber, The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050–1320, p. 175.
14 Stoyanov, The Other God, p. 279.
15 Lewis, The Assassins, p. 111.
16 William of Tyre, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, p. 76.
17 Walter Map, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, p. 77.
18: Saladin’s Jihad
1 William of Tyre, Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum, XXI, 1–2, Patrologia Latina 201, 813–15; repr. trans. Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary History, pp. 141–3.
2 Ralph of Diss, in Nicholson, The Knights Templar, p. 66.
3 Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 369
4 William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea.
5 Saunders, Aspects of the Crusades, p. 35.
6 Ernoul, in Ellenblum, Crusader Castles, p. 262.
7 Ronnie Ellenblum of The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, who led the excavation at Jacob’s Ford, in the Arcadia Entertainment press release for their National Geographic Channel programme Last Stand of the Templars, 30 March 2011.
8 Ellenblum, Crusader Castles, chapter 16.
9 Ellenblum in the Arcadia Entertainment press release for their National Geographic Channel programme Last Stand of the Templars, 30 March 2011.
10 William of Tyre, quoted in Barber, New Knighthood, p. 98.
11 Gervers and Powell,
ed., Tolerance and Intolerance, p. 13.
12 Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 240.
13 Ehrenkreutz, Saladin, p. 237.
14 Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 194.
15 Ibid., p. 241.
16 The sources give various figures for the two armies but generally they state that the Muslims outnumbered the Christians by two or three to one.
17 Anonymous, De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum, pp. 155–6.
18 Ibid., p. 157.
19 Genoese consuls to Pope Urban III, late September 1187, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 82.
20 Anonymous, De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum, p. 159.
21 Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, pp. 135–6.
22 Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi, quoted in William J. Hamblin, ‘Saladin and Muslim Military Theory’, in B. Z. Kedar, ed., The Horns of Hattin, proceedings of the second conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi and Israel Exploration Society, London, 1992; online at www.DeReMilitari.org.
23 Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, pp. 138–9.
19: The Fall of Jerusalem to Saladin
1 Terricus, grand preceptor of the Temple, to all preceptors and brethren of the Temple in the West, between 10 July and 6 August 1187, Barber and Bate, trans. Letters from the East, p. 78.
2 Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem to pope Urban III, September 1187, Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 81.
3 Ibn al-Athir, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, pp. 142, 140.
4 Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 160.
5 Ibn Shaddad, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 189.
6 The Koran, trans. Arberry.
7 Ibn al-Qaysarani, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 151.
8 Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 150.
9 Ibid., p. 188.